Deck 10: Prosocial Behaviour

Question 1

According to evolutionary theory (Darwin,1859),natural selection favours genes that promote individual survival.This tenet is most troublesome in explaining

A)aggression.
B)the protection of the young.
C)prosocial behaviour.
D)altruism.
E)mate selection

Answer 1

altruism.

Question 2

According to evolutionary theory,natural selection should favour altruistic acts directed toward

A)people who live near us or are often around us.
B)friends,but not strangers.
C)genetic relatives.
D)people who are similar to us.
E)offspring,but not siblings.

Answer 2

genetic relatives.

Question 3

When a millionaire donates money to the political party of her choice,this is an example of _______ behaviour.

A)empathic
B)self-interested
C)altruistic
D)conforming
E)prosocial

Answer 3

prosocial

Question 4

Charles Darwin,an evolutionary theorist,found it difficult to explain altruism.From an evolutionary perspective,it would seem that over centuries and generations,altruistic behaviours would _______ because _______.

A)disappear; self-sacrifice would produce fewer offspring.
B)increase; more unfit offspring would survive.
C)remain unchanged; the gene pool would become more variable.
D)disappear; only the fittest,most selfish offspring would survive.
E)increase; of the impact of culture.

Question 5

According to evolutionary psychologists,why would Doris be more likely to save her children than her parents in a life-threatening emergency?

A)Doris's children are more likely to pass on her genes.
B)Doris's children are more likely to seek her out than her parents are.
C)Doris's children are more emotionally connected to Doris than her parents are.
D)Doris's children share more genes in common with Doris than do her parents.
E)Doris's children are less likely to be able to save themselves.

Question 6

Marla has revised her will to ensure that upon her death,all of her functioning organs (corneas,liver,kidneys,heart,and so on)will be used to help transplant patients.She's told no one about her actions and expects nothing in return.This is an example of a(n)_______ behaviour.

A)evolutionarily adaptive
B)normative
C)self-sacrificing
D)dissonant
E)altruistic

Question 7

Julianna likes to contribute to worthy charities because she can help others and,at the same time,get a tax deduction.Julianna is engaging in

A)altruism.
B)self-interest.
C)self-sacrifice.
D)hypocrisy.
E)prosocial behaviour.

Question 8

The idea that natural selection favours behaviours that help a genetic relative is known as

A)kinship bias.
B)kin selection.
C)familial reciprocity.
D)familial bias.
E)familial selection.

Question 9

_______ refers to any act that someone performs in order to benefit another person.

A)Prosocial behaviour
B)Kin selection
C)Altruism
D)Empathy
E)Reciprocity

Question 10

An evolutionary psychologist named J.B.S.Hildane once jested,"I would give up my life for two siblings or eight cousins." Why would he say that?

A)We share more genes with our siblings than with our cousins.
B)Hildane dislikes his cousins.
C)Norms dictate that we should favour our siblings.
D)Biology is destiny when it comes to prosocial behaviour.
E)We generally live in closer proximity to our siblings.

Question 11

According to the evolutionary psychology notion of kin selection,Bob is most likely to help

A)his step-sister Sally.
B)his cousin Herbert.
C)his best friend Randall.
D)his brother Ralph.
E)his sister-in-law Betty.

Question 12

A giant tornado is bearing down on Dorothy's farm house.She only has time to help one other resident.Based on research conducted by Gene Burnstein and his colleagues (1994),whom will Dorothy take with her to the storm cellar?

A)her favorite farm hand,Ray
B)her grandmother,Margaret
C)her best friend,Greg
D)her beloved dog,Toto
E)her sister,Glenda

Question 13

Darrin volunteers at a local children's program because he hopes to learn teaching skills that he can use later in his educational career.This is an example of _______ behaviour.

A)prosocial
B)altruistic
C)tit-for-tat
D)self-interested
E)adaptive

Question 14

Gene Burnstein,Chris Crandall,and Shinobu Kitayama (1994)found that when participants imagined a housefire,they were more likely to help some people than other people.Based on these researchers' findings,it seems that in life-and-death situations

A)functional distance will determine who is helped.
B)culture is more important than biology.
C)norms are more important than genetic similarity.
D)biological relatives are more likely to be helped than non-relatives.
E)women are more sensitive to norms and men more sensitive to biology.

