Deck 8: Group Influence

Question 1

In its current meaning,________ refers to the strengthening of dominant responses in the presence of others.

A)the groupthink effect
B)the social facilitation effect
C)informational influence
D)social inhibition

Answer 1

the social facilitation effect

Question 2

Melissa,a young dancer,becomes aware of her audience when she performs on stage,and she also compares her performance with her co-dancers.This awareness motivates her to perform better on stage than while practicing alone.Identify the factor that contributes to Melissa's performance on stage.

A)social loafing
B)psychological reactance
C)driven by distraction
D)deindividuation

Answer 2

driven by distraction

Question 3

The tendency of people to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when others are present is the original meaning of:

A)the groupthink effect.
B)the social facilitation effect.
C)the false consensus effect.
D)the false uniqueness effect.

Answer 3

the social facilitation effect.

Question 4

According to Johnson (2006),which of the following different human needs are met by different groups?

A)to affiliate
B)to surrender
C)to build evaluation apprehension
D)to set group norms

Question 5

According to Marvin Shaw (1981),which of the following constitutes a group?

A)Caleb,an air steward,serving the passengers in a flight
B)Logan working individually in his school's computer room
C)Mary and her friends working together on a class project
D)Sophie and 50 other people traveling in a city bus

Question 6

Triplett conducted one of social psychology's first laboratory experiments by asking children to wind string on a fishing reel.The results of the study indicated that the children worked ________ on their fishing reel when co-actors were competing with them in contrast to when they worked alone.

A)faster
B)slower
C)uninterestedly
D)leisurely

Question 7

Patrick,an aspiring athlete,finishes his race with a better finishing time when he performs in the presence of an audience.He feels that since every member of the audience watches him,he should do his best.However,he takes extra time to finish a run when he practices alone.Which of the following factors is exemplified in this scenario?

A)deindividuation
B)self-serving bias
C)evaluation apprehension
D)social loafing

Question 8

If social arousal facilitates dominant responses,it should boost performance on ________.

A)difficult tasks
B)analytical tasks
C)easy tasks
D)new tasks

Question 9

An example of someone who is involved with co-actors is:

A)a runner in a race.
B)a runner surrounded by others jogging.
C)a person working on a science project.
D)a person involved in planning a party.

Question 10

In the context of social facilitation,social arousal facilitates:

A)sleeper effects.
B)experimental biases.
C)dominant responses.
D)gender stereotypes.

Question 11

Sanders,Baron,and Moore (1978)explained social facilitation by noting that a conflict occurs between paying attention to others and paying attention to the task at hand.They named this explanation:

A)social loafing.
B)social distortion.
C)driven by distraction.
D)deindividuation.

Question 12

According to the social facilitation effect,social psychologists can accurately predict that athletes will perform ________ when energized by the responses of a supportive audience.

A)much worse
B)best
C)slightly worse
D)better at unlearned tasks

Question 13

Two or more people who,for longer than a few moments,interact with and influence one another and perceive one another as "us" are referred by social psychologists as a:

A)clan.
B)crowd.
C)group.
D)mob.

Question 14

Chloe,a 25-year-old woman,tends to eat more food when she dines with her friends than when she eats alone.Which of the following phenomenon explains Chloe's eating habits?

A)psychological reactance
B)social facilitation
C)autokinetic phenomenon
D)mass hysteria

Question 15

The concern for how others are assessing us is called:

A)deindividuation.
B)social ostracism.
C)the self-fulfilling prophecy.
D)evaluation apprehension.

Question 16

Triplett (1898)conducted one of social psychology's first laboratory experiments by asking children to wind string on a fishing reel.The results of the study indicated that there was a positive relationship between the speed at which the children wound the reel and the presence of other children.Later studies found the same pattern and dubbed it:

A)the groupthink effect.
B)the social facilitation effect.
C)social loafing.
D)deindividuation.

Question 17

In a park,a guy you do not know sits near you.His mere presence affects your behavior even though he is doing nothing.In the context of social facilitation,this person is best described as a(n):

A)confederate.
B)co-actor.
C)ingroup member.
D)comrade.

Question 18

Shaw (1981)argued that the one thing that all groups have in common is that the members:

A)reside in the same location.
B)belong to the same gender.
C)interact.
D)speak the same language.

Question 19

Consistent with the social facilitation effect,Michaels and his colleagues (1982)found that when good pool players were observed,they did ________ when they did not know they were being observed.

