Deck 13: Conflict and Peacemaking

Question 1

In the Prisoner's Dilemma,if both prisoners confess,each will get a ________;if neither confesses,each will ________.

A)moderate sentence;get a light sentence
B)severe sentence;get a light sentence
C)severe sentence;get a moderate sentence
D)moderate sentence;get a severe sentence

Answer 1

moderate sentence;get a light sentence

Question 2

According to Gifford and Hine's research with laboratory dilemmas,which of the following is a way to resolve social dilemmas?

A)competition
B)repeated retaliatory acts
C)resorting to altruistic punishments
D)regulation

Answer 2

regulation

Question 3

We deplete our natural resources because the immediate personal benefits of,for instance,taking a long,hot shower outweigh the seemingly inconsequential costs.This exemplifies ________.

A)the Prisoner's Dilemma
B)the Tragedy of the Commons
C)the fundamental attribution error
D)the sleeper effect

Answer 3

the Tragedy of the Commons

Question 4

Some individuals have many children so that they can ensure someone will take care of them in the future.However,this contributes to the collective devastation of overpopulation.This is an example of:

A)mirror-image perception.
B)the jigsaw problem.
C)perceived injustice.
D)a social dilemma.

Question 5

Pursuing one's self-interest to the collective detriment of one's community or society is the central pattern in:

A)mirror-image perception.
B)the jigsaw problem.
C)perceived injustice.
D)a social dilemma.

Question 6

The outcome of a creatively managed conflict is:

A)satisfaction.
B)peace.
C)accord.
D)compliance.

Question 7

In playing the laboratory version of the Prisoner's Dilemma,you would personally obtain the best payoff on any given trial if ________.

A)you confess and the other person does not confess
B)both you and the other person confess
C)you do not confess but the other person confesses
D)both you and the other person do not confess

Question 8

When individuals consume more than their share and the cost of doing so is dispersed among all,the result is called:

A)perceived injustice.
B)environmental devastation.
C)the overconsumption effect.
D)the Tragedy of the Commons.

Question 9

If an attorney creates a Prisoner's Dilemma for two suspects,the attorney's goal is to:

A)trick either one of them into revealing what really happened.
B)create an incentive for one of them to confess while the other maintains innocence.
C)create an incentive for both of them to confess privately.
D)achieve the greatest punishment for both suspects.

Question 10

Zoe and Lily,two college students,are roommates,and they split the rent and other expenses equally.Zoe likes to play music loudly,while Lily likes to spend her leisure time reading books.Which of the following is most likely exemplified by Zoe and Lily in this scenario?

A)conflict
B)an illusion of transparency
C)mirror-image perception
D)altruism

Question 11

Lucas and Liam,two middle-aged farmers,have been neighbors for three years.Lucas has an apple tree in his backyard and its branches spread over Liam's house.Liam cuts the whole tree even without discussing the issue with Lucas,and Lucas,in turn,kills Liam's sheep that used to graze in Lucas's garden.Which of the following is most likely exemplified by Lucas and Liam in this scenario?

A)mirror-image perception
B)a jigsaw problem
C)perceived injustice
D)a social trap

Question 12

Jonathan,the HR manager of a manufacturing company,asks all the employees to use public transportation and thus contribute to the reduction of the emission of greenhouse gases.However,the employees state that they lose time if they use public transport,and they continue to commute in private vehicles.In the context of social dilemmas,the employees' actions will result in ________ in this scenario.

A)the Prisoner's Dilemma
B)pluralistic ignorance
C)the Tragedy of the Commons
D)an illusion of transparency

Question 13

Max,a sales executive,could not achieve his targets for the last two quarters,and his manager,Brandon,reprimands him publicly in a meeting.Consequently,Max expresses misgivings about Brandon to the CEO,and the CEO sets up an inquiry team to find out the truth.In the context of social dilemmas,which of the following is most likely exemplified by Max in this scenario?

A)retaliation
B)pluralistic ignorance
C)conciliation
D)an illusion of transparency

Question 14

When a local resident in the town of Henzville killed four people with a gun,he was considered a murderer.However,weeks later,when a policeman killed two civilians in the same town,it was reasoned that he was suffering from depression and financial stress.This exemplifies ________.

A)evolving motives
B)the fundamental attribution error
C)social dilemma
D)the Prisoner's Dilemma

Question 15

Peace is the outcome of:

A)constructively negated conflict.
B)a mere suppression of open conflict.
C)the absence of conflict.
D)a creatively managed conflict.