Question 15

_______ refers to the desire to help another person,even if such help involves cost to the helper.

A)Empathy
B)Kin selection
C)Prosocial behaviour
D)Altruism
E)Reciprocity

Question 16

Reuben has three cats at home and doesn't want another one.Still,on the way home from work,he stops to rescue a kitten from the highway.This is an example of _______ behaviour.

A)self-interested
B)altruistic
C)prosocial
D)sociobiological
E)self-sacrificing

Question 17

In trying to understand why Andie would help someone who lived close to her,_______ would ask,"Was this person genetically related to Andie?"

A)an evolutionary psychologist
B)a proponent of social exchange theory
C)a self-esteem theorist
D)a reciprocity psychologist
E)a developmental psychologist

Question 18

Evolutionary psychology is the study of

A)child development.
B)the application of social psychology to the study of biological processes.
C)social behaviours as a result of genetic factors and natural selection.
D)the immediate influence our biology has on how we react to social situations.
E)how our environment modifies inherited characteristics.

Question 19

Allen volunteers to visit the homes of AIDS patients because those visits help him forget about his own problems.This is an example of _______ behaviour.

A)tit-for-tat
B)prosocial
C)altruistic
D)reciprocal
E)self-sacrificing

Question 20

Whereas _______ is any act performed to benefit another,_______ is such an act performed with no regard for one's safety or interests.

A)altruism; self-sacrifice
B)prosocial behaviour; altruism
C)altruism; prosocial behaviour
D)self-sacrifice; altruism
E)prosocial behaviour; self-sacrifice

Question 21

Which of the following statements about research on altruism is true?

A)Men were more likely than women to report that they would help relatives in a life-threatening situation.
B)Women were more likely than men to report that they would help relatives in a non-life-threatening situation.
C)People reported that they would be more likely to help relatives than nonrelatives in a life-threatening situation but not in a situation that was non-life threatening.
D)People in collectivist cultures were more likely than people in individualistic cultures to report that they would help a relative in a life-threatening situation.
E)People in individualistic cultures were more likely than people in collectivist cultures to report that they would help a relative in a life-threatening situation

Question 22

Which of the following evolutionary psychology explanations for altruism is most closely tied to the psychological concept of learning?

A)kin selection
B)the reciprocity norm
C)cultural norm transmission
D)the norm of obedience.
E)social exchange

Question 23

Which of the following is a valid critique of the evolutionary notion of kin selection? We might sacrifice to save people closely related to us because

A)we learn to maximize our rewards and minimize our costs.
B)we want to ensure that our genes are passed on.
C)we have closer emotional ties,not because of genetic relatedness.
D)the social responsibility norm encourages such behaviours.
E)"biological importance" is only a relative concept.

Question 24

Evolutionary theorists say that it is adaptive for humans to be able to accurately assess a certain characteristic of people with which you interact.Which one is it?

A)People who are free riders and have no plans to reciprocate help.
B)People who have strong tendencies toward individualism as opposed to collectivism.
C)People who have the potential to be heroic.
D)People who are your genetic kin.
E)People who are pluralistically ignorant.

Question 25

One consequence of living by the Golden Rule,"do unto others as you would have them do unto you," is that if you help those in need,they might return the favour someday.This idea is best represented by

A)the norm of fairness.
B)normative social influence.
C)the norm of obedience.
D)informational social influence.
E)the norm of reciprocity.

Question 26

Social exchange theory would have the most trouble explaining which of the following helping situations?

A)Anna visits people with AIDS as a requirement of her health psychology course.
B)On the way home from work,David drops off some notes for a classmate.
C)Joseph donates money to a charity and writes it off on his taxes.
D)Theo walks calmly into heavy traffic to rescue a woman who collapsed in the crosswalk.
E)A wealthy businesswoman makes a hefty donation to her congressman.

