Deck 8: Social Class

Question 1

Definitions of deviance tend to be quite stable from place to place and from time to time.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Corporate crimes are always less costly in terms of money and lives lost than are street crimes.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Tattoos and piercings are less common among students than 30 years ago.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Feminist theorists feel that women who violate the law are not "criminal women" but "criminalized women."

Question 5

Police officers actually have very little discretion in deciding which rules to apply and how to apply them.

Question 6

The most serious crimes are often committed by members of the middle class.

Question 7

Social inequality is often a better predictor of crime than amount of poverty.

Question 8

Studies based on anonymous self-reports of victimization reveal much lower rates of crime than those found in official statistics.

Question 9

Secondary deviance occurs when a person breaks a law,while primary deviance occurs when a person breaks a folkway.

Question 10

Differential association is most likely to result in criminal activity when a person has infrequent,yet acutely intense,interactions with others who violate the law.

Question 11

Control theory expands strain theory by highlighting the relationship between deviance and the availability of illegitimate opportunity structures.

Question 12

The conflict approach operates from the assumption that the criminal justice system provides equal treatment for the members of all social classes.

Question 13

The relationship between age and criminality exists in every society for which we have data.

Question 14

Police spend most of their time enforcing the law.

Question 15

The increase in female crime has been greatest for violent crimes,including minor assaults.

Question 16

People who play an active role in defining deviance are called moral crusaders.

Question 17

According to conflict perspectives,people in positions of power maintain their advantage by using the law to protect their own interests.

Question 18

Canada's Indigenous people have far less power and resources than other Canadians.

Question 19

The most important gender differences in arrest rates are reflected in the proportionately greater involvement of men in major property crimes and violent crime.

Question 20

Health is an important correlate of crime.

Question 21

Threatening to disrupt an organization's communication system is an example of cybercrime.

Question 22

Lower-class people are overrepresented in arrest and prison admission statistics.

Question 23

Many business people who commit corporate crimes are not labelled as criminals.

Question 24

According to strain theory,people commit deviant acts when they are exposed to cultural goals that they cannot obtain through approved means.

Question 25

In Canada,Indigenous people are overrepresented in the prison population.

Question 26

Defence lawyers argue the accused is guilty.

Question 27

The major weakness of the Canadian Uniform Crime Reporting system is that it focuses only on violations of federal laws and ignores violations of provincial statues.

Question 28

Prosecutors present the accused's defence.

Question 29

Moral entrepreneurs are persons who use their own views of right and wrong to establish rules and label others as deviant.

Question 30

Restorative justice is an approach in Canada's criminal justice system that stems from Indigenous traditions.

Question 31

After witnessing one of their classmates be expelled for cheating,the rest of the class is inclined to follow the rules.What principle does this illustrate?

A) retribution
B) social protection
C) rehabilitation
D) deterrence

Question 32

Sociological theories on crime and deviance tend to complement rather than contradict each other.

Question 33

All societies have norms that govern acceptable behaviour.

Question 34

Sexual orientation is an important correlate of crime.

Question 35

Which theory on crime and deviance is NOT part of the functionalist tradition?

A) opportunity theory
B) control theory
C) labelling theory
D) strain theory

Question 36

Where do most Canadians learn about crime?

A) family
B) school
C) media
D) peers

Question 37

At least part of the increase in reported crime is because violence against women is now reported more often than it used to be.

Question 38

Canada has a much higher rate of incarceration than most industrialized countries,except for the United States and England and Wales.

Question 39

According to social bond theory,the probability of deviant behaviour increases when a person becomes tied to a deviant subculture.

Question 40

Cybercrime is defined as an offence in which a computer is the tool used to commit a crime.

Question 41

A big-box store advertises a toaster for the low price of $10 (with no intention of selling it).When customers arrive,they are told that the item is not what they need,and that the more expensive toaster,at $45,is much better.How would a sociologist classify this crime?

A) as a white-collar crime
B) as an occupational crime
C) as a corporate crime
D) as a property crime

Question 42

In terms of crime prevention,what theory is most likely to propose that a recreation centre offer art and sports programming to at-risk youth?

A) differential association theory
B) labelling theory
C) opportunity theory
D) social control theory

Question 43

What theory would argue that Stefan has a greater likelihood of committing deviant acts if he associates with peers who look favourably upon crime and deviance?