Question 16

Kevin and Austin,two brothers,are fond of cookies.They steal cookies from the cookie jar regularly.When their mother questions them,they lie.However,when she questions them separately,they become confused about whether to tell the truth or lie.In the context of social dilemmas,which of the following is most likely experienced by Kevin and Austin in this scenario?

A)pluralistic ignorance
B)an illusion of transparency
C)the Tragedy of the Commons
D)the Prisoner's Dilemma

Question 17

Aaron and Maria,a mixed-sex couple,buy a car.Maria slams the car against a lamppost,and Aaron asks her not to drive the car without his permission.However,Aaron hits another car while driving and explains that it is due to stress at work.In the context of social dilemmas,Aaron's behavior most likely exemplifies ________ in this scenario.

A)the false-consensus effect
B)the Tragedy of the Commons
C)the fundamental attribution error
D)the Prisoner's Dilemma

Question 18

In small groups,as opposed to large ones,individuals are:

A)more likely to take more than their equal share.
B)less anonymous and thus less cooperative.
C)more likely to identify with a group's success.
D)more open about their conflicts.

Question 19

Leah and Kaitlyn,two college students,are roommates and stay in an apartment.They buy an expensive hair cream and split its cost.Although they say they should save it for special occasions,they each want to make sure they get their fair share of the hair cream before it's gone.Soon,they find that the jar of cream is empty.In the context of social dilemmas,which of the following is most likely experienced by Leah and Kaitlyn in this scenario?

A)the Prisoner's Dilemma
B)pluralistic ignorance
C)the Tragedy of the Commons
D)an illusion of transparency

Question 20

Conflict is defined as:

A)perceived incompatibility of actions or goals.
B)dissatisfaction with relationship outcomes.
C)hostility that results from frustrating interaction.
D)competition for mutually exclusive goals.

Question 21

In a non-zero-sum game:

A)both can win and both can lose.
B)one side wins and the other loses.
C)one's gains equal another's losses.
D)altruistic motives dominate.

Question 22

Research on laboratory dilemmas reveals that cooperation is facilitated if:

A)one person is 100 percent cooperative.
B)the opponents can communicate with one another.
C)the game is changed into a zero-sum game.
D)the size of the payoffs is increased.

Question 23

Sato (1987)gave Japanese students opportunities to harvest trees in a simulated forest for money.When the students equally shared the costs of planting the forest,the result was that:

A)most of the trees were left to grow too tall for harvesting because the students bickered about the criterion to be used in sharing profits.
B)most of the trees were harvested before they had grown to the most profitable size.
C)none of the trees were harvested because the collectivist students did not want to be the first to ask for his or her share.
D)students made the maximum profit not only for themselves individually but for the group as well.

Question 24

In real life,which of the following parallels the Tragedy of the Commons?

A)water pollution
B)gun control
C)the death penalty
D)online auctions

Question 25

According to research,it seems that just knowing about the dire consequences of noncooperation in a social dilemma:

A)encourages people to do what is good.
B)leads to greater mistrust of others.
C)tends to foster greater self-interest and competition.
D)has little real effect on people's behavior.

Question 26

Which of the following is true of the size of a group while resolving social dilemmas?

A)In a much larger commons-say,a city-voluntary conservation is more successful than a small commons.
B)In a small commons,each person feels more responsible and effective than large groups.
C)As a group grows larger,people rarely make common excuses for noncooperation.
D)In small groups,people feel less identified with a group's success than they do in large groups.

Question 27

In the Tragedy of the Commons,the "commons" refers to:

A)disputed border territory.
B)stolen goods or winnings.
C)any shared and limited resource.
D)private property that repeatedly changes ownership.

Question 28

Despite official government warnings of a severe water shortage,most citizens fail to conserve in the belief that their personal water consumption will have little effect on the community's total water supply.The eventual depletion of the community's water resources provides an example of:

A)mirror-image perceptions.
B)individualistic calamity.
C)the Tragedy of the Commons.
D)rational disaster.

Question 29

The smaller the group,the more:

A)responsible each person feels for it.
B)intense the conflict among individual members.
C)apathetic people are about its preservation.
D)likely it is that communication will take the form of intimidation and deception.

Question 30

In the commons dilemma,people often consume more than they realize when:

A)others take on a cooperative strategy.
B)resources are not partitioned.
C)the "commons" are divided into equal parts.
D)they belong to a small group.

Question 31

Which of the following exemplifies a non-zero-sum game?