Question 27

You ask your brother if you can borrow his car for a date on Saturday night.Before handing over the keys,he asks in jest,"What's in it for me?" His question best reflects _______ as applied to prosocial behaviour.

A)the empathy-altruism hypothesis
B)an egocentric perspective
C)the reciprocity norm
D)kin selection
E)social exchange theory

Question 28

In Dunfield and Kuhlmeier's study (2010)21-month-old infants were either given an attractive toy or not by one of two confederates.One of the confederates was willing but unable to give the toy because it 'accidentally' rolled off the table.Another confederate was unwilling to give the toy to the infant.When later the infants could choose who they gave the toy to

A)the majority kept it to themselves.
B)they most often gave it to the willing but unable confederate.
C)they most often gave it to the unwilling confederate.
D)they were equally likely to give it to either confederate.
E)the majority had a temper tantrum.

Question 29

In Dunfield and Kuhlmeier's study (2010)21-month-old infants were either handed an attractive toy or prevented from acquiring it either by a willing but unable confederate (the toy 'accidentally' fell off the table)or by an unwilling confederate.According to the authors,the most startling finding was that 21-month-olds would ________ when they could later choose whether to give the toy to one of the confederates.

A)take account of the number of smiles of each confederate
B)be generous enough to give away an attractive toy
C)pick up on the intentions of the confederates
D)only be generous if they had been given the toy earlier
E)be completely ungenerous to even to the well-intentioned confederate

Question 30

A principal theory in social psychology is social exchange theory (Homans,1961; Thibaut & Kelley,1959).According to this theory,we will be most likely to help others

A)for whom we feel empathy.
B)who have already helped us.
C)who are closely related to us.
D)when the benefits outweigh the costs.
E)who are similar to us.

Question 31

Some evolutionary psychologists argue that in our distant past,those who selfishly pursued their own individual interests would be less likely to survive to pass on their genes.This argument lies at the heart of _______ as a source of altruistic behaviour.

A)the ability to learn social norms
B)kin selection
C)social exchange
D)normative social influence
E)the reciprocity norm

Question 32

According to Nobel laureate Herbert Simon (1990),norms such as the reciprocity norm that encourages altruism have become part of human cultures because

A)there are survival advantages to learning the norms of one's culture.
B)norms are genetically inherited.
C)in humans,values are more important than genes.
D)evolutionary pressures no longer operate on humans.
E)genetics always direct culture.

Question 33

Consider the following quote from Francois La Rochefoucauld (1678),"What seems to be generosity is often no more than disguised ambition." His sentiment best reflects assumptions of

A)social exchange theory.
B)the empathy-altruism hypothesis.
C)psychoanalytic theory.
D)a sociobiological perspective.
E)the self-interest hypothesis.

Question 34

The basic assumption of social exchange theory is that we will help others when

A)they have already helped us.
B)they are similar to us.
C)the rewards outweigh the costs.
D)when the costs are low.
E)the rewards are high.

Question 35

According to _______,helping occurs only when the benefits of helping outweigh the costs.

A)evolutionary psychology
B)the empathy-altruism hypothesis
C)social exchange theory
D)kin selection
E)psychoanalytic theory

Question 36

A child starts to cry after she sees her best friend trip and scrape her knee.The child's behaviour is most likely an example of

A)empathy.
B)fear.
C)shame.
D)confusion.
E)guilt.

Question 37

In explaining the process by which kin selection works to encourage altruism,evolutionary psychologists would argue that

A)norms have arisen to replace ingrained human behaviour.
B)over millennia,genes of those who follow the "biological importance" rule will survive.
C)the "biological importance" rule is only relevant in Western cultures.
D)helpers consciously consider "biological importance" before helping.
E)the "biological importance" rule is used only in life-and-death situations.

Question 38

_______ theory would be most likely to mention such factors as social approval and increased self-worth as motivations for prosocial behaviour.