A) illegitimate opportunity
B) labelling theory
C) strain
D) differential association

Question 44

What kind of crime is a business operation committing when it supplies illegal goods and services for profit?

A) a corporate crime
B) a cyber crime
C) an organized crime
D) a political crime

Question 45

One assumption behind Canada's penal system is that offenders should be restricted from committing further crimes.What principle does this illustrate?

A) social protection
B) retribution
C) rehabilitation
D) deterrence

Question 46

Compared to the other Canadian provinces listed,which province in Canada has a higher rate of crime?

A) British Columbia
B) Quebec
C) Ontario
D) New Brunswick

Question 47

The law divides crime into which of the following groups?

A) street,occupational,organized,and political crimes
B) summary convictions and indictable offences
C) misdemeanors and felonies
D) street crimes and suite crimes

Question 48

According to the text,what function does incarceration serve?

A) as restitution
B) as social conformity
C) as reformation
D) as deterrence

Question 49

Which term is used to describe the factors that are associated with crime?

A) crime correlates
B) crime predictors
C) crime determinants
D) crime statistics

Question 50

According to the text's discussion of the relationship between social class and crime,which of the following is accurate?

A) Degree of inequality is a better predictor of crime than amount of poverty.
B) Self-report findings indicate that class and crime are highly correlated.
C) Lower-class people are underrepresented in arrest and prison admission statistics.
D) There is no evidence that forms of deviance,such as suicide,alcoholism,mental illness,and drug addiction are more common among the underclass.

Question 51

What theory by Travis Hirschi holds that the probability of deviant behaviour increases when a person's ties to society are weakened or broken?

A) social bond
B) strain
C) opportunity
D) differential association

Question 52

Labelling theory is based on what perspective?

A) conflict perspective
B) symbolic interactionist perspective
C) feminist perspective
D) postmodernist perspective

Question 53

Suppose that Becky,who is under the legal age,orders and is served a drink in a bar.She is not discovered,so she is not labelled.What form of deviance has taken place,according to Edwin Lemert's labelling theory?

A) secondary deviance
B) primary deviance
C) residual deviance
D) undetected deviance

Question 54

Which of the following is an example of criminal behaviour?

A) taking the belongings of another person without permission
B) robbery
C) having beliefs that go against the grain in your community
D) violations of norms

Question 55

Which theory on crime and deviance is part of the symbolic interactionist tradition?

A) social bond theory
B) differential association theory
C) strain theory
D) illegitimate opportunity theory

Question 56

Which statement supports the assertion that deviance is relative?

A) Behavioural deviance is based on intentional or inadvertent actions.
B) People may be regarded as deviant if they express a radical or unusual belief system.
C) People may be regarded as deviant because of specific characteristics or conditions that they have had since birth or have acquired.
D) What one community defines as deviant differs from the next,and over time what one group views as deviance can change.

Question 57

What is the main difference between occupational crime and corporate crime?

A) Occupational crime is much more prevalent than corporate crime.
B) Corporate crime is done to benefit the corporation,while occupational crime is designed to benefit only the criminal.
C) Corporate crime is not that costly in terms of lives lost and injuries incurred.
D) There is no difference; they mean exactly the same thing.

Question 58

What perspective would make the argument that prisons punish through technology?

A) conflict
B) feminist
C) functionalist
D) postmodern

Question 59

What does the conflict perspective argue about criminal law?

A) It is applied equally to the different social classes.
B) It attempts to reverse the inequalities present in society.
C) It was created in order to label deviants as "criminals."
D) It protects the interests of the affluent and powerful.

Question 60

Which of the following does NOT describe the relationship between gender and crime?

A) Most crimes are committed by males.
B) The difference between male and female involvement in crime has narrowed.
C) There is considerably more variation in male/female crime ratios in different places.
D) The percentage of offences committed by women tripled between 1968 and 2000.

Question 61

Opportunity theory is based on what perspective?

A) conflict perspective
B) symbolic interactionist perspective
C) feminist perspective
D) postmodernist perspective

Question 62

Who decides the guilt or innocence of those accused of committing a crime?