A)the Prisoner's Dilemma
B)the illusion of transparency
C)the self-fulfilling prophecy
D)the availability heuristic

Question 32

Attempting to explain others' behavior dispositionally is a characteristic of:

A)the Prisoner's Dilemma,but not the Tragedy of the Commons.
B)the Tragedy of the Commons,but not the Prisoner's Dilemma.
C)both the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Tragedy of the Commons.
D)neither the Prisoner's Dilemma nor the Tragedy of the Commons.

Question 33

One potential way to resolve social dilemmas is to:

A)avoid making regulations.
B)avoid two-way communication.
C)reduce excess resources.
D)keep groups small.

Question 34

Which of the following is a method for resolving social dilemmas?

A)communication
B)punishment
C)increasing group size
D)competition

Question 35

In the context of social dilemmas,which of the following is a feature shared by both the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Tragedy of the Commons?

A)Both tempt people to explain their own behavior dispositionally.
B)Participants tend to commit the fundamental attribution error.
C)Participants' motives remain unaltered when they are in a social trap.
D)Their profits and losses add up to zero.

Question 36

Which of the following is true of communication as a method to resolve a social dilemma?

A)In the laboratory as in real life,group communication very rarely degenerates into threats and name-calling.
B)In the laboratory as in real life,group communication enables people to commit themselves to competition.
C)Discussing the dilemma hinders a group identity,which diminishes concern for everyone's welfare.
D)Discussing the dilemma devises group norms and expectations and pressures members to follow them.

Question 37

People know that climate change is underway yet continue buying gas-slurping SUVs.This is an example of:

A)how larger groups are more conservative than smaller ones.
B)how changing the payoffs results in cooperation.
C)how knowing good does not always lead to doing good.
D)how important status is to so many people.

Question 38

Which of the following is an example of changing payoffs to resolve social dilemmas?

A)allowing carpoolers to drive in the faster freeway lane
B)requiring carpool cars and vans to park in special,larger parking lots farther away from the office building
C)lowering the price of gasoline to well below $1 per gallon
D)rewarding people who drive by themselves to work

Question 39

In both the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Tragedy of the Commons,people are tempted to explain their own behavior ________ and others' behavior ________.

A)dispositionally;situationally
B)positively;negatively
C)situationally;dispositionally
D)negatively;positively

Question 40

A common excuse for noncooperation is:

A)"I couldn't have made a difference anyway."
B)"The devil made me do it."
C)"That's unfair."
D)"Cooperation is for the weak and cowardly."

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT one of the seeds of misperception?

A)the self-serving bias
B)reduced competition
C)the fundamental attribution error
D)groupthink

Question 42

According to Gifford and Hine's research with laboratory dilemmas,which of the following is a method for resolving social dilemmas?

A)competition
B)making a very large group
C)communication
D)conciliation

Question 43

Equity exists when:

A)rewards are distributed in proportion to individuals' contributions.
B)individuals are all equally satisfied with their rewards.
C)rewards are distributed equally to all group members regardless of their contributions.
D)group members decide among themselves how rewards should be distributed.

Question 44

In the context of conflicts,a social trap refers to a situation when:

A)conflicting parties are unaware of the conflict between them.
B)two conflicting parties partner with each other to achieve a common goal.
C)two parties enter into a conflict because of a third party.
D)conflicting parties are caught in mutually destructive behavior.

Question 45

The reciprocal views that parties in conflict often hold of one another are referred to as:

A)mirror-image perceptions.
B)stereotypical inclinations.
C)complementary images.
D)cognitive illusions.

Question 46

Which of the following statements is true of the misperceptions in conflict?

A)Biases incline national leaders to ignore the evil intentions of adversaries.
B)Opposing sides see their own understandings as biased by their liking or disliking for others.
C)Opposing sides in a conflict tend to exaggerate their differences.
D)Highly intelligent people display a "myside bias."

Question 47

According to Ralph K.White's studies of democratic versus autocratic leadership,which of the following misperceptions was observed when ten wars of the past century were reviewed?

A)overestimation of the enemy's strength
B)overestimation of the leaders' power
C)demonization of the enemy
D)scrutinization of one's own motives

Question 48

The Republic of Fredonia believes its long-time enemy,the Kingdom of Franistan,is aggressive,greedy,and impulsive.On the other hand,Franistan believes Fredonia is hostile,selfish,and unpredictable.This is an example of:

A)an inequitable relationship.
B)a zero-sum relationship.
C)mirror-image perceptions.
D)reciprocal illusions.

Question 49

What do self-serving biases,group polarization,and negative stereotypes have in common?

A)They illustrate the power of a situation.
B)They are potential seeds of misperception.
C)They illustrate that we are cognitive misers.
D)They negate conflict.

