Deck 17: Genes and The Immune System

Question 1

What is the underlying molecular cause of Crohn's disease?

A) B cells are mutated and do not release antibodies.
B) Receptor proteins are mutated and cause an abnormal immune response.
C) Helper T cells are inactivated.
D) Mucus is not released from epithelial tissues.
E) Antigen-presenting cells are absent.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

As part of the inflammatory response,_____ engulf and destroy invading bacteria.

A) histamines
B) dead skin cells
C) mast cells
D) macrophages
E) antibodies

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Most of the organisms that normally inhabit our skin help defend us against infection.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The complement system functions to ____ and ____.

A) mobilize B cells; initiate antibody production
B) help the innate immune system; turn on expression of T-cell receptor protein genes
C) destroy invading cells; provide a physical barrier against pathogens
D) destroy invading cells; guide phagocytes to the infection site
E) destroy viruses; guide phagocytes to the site of inflammation

Question 5

The major obstacle to the use of xenotransplants can possibly be overcome by ____.

A) giving a series of injections that depress the immune systems of recipients
B) changing genetic markers in humans to make them more receptive to nonhuman tissue
C) cloning donor animals using human DNA
D) introducing a complement genes to both the donor animal and recipient human
E) altering the patient's MHC complex

Question 6

B cells are genetically programmed to produce unique antibodies; similarly,T cells are genetically programmed to produce unique T-cell receptors.

Question 7

The best animal models for xenotransplantation of organs into humans are the nonhuman primates,such as chimpanzees and baboons.

Question 8

The technology of transplanting nonhuman organs into humans is known as _____.

A) immunoglobulin treatment
B) cross reception
C) genomic transmission
D) xenotransplantation
E) organotransplantation

Question 9

The physical barrier of the skin and the mucus produced by the epithelial cells lining body cavities ____.

A) activate the complement system
B) release histamines
C) facilitate the production of antibodies
D) comprise the innate immune system
E) protect the body from infection by pathogens

Question 10

What is most closely associated with membrane-attack complexes (MACs)?

A) complement proteins
B) helper T cells
C) B cells
D) histamines
E) cytokines

Question 11

Redness,swelling,heat,and pain of an infection are a result of the adaptive immune response.

Question 12

Juvenile diabetes (or insulin-dependent diabetes)results when insulin-producing cells in the pancreas are destroyed by the patient's own immune system.

Question 13

Activated B cells divide to form plasma cells and memory B cells,both of which are short-lived and secrete copious amounts of antibody molecules into the bloodstream.

Question 14

Because there are so many HLA allele combinations,it is rare to find unrelated individuals with the same HLA halplotypes.

Question 15

The huge diversity of antibody molecules is generated by the shuffling of gene segments in T cells.

Question 16

The membrane-attack complex is a group of proteins that supplements the inflammatory response.

Question 17

The most effective level of defense against pathogens is the ____ immune system,because it ____.

A) innate; recognizes specific pathogens
B) adaptive; recognizes specific pathogens
C) nonspecific; targets all pathogens
D) inflammatory response; is mediated by T cells
E) skin; provides a physical barrier against pathogens

Question 18

The major obstacle to the use of xenotransplants is _____.

A) the lack of human donors
B) finding nonhumans with similar-sized organs
C) resistance from opponents of genetically modified animals
D) organ rejection by recipients
E) the possibility of viral transfer from nonhuman primates to human patients

Question 19

In an inflammatory response,the direct effect of histamine is to ____.

A) dilate blood vessels causing increased blood flow to the area of infection
B) decrease heat accumulation in the area of infection
C) directly kill bacteria
D) attack cytotoxic T cells
E) cause B cells to release antibodies

Question 20

A person with blood group A has both A and B type antibodies.

Question 21

Once formed,B cells mature in the _____,while T cells mature in the _____.

Question 22

Why are skin grafts between identical twins more successful than grafts between more unrelated individuals?

A) Identical twins share the same uterine environment.
B) Identical twins are exactly matched in age.
C) Identical twins have identical HLA alleles.
D) Identical twins are always the same sex.
E) Identical twins have the same blood type.

Question 23

The chemicals that attract neutrophils to a site of infection are called ____________________.

Question 24

Complement proteins can form a system of proteins that create a pore in the membranes of bacteria.This system is called the ____________________.

Question 25

B and T cells become activated and divide to produce identical cells when _____.

A) activated by an antigen
B) major histocompatibility genes are expressed
C) activated by the presence of cancerous cells
D) plasma cells begin to produce and secrete antibodies
E) killer T cells bind to any pathogen

Question 26

The use of organs harvested from animals for human transplants is called ____________________.

Question 27

The chemical defense system that complements the immune system and supplements the inflammatory response is known as the ____________________ system.

Question 28

Incompatibility in the Rh blood system can result in hemolytic disease of the newborn.Which combination poses the greatest risk?