A) the community
B) police officers
C) criminal courts
D) moral entrepreneurs

Question 63

Single mother Jeannette works at two minimum wage jobs.She routinely writes bad cheques and eventually gets arrested for fraud.Which theory would explain Jeannette's deviance in terms of poor wages and her inability to provide economically for her children?

A) functionalist theory
B) feminist theory
C) social control theory
D) conflict theory

Question 64

Which term would Howard Becker use to describe animal rights activists who protest Lucy the Elephant's residence at the Valley Zoo in Edmonton?

A) professional speakers
B) moral entrepreneurs
C) modern prophets
D) ethical brokers

Question 65

Your parents are upset about the new group of peers with whom you are spending time because they feel that this new group of friends is encouraging you to behave in inappropriate and deviant ways.Which of the theorists below developed the theory that best fits this scenario?

A) Travis Hirschi
B) Edwin Sutherland
C) Richard Cloward
D) Robert Merton

Question 66

What is the most important source of information on crimes reported in Canada?

A) Law Enforcement Administration System
B) Canadian Criminological Society
C) Canadian Uniform Crime Reporting System
D) Statistics Canada Long-Form Census

Question 67

What did the 1993 National Violence Against Women Survey find?

A) Men with university degrees assaulted their wives more often than men with a high-school education.
B) Men who were unemployed were much less likely to assault their wives than men who were employed.
C) Men who made less than $15,000 per year were much more likely to assault their wives than men with higher incomes.
D) Wife assault was actually most common in the very highest income levels.

Question 68

What does the text claim about age and crime?

A) The relationship between age and criminality is negligible.
B) There is no relationship between age and criminality in most societies.
C) The relationship between age and criminality is unique to Canada.
D) The relationship between age and criminality exists in almost every society.

Question 69

Which theory of Robert Merton's suggests that the macrolevel structures of a society can produce social pressures resulting in a higher rate of deviant behaviour?

A) strain
B) differential association
C) labelling
D) opportunity

Question 70

Why are victimization surveys more accurate crime statistics than police records?

A) Police records provide information only from offenders,not victims.
B) Victimization surveys provide us with information about crimes that have not been officially reported.
C) People are more inclined to remember minor types of crime on victimization surveys.
D) Police records can be problematic because police tend not to get many reports from victims.

Question 71

What is important to consider when examining the relationship between social class and crime?

A) Crime increases during times of high unemployment.
B) Poor countries have higher rates of crime than rich countries.
C) We do not have the data to adequately assess the relationship between class and crime.
D) Lower-class people are underrepresented in arrest and prison admission statistics.

Question 72

Which of the following is a typical form of social control?

A) behaviour that echoes a belief in conformity and commitment to social order
B) rewards parents give to encourage good behaviour
C) a fine of $300
D) a jail sentence of two years less a day

Question 73

Elijah Anderson draws on opportunity theory to argue that a particular economy is an employment agency superimposed on the gang network for many young men who lack other opportunities.To which of the following is he referring?

A) weapons
B) prostitution
C) drugs
D) stolen goods

Question 74

What characteristic of the offender is one of the most significant factors associated with crime and deviance?

A) age
B) race
C) gender
D) social class

Question 75

Don does his first break-and-enter at age 16.During his teens,he continues to break into cars and homes until he is sent to jail shortly after his nineteenth birthday.According to Edwin Lemert's labelling theory,what is he demonstrating?

A) career deviance
B) primary deviance
C) secondary deviance
D) undetected deviance

Question 76

Which Canadian region has the lowest overall crime rate?

A) Northern
B) Eastern
C) Western
D) Central

Question 77

A young girl in middle school decides,for the first time,not to attend school today because she has a test.What would sociologist Edwin Lemert call this initial act of rule breaking?

A) primary deviance
B) secondary deviance
C) residual deviance
D) undetected deviance

Question 78

Which Canadian region has the highest overall crime rate?

A) Northern
B) Southern
C) Eastern
D) Central

Question 79

Which of the following is an example of deviance?

A) serving alcohol at a dinner party with friends or co-workers
B) standing up and singing during a chemistry exam
C) travelling 10 km over the speed limit
D) telling your friends your hopes and dreams

Question 80

Which theory assumes that deviance is learned in interactions with people who have favourable attitudes toward crime?

A) opportunity theory
B) social control theory
C) differential association theory
D) strain theory