Question 50

Olivia and Hannah,two friends who are medical practitioners,buy a car by contributing $1000 each.Olivia takes the car when she goes to work in the morning,whereas Hannah takes it to work in the evening.According to some social-psychological theorists,Olivia and Hannah most likely exemplify ________ in this scenario.

A)an equitable relationship
B)the Tragedy of the Commons
C)a zero-sum relationship
D)the Prisoner's Dilemma

Question 51

Some noncapitalist cultures define justice not as equity but as the:

A)regulation of resources.
B)fulfillment of need.
C)attainment of social objectives.
D)accomplishment of goals.

Question 52

In Sherif's research,the camper groups became hostile towards each other when:

A)they learned of the other group's existence.
B)the two groups first met.
C)competition between the groups was introduced.
D)competition between the groups ended.

Question 53

When Bush called Iraq "evil" in the buildup to the invasion,he was making which common misperception?

A)underestimating the strength of one's enemy
B)demonizing the enemy
C)rationalizing one's own motives
D)blaming the wrong people

Question 54

When two sides have clashing perceptions,at least one of them is misperceiving the other,and when that is the case,according to Bronfenbrenner (1961),"it is characteristic of such images that they are ________."

A)self-defeating
B)self-confirming
C)self-handicapping
D)self-monitoring

Question 55

Aidan,CEO of a tech-giant,works for more than 10 hours a day and receives compensation according to his efforts.Jacob is an employee in the same company and works for five hours a day and receives a salary which is half the amount of Aidan's salary.According to some social-psychological theorists,Aidan and Jacob will perceive themselves as having ________ in this scenario.

A)an integrative disaster
B)an equitable relationship
C)a mirror-image perception
D)a zero-sum relationship

Question 56

As Sherif noted,despite the fact that the competitive behavior of the boys in the warring camps seemed "wicked,disturbed,and vicious," what actually triggered their evil behavior was:

A)their leaders' modeling of aggression.
B)their delinquent backgrounds.
C)their ethnic identities.
D)an evil situation.

Question 57

Which of the following statements is true of competition as a method of resolving a social dilemma?

A)Win-lose competition reduces intense conflict and produces weak ingroup cohesiveness.
B)Win-lose competition produces positive images of an outgroup.
C)Ingroup discussion often exacerbates dislike of a conflicting group.
D)In competition-fostering situations,individuals act more competitively than do groups.

Question 58

To a striking degree,the misperceptions of those who are in conflict are usually:

A)nonreciprocal.
B)unilateral.
C)mutual.
D)inequitable.

Question 59

According to Staub and Bar-Tal (2003),which of the following are the characteristics of a group in intractable conflict?

A)The group views its own goals as insignificant.
B)The group believes itself to be victimized.
C)The group takes pride in "them" and devalues "us."
D)The group attributes similar characteristics to the other group.

Question 60

Isaiah,a vibrant young boy,is the leader of a school debate team that is competing with a team from another school.He believes that his team is moral and strong,while the other team members are weak and evil.In the context of misperception,Isaiah most likely exemplifies ________ in this scenario.

A)the overjustification effect
B)conciliation
C)groupthink
D)self-serving bias

Question 61

In times of tension,such as during an international crisis:

A)views of the opposing side become more simplistic.
B)rational thinking becomes less difficult.
C)seat-of-the-pants judgments become less likely.
D)tendencies toward groupthink are weakened.

Question 62

The fact that,in New York City,divorce rates dropped in the aftermath of 9/11 is an example of:

A)improved cooperation resulting from desegregation.
B)cohesiveness as a result of a common external threat.
C)justification for poor performance.
D)heightened paranoia.

Question 63

For Blacks,the most noticeable consequence of desegregated schooling is:

A)very short-term improvements of interracial relations.
B)the reduced likelihood of attending primarily White colleges.
C)the increased likelihood of living and working in integrated settings.
D)a more favorable self-image.

Question 64

When both sides of a conflict believe "we are peace-loving,they are hostile," each may treat the other in ways that ________ its expectations.

A)deny
B)confirm
C)reduce
D)expand

Question 65

John believes that he is hardworking and his wife Rachel is lazy.Rachel believes that she is hardworking and John is lazy.This is an example of:

A)an equitable relationship.
B)mirror-image perceptions.
C)perceived injustice.
D)a social trap.

Question 66

In the context of misperception,which of the following is true of mirror-image perceptions?

A)When two sides have clashing perceptions,at least one is misperceiving the other.
B)Positive stereotypes of the outgroup,once formed,are often resistant to contradictory evidence.
C)To a striking degree,the misperceptions of those in conflict are never mutual.
D)People in conflict attribute similar virtues to the other group and vices to themselves.

