Deck 16: Reproductive Technology - Genetic Testing - and Gene Therapy

Question 1

Gene therapy has not yet cured any patient of his or her genetic disorder.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Amniocentesis poses increased risks to the fetus and mother.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Fertilization take place within a woman's body in which of the following ART techniques?

A) GIFT
B) ICSI
C) IVF
D) ZIFT
E) PGD

Answer 3

A

Question 4

In women,blocked oviducts can result from sexually transmitted diseases.

Question 5

Consider an infertile couple,of which both partners are able to produce healthy gametes,but the woman's history of endometriosis has rendered her unable to carry a fetus. Suppose this couple undergoes IVF with their own gametes,followed by embryo transfer to the uterus of a gestational surrogate,and the birth of a baby. What is the genetic relationship between the surrogate and the baby?

A) The baby shares only X chromosomal DNA with the gestational surrogate.
B) The baby shares 25% of its genes with the gestational surrogate.
C) The baby shares half of its genes with the gestational surrogate.
D) The baby is genetically identical to the gestational surrogate.
E) There is no genetic relationship between the gestational surrogate and the baby.

Question 6

In a woman's monthly cycle,the hormone _____ is released when estrogen reaches a peak.

A) luteinizing hormone
B) oxytocin
C) progesterone
D) testosterone
E) human chorionic gonadotrophin

Question 7

The genetic engineering of human-animal hybrids is a routine procedure related to assisted reproductive technologies.

Question 8

The use of _____ is associated with an increased risk of transmitting genetic defects,such as those related to infertility,onto male children.

A) IVF
B) GIFT
C) IUI
D) ZIFT
E) ICSI

Question 9

Genetic counselors are typically medical doctors who specialize in treating infertile couples.

Question 10

About ____ couples are affected by infertility.

A) 0.5% of
B) 1 in 6
C) 1 in 10
D) 1 in 100
E) 25% of 

Question 11

Primary infertility is diagnosed when a couple who has had one child has trouble conceiving a second.

Question 12

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)is used by couples in which the _____.

A) female has blocked oviducts
B) female has very irregular ovulation
C) female is approaching menopause
D) source of sperm is a sperm bank
E) male is infertile

Question 13

Gene doping is an approved and widely accepted training technique for elite athletes.

Question 14

The laws related to sperm donation and surrogacy are the same in each state in the US.

Question 15

A decreased risk of epigenetic imprinting disorders,such as Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome,is observed in children conceived following ART.

Question 16

The birth of Louise Brown was the first person born as a result of _____.

A) in vitro fertilization
B) sex selection
C) intrauterine insemination
D) laparoscopy
E) genetically engineering of human-animal hybrids

Question 17

The most common cause of low sperm count in males is _____.

A) varicocele
B) undescended testicles
C) testicular failure
D) semen disorders
E) obstructions

Question 18

Approximately _____ of IVF pregnancies result in multiple births.

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 20%
D) 50%
E) 75%

Question 19

Approximately _____ percent of human births in the U.S.are the result of in vitro fertilization.

A) 0.5
B) 1.5
C) 5
D) 10
E) 25

Question 20

Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)requires in vitro fertilization to be performed before embryo transfer into the oviduct.

Question 21

_____ corrects the genetic defect in an individual with a genetic disorder by _____.

A) Enzyme replacement therapy; delivery of a normal gene to affected cells in the body
B) PGD; removing affected cells from an early stage embryo
C) Gene therapy; PGD
D) Gene therapy; delivery of a normal gene to affected cells in the body
E) Chorionic villus sampling; constructing karyotypes from affected cells

Question 22

Guidelines suggest that only ____________________ (number)embryo(s)be transferred to the woman's uterus following IVF,in order to reduce the incidence of multiple births.

Question 23

The risk of ____________________,which occurs when the embryo begins to grow outside the uterus,increases with the use of IVF.

Question 24

What technique can be used to detect genetic defects in early stage embryos,prior to implantation?

A) genetic screening
B) chorionic villus sampling
C) PGD
D) amniocentesis
E) micromanipulation

Question 25

If a male produces healthy gametes but his female partner can neither produce gametes nor carry a fetus,a(n)____________________ surrogate can be used to help them achieve successful reproduction.

Question 26

Low sperm ____________________ results in the inability of sperm to move through cervical mucus and reach the egg in the oviduct.

Question 27

The condition of having no sperm in the semen is called ____________________.

Question 28

Fertilization takes place in the ____________________,and the embryo grows and develops in the ____________________.

Question 29

____________________ is the recommended ART procedure performed on women with blocked oviducts.

Question 30

Which scenario describes a situation for which genetic counseling is recommended?