A) Rh positive mother, Rh negative fetus
B) Rh positive father, Rh negative fetus
C) Rh negative mother, Rh positive fetus
D) Rh negative mother, Rh negative fetus
E) Rh positive mother, Rh negative father

Question 29

The quick response of the immune system to a second infection is due to the _____,a feature of the immune system as demonstrated by the success of vaccines.

A) activation of macrophage cells
B) suppression of suppressor cells
C) T and B memory cells
D) high levels of antigen
E) new cytotoxic T cell.

Question 30

Allergic reactions are triggered by the production of ____ antibodies instead of ____ antibodies at the first exposure to the allergen.

A) IgA; IgD
B) IgA; IgE
C) IgE; IgM
D) IgE; IgG
E) IgG; IgE

Question 31

____________________,such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease,develop when bacteria are able to breach the barrier between the digestive system and the body.

Question 32

The _____ of an antibody molecule functions to recognize and bind to a specific antigen.

A) antigen-antibody complex
B) antigen-binding site
C) light chain
D) heavy chain
E) immunoglobulin motif

Question 33

Disease-causing infectious agents are known as ____________________.

Question 34

Of the four types of T cells,only the ____________________ T cells destroy infected body cells.

Question 35

____________________ T cells secrete interleukins that activate other cells in both the cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune responses.

Question 36

Pathogens are engulfed by ____________________ during the first stage of an inflammatory response and by ____________________ during the last stage of the response.

Question 37

Which immune system(s)are absent in individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency?

A) innate
B) cell-mediated
C) antibody-mediated
D) antibody-mediated and cell-mediated
E) inflammatory response

Question 38

When the immune systems no longer distinguishes between self and nonself,_____ can result.

A) autoimmunity
B) anaphylaxis
C) viral infections
D) minor allergic reactions
E) enhanced immune response

Question 39

How many HLA haplotypes does each human have?

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
E) five

Question 40

What occurs during the antigen detection stage of the antibody-mediated immune response initiated by T cell activation?

A) Cytotoxic T cells destroy body cells that are infected with a pathogen.
B) Helper T cells activate an antigen-specific B cell to divide and secrete antibodies.
C) A T cell displaying an antigen-specific T cell receptor (TCR) binds to the antigen on the surface of an antigen presenting cell.
D) Helper T cells are activated by the TCR.
E) A B cell degrades the pathogen and produces antigens. 

Question 41

Explain how a mutant CC-CKR5 allele offers protection from HIV infection.

Question 42

The life threatening body-wide response that can occur when allergens enter the circulatory system and cause a severe drop in blood pressure is called ____________________.

Question 43

When species-specific MHC proteins on xenotransplants trigger a complement-mediated rejection in the recipient,a(n)____________________ results.

Question 44

Discuss how a genetic variant may explain why HIV infection rates are highest in sub-Saharan Africa.

Question 45

Do you agree with the strategy of xenotransplantation to alleviate the shortage of donated human organs?  Why or why not?

Question 46

Explain why individuals with type O blood can donate to any other blood type,and why individuals with type AB blood can accept blood of any blood type.

Question 47

Summarize the steps involved with the inflammatory response.

Question 48

The process by which an antigen binds to a specific antibody on a naïve B cell,thereby triggering mitosis and the build-up of a large population of antibody-secreting plasma cells (also known as effector B cells),is called ____________________.

Question 49

Outline the three levels of defense of humans against the invasion of pathogens.

Question 50

The transplant of pig bone marrow into a human recipient may overcome the ____________________ triggered by transplanted pig organs.

Question 51

____________________ result from immunological hypersensitivity to what should be harmless substances.

Question 52

Antigens displayed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells and viral-infected cells are bound to specific classes of ____________________ molecules.

Question 53

Suppose an Rh- mother gives birth to an Rh- baby. Is there a danger of hemolytic disease of the newborn developing during a subsequent pregnancy? Why or why not?

Question 54

A protein that interacts with an antibody is called a(n)____________________.

Question 55

Suppose that an infectious agent,such as a virus or bacterium,had surface antigens identical to those displayed on the surface of human cells.Would the immune system be able to detect and destroy these agents? Why or why not?

Question 56

John and all his brothers have no antibodies caused by non-functional B cells.Therefore,they are highly susceptible to bacterial infections.John and his brothers most likely have a condition called ____________________.

Question 57

How can so many antibody molecules be made in a relatively short period of time?

Question 58

Receptors on the surface of ____________________ T cells recognize the antigens displayed on the surface of an infected cell.

Question 59

How is the human genome able to encode billions of unique antibody molecules from only three gene sets?

Question 60

To protect future Rh+ fetuses,pregnant Rh- mothers are given RhoGam in order to destroy ____________________ fetal cells that enter the mother's blood.