A)Empathy-altruism
B)Self-perception
C)Social exchange
D)Norm activation
E)Self-esteem

Question 39

According to evolutionary psychologists,we help others because of three factors that have become ingrained in our genes: the reciprocity norm,

A)kin selection,and empathy.
B)empathy,and .social exchange
C)social exchange,and kin selection.
D)kin selection,and the ability to learn to follow norms and customs.
E)empathy,and cultural values.

Question 40

_______ refers to the ability to experience events or emotions from another person's perspective.

A)Reactance
B)Empathy
C)Identification
D)Altruism
E)Transference

Question 41

The authors provide the text of a UPI story describing the discovery of the bones of a disabled dwarf in a cave in northern Italy.The reporters speculate that over 12,000 years ago,early hominids would take care of the disabled members of their group._______ would argue that the bones belonged to a dwarf who was related to the other cave inhabitants,whereas _______ would argue that the other inhabitants relied on the dwarf for some unknown purpose.

A)Evolutionary theorists; social exchange theorists
B)Social psychologists; social exchange theorists
C)developmental psychologists; evolutionary theorists
D)Social exchange theorists; sociobiologists
E)Social psychologists; evolutionary theorists

Question 42

Helping someone in need so that you won't feel guilty is an example of

A)the influence of instincts on altruism.
B)the effects of empathy on altruism.
C)a social-exchange approach to altruism.
D)the cultural explanation for altruism.
E)an evolutionary explanation for altruism.

Question 43

Amos has just received a good grade on his calculus exam.He's in a great mood and thinks to himself,"School's going well,my relationship with Carrie is going great.It's a wonderful world!" On the way out of the building,he finds that a bicyclist has hit a pedestrian,so he hurries over to help the fallen person.This example best illustrates which of the three reasons why positive mood enhances helping?

A)We are motivated to prolong our good moods and helping does that.
B)We are motivated to put others in a good mood when we are in a good mood.
C)Good mood decrease self-attention,increasing the odds that we will notice another's distress.
D)Good moods enhance self-esteem,which leads to helping.
E)Good moods make us look on the brighter side of life,so we are more generous in our attributions.

Question 44

The "feel good,do good" effect in studies of prosocial behaviour refers to the idea that

A)helping alleviates guilt which often leads to a good mood.
B)people in a good mood are more likely to help.
C)in adults,helping is self-reinforcing.
D)helping in emergencies relieves distress.
E)helping puts people in a good mood.

Question 45

Participants in an experiment by Miho Toi and Daniel Batson (1982)listened to an (alleged)radio interview in which a student in their Introductory Psychology class described an accident that caused her to fall behind in the course.Based on the empathy-altruism hypothesis,the researchers predicted that participants would help Carol when

A)they were instructed to be objective while listening to the interview.
B)Carol made a direct request for participants' help.
C)they believed that they would see Carol back in class.
D)they were instructed to try to imagine how Carol felt.
E)Carol was believed to be attractive.

Question 46

Participants in an experiment by Miho Toi and Daniel Batson (1982)listened to an (alleged)radio interview in which a student in their Introductory Psychology class described an accident that caused her to fall behind in the course.Think for a moment about the method and results of their study.Now assume that you need help from someone,and you have reason to doubt that the other person will be able to empathize with your situation.What should you say to that person to increase the odds that he or she will come to your aid?

A)"You've always come through in the past for me."
B)"If I don't see you tonight,I'll see you tomorrow and Wednesday."
C)"If you say 'no,' don't ask me for any future favours."
D)"If you help me out,I'll buy you lunch."
E)"If you help me tonight,I'll return the favour next week."

Question 47

James has just received notice that he's been admitted to the law school of his choice.As he walks along,humming the theme to L.A.Law,he's in a good mood.He sees a worker fall off a ladder and rushes over to assist.Why did James help in this case?

A)Good moods increase our tendency to process information systematically.
B)Good moods tend to focus our attention inward,on our attitudes and values.
C)Good moods change our interpretations of social rewards and costs.
D)Good moods make our ability to empathize unimportant.
E)Good moods make us more empathetic.

Question 48

"Put yourself in my position," Janice whines."Can't you spare an hour to help me out?" Janice is attempting to evoke _______ when trying to persuade you to help her.