A) Couples who have no family history of genetic disorders
B) Women under age 35 who plan to become pregnant
C) Couples who already have a child with a birth defect
D) Couples who have undergone IVF
E) Women who have had one miscarriage, and no other pregnancies

Question 31

An individual who is at risk of passing a genetic defect onto his or her offspring would most likely undergo ____.

A) genetic testing
B) genetic screening
C) enzyme replacement therapy
D) preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)
E) amniocentesis

Question 32

The technique of ____ is a form of genetic disorder therapy in which a patient's defective protein is artificially provided.

A) PGD
B) exon splicing
C) exon skipping
D) intron skipping
E) enzyme replacement therapy

Question 33

____________________ involves the fertilization of the egg outside the body,followed by transfer of the embryo into a woman's uterus.

Question 34

Usually,the first procedure a genetic counselor performs for a client is _____.

A) amniocentesis
B) construction of a karyotype
C) biochemical testing
D) construction of a pedigree based on family and medical histories
E) ultrasonic imaging

Question 35

To treat severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)by gene therapy,a patient's white blood cells are removed,followed by the delivery of a normal gene into the cells.The altered cells are then returned to the patient's body.This is an example of _____ gene therapy.

A) enhancement
B) germ-line
C) viral
D) in vivo
E) ex vivo

Question 36

The most common vectors used in DNA therapy experiments are _____.

A) modified human cells
B) retroviruses and adenoviruses
C) antisense oligonucleotides (AONs)
D) bacteria
E) naked DNA

Question 37

_____ is performed to detect genetic disorders and birth defects in a fetus.

A) Carrier testing
B) Prenatal testing
C) Genetic screening
D) Gene therapy
E) Enzyme replacement therapy

Question 38

____________________,one of the earliest methods of ART,was developed primarily to overcome problems with male infertility.

Question 39

The three components of the female reproductive system that are required for successful reproduction are the eggs,____________________,and ____________________.

Question 40

Recent successes in gene therapy are attributed to the _____.

A) focus on germ-line gene therapy, rather than somatic gene therapy
B) development of improved vectors
C) sequencing of the human genome
D) improvements in prenatal testing techniques
E) improvements in gene doping

Question 41

____________________ assess the risks of developing,inheriting,or transmitting genetic disorders,and assist clients in understanding this information.

Question 42

Explain why enzyme replacement therapy cannot cure a genetic disease,and why gene therapy offers the only cure.

Question 43

Discuss the three most important factors for successful reproduction.

Question 44

Discuss the ethical issues - both for and against - associated with PGD selection of savior babies.

Question 45

Early failures of gene therapy included two children who developed ____________________ after receiving gene therapy for X-linked SCID.

Question 46

Explain why infertility in women increases with advancing age,and how ART methods can overcome this problem in older women.

Question 47

In exon skipping,____________________ are used to target specific exons for skipping by blocking splicing signals during pre-mRNA processing.

Question 48

Do you agree with the practice of using PGD to select for gender or for genetic disabilities present in the parents (for example,deafness and dwarfism)?  Why or why not?  Should there be legal restrictions on PGD in the US?  Why or why not?

Question 49

Discuss the reasons why ART leads to more multiple and premature births than the general population.

Question 50

Explain the reasoning behind the laws in some European countries that limit the number of children that can result from a single sperm donor. Do you agree with these restrictions?  Why or why not?

Question 51

If carrier testing determines that one parent is a heterozygous carrier of an autosomal recessive genetic defect,while the other parent is not a carrier,then the fetus has a(n)____________________ % chance of being affected.

Question 52

Would you recommend a couple in which the male is infertile to seek genetic counseling?  Why or why not?

Question 53

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that results in mucus build-up in the lungs and subsequent breathing difficulties; therefore,____________________ cells would be the target for somatic gene therapy to cure this condition.

Question 54

Genetic counselors gather medical and family histories in order to construct a(n)____________________,which will enable them to establish the inheritance of a genetic trait in a family.

Question 55

Babies who are born following PGD to select for a tissue match to an ailing sibling are referred to as ____________________.

Question 56

List the three factors required for gene therapy,and explain the difference between ex vivo and in vivo gene therapy.

Question 57

Should legal restrictions limit the application of gene therapy to only correcting genetic defects?  Should enhancement gene therapy and/or gene doping be illegal?  Do you think such a law would be enforceable?  Explain your reasoning.

Question 58

The first successful outcome of gene therapy was in a case of a young girl suffering from ____________________,who was supplied with normal copies of the ADA gene.

Question 59

A variation of the PGD method,called ____________________,can test for genetic disorders in the egg before fertilization.

Question 60

The method of gene therapy that would result in the transferred gene being passed onto offspring is known as ____________________.