Question 67

Joshua and Brandon,a same-sex couple,have been legally married for two years.However,Joshua loses interest in Brandon and starts seeing someone else.He believes that Brandon is also not interested in their relationship as a couple.However,Brandon remains faithful to the vows he made to Joshu A.According to the studies conducted by Bronfenbrenner,which of the following is most likely exemplified by Joshua in this scenario?

A)mirror-image perception
B)avoidance coping
C)the false uniqueness effect
D)the spotlight effect

Question 68

For contact between opposing racial groups to reduce conflict,the interracial contact must:

A)occur in a zero-sum context.
B)ideally be between persons equal in status.
C)temporarily award superior status to the minority group.
D)be competitive and unsupported by authorities.

Question 69

According to social psychologists' peacemaking strategies,which of the following is one of the four Cs of peacemaking?

A)competition
B)correction
C)conciliation
D)callousness

Question 70

Through the use of ________,Muzafer Sherif made boy camper enemies into friends.

A)contact
B)superordinate goals
C)bargaining
D)conciliation

Question 71

Surveys of nearly 4,000 Europeans revealed that an important factor in determining whether attitudes toward a minority group will become more favorable is whether:

A)one has a friend who is a member of that minority group.
B)the minority group tends to be submissive.
C)the minority group has a history of significant accomplishment.
D)the language of the minority group can be easily mastered.

Question 72

Santiago is a Mexican student and Pierre is an Egyptian student in an exchange program.Both are part of a team competing in an international quiz competition,and they prepare very hard and cooperate with each other despite their cultural differences.This scenario most likely exemplifies the importance of ________ in bringing interracial harmony.

A)implicit self-esteem
B)a superordinate goal
C)pluralistic ignorance
D)the jigsaw technique

Question 73

A goal that overrides people's differences from one another is called a(n):

A)superior goal.
B)superordinate goal.
C)ingroup goal.
D)independent goal.

Question 74

Group conflicts are often fueled by an illusion that the enemy's top leaders are ________ and their people are ________.

A)good;evil
B)evil;good
C)good;aggressive
D)evil;helpless

Question 75

Amir and Sasha are in a conflict.Juan is their common friend who is not involved in the conflict.Which of the following is an example of the use of bargaining in the resolution of the conflict between Amir and Sasha?

A)Amir and Sasha pitch their demands to each other during conflict resolution.
B)Amir and Sasha ask Juan for suggestions to resolve their conflict.
C)Juan imposes a settlement on Amir and Sasha to resolve their conflict.
D)Juan is asked to choose either Amir's or Sasha's side during conflict resolution.

Question 76

Noah has a crush on Lily.They both work for the same company.He feels that Lily can easily sense his feelings and believes that his body language conveys his romantic interest.However,Lily is not aware of his interest in her.According to the studies by University of Manitoba psychologist Jacquie Vorauer,Noah is most likely experiencing ________ in this scenario.

A)a mirror-image perception
B)an illusion of transparency
C)the false uniqueness effect
D)the spotlight effect

Question 77

A university in the United States forms two groups for an international debate competition.One group consists of U.S.-born students,and the other group consists of immigrant students.According to Al Ramiah and Hewstone's (2013)and Tropp and Barlow's (2018)studies on desegregation,which of the following happens when there is prolonged,personal contact between the two groups in this scenario?

A)increased anxiety
B)trend toward dehumanizing others
C)decreased empathy
D)decreased perceived threats

Question 78

Danny and Ralph have mirror-image perceptions about each other.Which of the following is true about the perceptions that Danny and Ralph have about each other?

A)Ralph believes that Danny is extremely helpful,whereas Danny believes that Ralph is unhelpful.
B)Ralph believes that Danny is a bad person,whereas Danny believes that Ralph is a good person.
C)Ralph believes that Danny is already successful,whereas Danny believes that Ralph continues to work harder to become successful.
D)Ralph believes that Danny is the one who is evil of the two of them,whereas Danny believes that Ralph is the one who is evil.

Question 79

Desegregation could be expected to have poor results when contacts were competitive and unsupported by authorities.In order to achieve positive results with desegregation,contact should be ________.

A)unequal in status
B)equal in status
C)short-term
D)long-term

Question 80

Which of the following best illustrates a superordinate goal?

A)A college student who has been failing English gets an A on a paper.
B)A woman beats her husband at tennis.
C)Apartment dwellers install a satellite dish they can all use.
D)An obese person loses 20 pounds in two weeks.