A)empathy
B)the reciprocity norm
C)kin selection
D)sympathy
E)social exchange pressures

Question 49

When Holmes and colleagues (2002)found that charitable giving was highest in response to the degree of need (high)and buying a candle (as opposed to giving a donation)what conclusion was drawn from this?

A)We prefer to give in ways that support a view of ourselves as true altruists.
B)The degree of need is not a concern as long as the charity reciprocates by giving us something in return.
C)We are often motivated to attribute altruism to social exchange so that we can be selective as to whom and when we help.
D)We react against pressure to give to highly needy causes and prefer to give to charities that have a more subtle approach.
E)Most people are altruistic.

Question 50

In support for the empathy-altruism hypothesis,Miho Toi and Daniel Batson (1982)found that participants were more likely to help a student named Carol who was injured in an automobile accident when they were told

A)to try to imagine how Carol felt about what happened to her and how it changed her life.
B)that they would never come face to face with Carol.
C)they would be paid to help Carol.
D)that they would see Carol every week in class.
E)to be objective,and not to focus on how Carol felt.

Question 51

Participants in an experiment by Miho Toi and Daniel Batson (1982)listened to an (alleged)radio interview in which a student in their Introductory Psychology class described an accident that caused her to fall behind in the course.Some participants were told that Carol would soon be returning to their class.Why would Toi and Batson refer to this as a "high cost" condition?

A)Every time participants saw her,they would be able to empathize with her.
B)Carol was still in a wheelchair and it would be hard for her to get to class.
C)Every time participants saw her,they would feel guilty if they didn't help her.
D)Participants would have to go out of their way to copy their notes for Carol.
E)Carol would soon be competing for grades with the participants.

Question 52

According to research by Dan Batson and his colleagues ,when empathy is

A)low,people only help when the costs are high.
B)high,people will pay attention to social exchange factors.
C)high,people will help no matter what the costs.
D)low,people will help no matter what the costs.
E)low,people will help when the costs are high.

Question 53

Participants in an experiment by Miho Toi and Daniel Batson (1982)listened to an (alleged)radio interview in which Carol,a student in their Introductory Psychology class,described an accident that caused her to fall behind in the course.Some participants were encouraged to empathize with her,while others were encouraged to listen objectively to the interview.Some participants in each of these two groups were led to believe that Carol would be returning to their psychology course,while others were led to believe that she would finish out the term at home,so they would never see her again.Toi and Batson found that when participants _______,their decision to help was guided by _______.

A)were shown a picture of Carol; social exchange concerns.
B)listened objectively; their own personal experiences.
C)listened objectively; social exchange concerns.
D)empathized with Carol; their own personal experiences,
E)empathized with Carol; social exchange concerns.

Question 54

Every morning at the bus stop,Carlos encounters an old woman begging for change.She is clearly hungry and alone.Because Carlos feels very bad for this woman and can "feel her pain," he makes a point of giving her some change each morning that he sees her.Which theoretical approach best explains Carlos's behaviour?

A)social-exchange theory
B)self-perception theory
C)norm of reciprocity
D)empathy-altruism hypothesis
E)kin selection

Question 55

According to Dan Batson's (1991)empathy-altruism hypothesis,Jane is most likely to help

A)Joe,who just told Jane that his mother passed away.
B)Liz,who is Jane's cousin.
C)Emily,who just helped Jane move into a new apartment.
D)Susan,who made Jane very angry yesterday but apologized today.
E)Bill,who told Jane that he "feels her pain" and understands her needs.

Question 56

Which of the following statements is most closely related to the empathy-altruism hypothesis (Batson,1991)?

A)""Walk a mile in my shoes."
B)"You scratch my back and I'll scratch yours."
C)"Before you accuse me,take a look at yourself."
D)"I'll gladly pay you Tuesday for a hamburger today."
E)"Look before you leap."

Question 57

A number of studies have revealed that doing well on a test,receiving a gift,and listening to pleasant music can increase helping.These consistent findings across investigations suggest that there is a _______ relation between _______ and helping.

A)negative; self-attention
B)positive; mood
C)negative; mood
D)positive; rewards
E)negative; rewards

Question 58

According to Daniel Batson (1991),when people experience empathy with another in need,_______ motivates helping.

A)maximizing rewards
B)passing their genes to the next generation
C)making a difference in the world
D)minimizing costs
E)helping others independent of self-interest

Question 59

Alice Isen and Paul Levin (1972)found that mall shoppers who found dimes were more likely to help a stranger pick up papers he had dropped.These results suggest that

A)participants thought the money belonged to the man and wanted to return it.
B)the dime primed participants to think about the possible monetary rewards of helping.
C)thinking happy thoughts enhances both mood and helping.
D)finding a dime instead of a quarter disappointed people,and this negative mood increased helping.
E)finding a dime put people in a good mood and increased their helping.

Question 60

In order to best predict whether people will help another person,it is best to know something about _______ and _______.

A)their parents' disciplinary practices; their personality.
B)their relationship with the other person; their personality.
C)their personality; the particular situation in question.
D)their past helping behaviours; the costs and rewards of helping.
E)the costs and rewards of helping; the particulars of the situation in question.

Question 61

The _______ hypothesis refers to the idea that people will often help to alleviate their own sadness and distress.

A)social exchange
B)empathy-altruism
C)negative-state relief
D)affect enhancement
E)social perception

Question 62

Timothy just got into a big fight with his girlfriend and as a result he is in a bad mood.When Kate asks him to contribute to her charity organization,Timothy readily agrees,which makes him feel better.Moments later when Mark asks Timothy to help him unload some things from Mark's car,Timothy refuses.Timothy's behaviour can best be explained by the

A)negative-state relief hypothesis.
B)empathy-altruism hypothesis.
C)diffusion of responsibility effect.
D)emotional inconsistency effect.
E)social exchange effect.

Question 63

A woman has just been in a car accident and needs someone to get her out of her car.A man has AIDS and needs someone to take him to the hospital for ongoing treatments.According to the research on gender differences in prosocial behaviour ,which of the following is most likely to be true?

A)John is more likely to help the man,while Karen is more likely to help the woman.
B)John is more likely to help both the man and the woman.
C)John is more likely to help the woman,while Karen is more likely to help the man.
D)John and Karen are equally likely to help both the woman and the man.
E)Neither John nor Karen will help either of them

Question 64

Based on research by Twenge and colleagues on exclusion from the group,who would be least likely to help out the band by standing in for one of the members who is sick?

A)Evie,who overheard the band members complaining about her 'whining'
B)Alice,who likes everyone in the band
C)Jane,who has just been given a card from the band saying,"We all love you"
D)Clara,who has just left the band because she felt uncomfortable musically
E)Chris,who was asked to leave the band last month

Question 65

Based on research by Piff and colleagues (2010),what can we say about the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES)and prosocial behaviour?

A)No differences were found in prosocial behaviour based on SES.
B)Both those high in SES and those low in SES were more likely to be prosocial than those in the mid-range.
C)Those low in SES were more prosocial than those high in SES.
D)Those high in SES were more prosocial than those low in SES.
E)Those in the mid-range of SES were more prosocial than those high or low in SES.

Question 66

Men are more likely to help in _______,whereas women are likely to help in _______.

A)ways that involve a long term commitment; heroic ways.
B)nurturing ways; communal ways.
C)communal ways; exchange ways.
D)heroic ways; ways that involve a long term commitment.
E)heroic ways; altruistic ways.

Question 67

In analyzing gender differences in prosocial behaviour,helping that involves _______ is likely to be performed by _______.

A)nurturance and commitment; women.
B)nurturance and commitment; women and men equally.
C)technical skills; women and men equally.
D)heroic effort; women and men equally.
E)formal volunteering; men.

Question 68

You are trying to convince your friend Alexandria to donate her time and money to your favorite charitable cause.If you wanted to use the negative-state relief hypothesis to persuade her to help,you would

A)point out all the rewards associated with such charity work.
B)put her in a bad mood to ensure that she makes a more thoughtful decision.
C)put her in a good mood before you asked her to help.
D)remind her of the last time she let you down,then ask her to help.
E)point out all the things you will do to minimize inconvenience to her.

Question 69

According to research on the effects of mood on helping,good moods are likely to _______ the odds that we will spontaneously help another,and bad moods are likely to _______ the odds that we will spontaneously help.

A)increase; decrease
B)decrease; increase
C)neither increase nor decrease; decrease
D)increase; increase
E)decrease; decrease

Question 70

A woman's car is stuck in the snow and she needs a push to get free._______ is more likely to stop to help her out because _______.

A)Tricia; the situation calls for sustained helping.
B)Courtney; women are more likely to help someone of the same gender.
C)Hector; the situation calls for an act of chivalry.
D)Andy; the situation calls for sustained helping.
E)Monica; women in general are more altruistic than men.

Question 71

Malika and Alicia are out shopping,when they are asked to contribute to AIDS research.Malika has just received an A- on her psychology exam,while Alicia has just received a D.According to your text,who is most likely to contribute?

A)Malika,because she's in a good mood
B)Alicia,because she's in a bad mood
C)both are likely to help because the cause is important
D)neither Malika or Alicia are likely to help
E)Malika and Alicia are both likely to help,but for different reasons

Question 72

When it comes to helping behaviour,

A)women are more helpful than men.
B)men are more helpful than women.
C)either gender might be more helpful,depending on the help needed.
D)there is no difference between men and women.
E)only women in collectivistic cultures are more helpful than men.

Question 73

People in interdependent cultures are

A)less likely than Westerners to engage in prosocial behaviour.
B)more likely than Westerners to engage in prosocial behaviour.
C)less likely to engage in heroic acts,but more likely to engage in sustained helping.
D)more likely to help in-group members,but less likely to help out-group members.
E)more likely than Westerners to help out-group members.

Question 74

Mary Harris and her colleagues (1975)found that churchgoers were more likely to contribute to charity before confession than after confession.These findings are most compatible with the

A)diffusion of responsibility effect.
B)negative-state relief hypothesis.
C)social exchange view of helping.
D)empathy-altruism hypothesis.
E)self perception view of helping.

Question 75

Research in which subjects were primed with the concept of God or morality showed that

A)self-awareness makes people feel guilty and become less generous.
B)reminding people of God makes them more judgmental and less generous.
C)putting people in a good mood increases their generosity.
D)reminding people of their moral values increases their self-awareness and their generosity.
E)reminding people of their moral values puts them in a bad mood which decreases their generosity.

Question 76

_______ is to "we" or "us" as _______ is to "they" or "them."

A)Out group; in group
B)Interdependent; independent
C)Entnocentrism; in group
D)In group; out group
E)Egocentrism; ethnocentrism

Question 77

According to proponents of the negative-state relief hypothesis,people who feel sad,guilty,or dejected are motivated to help another in order to alleviate their own unpleasant feelings.Thus,the negative-state relief hypothesis reflects a(n)_______ approach to understanding prosocial behaviour.

A)social responsibility
B)sociobiological
C)socialization
D)social exchange
E)interdependent

Question 78

When the prosocial behaviour of people low in socioeconomic status (SES)was compared with the prosocial behaviour of those high in SES (Piff et al,2010),those low in SES were more prosocial when the situation involved

A)giving a proportion of earned money to one's partner in the study.
B)helping their partner complete his or her task.
C)reporting the percentage of income they believed should be donated to charity.
D)all of the above - those low in SES were more prosocial than those high in SES in all situations studied.
E)none of the above - those low and high in SES were equally likely to behave prosocially.

Question 79

A(n)_______ group is a group which individuals identify with and of which they feel they are members.

A)reference
B)peer
C)in
D)social
E)out

Question 80

Mary Harris and her colleagues (Harris,Benson,& Hall,1975)found that churchgoers were more likely to donate to charity before they attended confession than after,presumably because the act of confession

A)distracted them.
B)made them feel guilty.
C)reduced their guilt.
D)enhanced their self-esteem.
E)reduced their self-esteem.