A)much worse than
B)better than
C)the same as
D)slightly worse than

Question 20

According to Marvin Shaw,which of the following would most likely constitute a group?

A)six people riding a city bus
B)eight people working individually in a computer room
C)a pair of jogging companions
D)five people waiting for different buses at a bus stop

Question 21

At your factory job,output was measured at the end of every day by how much the team of workers you belonged to produced.Because of this evaluation procedure,your behavior was most likely to be characterized by ________;now that a new manager has taken over and each individual worker's output is measured by a computer,your behavior is now most likely to be characterized by ________.

A)deindividuation;groupthink
B)groupthink;deindividuation
C)social loafing;social facilitation
D)social facilitation;social loafing

Question 22

In which of the following situations will deindividuation most likely occur?

A)when the group size is large
B)when individuals in a group are completely self-aware of their activities
C)when individuals lose their sense of anonymity
D)when there is an absence of distracting activities

Question 23

Caleb,a research student at a university,studies the pattern of solar eclipses along with his friends.However,he does not put much effort into the study and avoids researching for long hours.On the other hand,his friends put a lot of effort in the study,but their performances are not individually identifiable.In this scenario,Caleb most likely exemplifies the role of a ________.

A)logroller
B)forced rider
C)free rider
D)bootlegger

Question 24

Social psychologists have accurately predicted that ________ will exhibit less social loafing.

A)women
B)men
C)children
D)the elderly

Question 25

In a study by Latané and his colleagues (1979),participants were asked to shout and clap as loud as possible.Participants produced the most noise when they:

A)thought they were shouting alone.
B)thought there was one other person shouting with them.
C)thought there were five other people shouting with them.
D)were not feeling any evaluation apprehension.

Question 26

In the context of social loafing,when the output of collective farms and private plots were compared:

A)the collective farms were more productive.
B)the private plots were more productive.
C)there was little difference between the two.
D)the output depended on the relationships within the group.

Question 27

The increased number of office buildings with large open spaces rather than private offices is an example of how social facilitation research has:

A)helped confirm the theory.
B)guided new exploration of research topics.
C)suggested practical applications.
D)been misused by industries.

Question 28

Your psychology professor has assigned group projects to your class.She has chosen to individually grade each student's contribution to the assignment as an attempt to reduce:

A)social facilitation.
B)social loafing.
C)minority influence.
D)group polarization.

Question 29

In the context of deindividuation,which of the following is true of people's behavior when in groups compared to their behavior when alone?

A)People tend to limit their sense of excitement when in a group than they would when alone.
B)People feel more responsible and accountable when in a group than they would when alone.
C)People are more likely to focus on individual identity when in a group than they would when alone.
D)People are more likely to abandon normal restraints when in a group than they would when alone.

Question 30

Groups tend to loaf less when:

A)the members of the group are friends.
B)they belong to individualistic cultures.
C)the task is easy.
D)the rewards are divided equally regardless of the effort.

Question 31

When being observed increases evaluation concerns,________ occurs;when being lost in a crowd decreases evaluation concerns,________ occurs.

A)deindividuation;groupthink
B)groupthink;deindividuation
C)social loafing;social facilitation
D)social facilitation;social loafing

Question 32

People in groups will loaf less when the:

A)task is challenging or appealing.
B)task is not involving.
C)group members hardly know each other.
D)task is not rewarded.

Question 33

When individual efforts are pooled and not evaluated,evaluation apprehension is ________ and the probability of social loafing is ________.

A)high;low
B)low;high
C)high;high
D)low;low

Question 34

People are more likely to exhibit social loafing if:

A)they find the task to be challenging.
B)rewards are divided according to individual effort.
C)rewards are divided equally regardless of individual effort.
D)they are individually monitored.

Question 35

People in ________ cultures exhibit less social loafing than people in ________ cultures.

A)independent;narcissistic
B)narcissistic;independent
C)collectivistic;individualistic
D)individualistic;collectivistic

Question 36

________ refers to the tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable.

A)Social facilitation
B)Social loafing
C)Deindividuation
D)Availability heuristic

Question 37

According to Ingham's experiments on social loafing,which of the following is true of the collective effort of tug-of-war teams?

A)Group members were more motivated when performing additive tasks than while performing alone.
B)Members pulled harder when they were alone than when they believed people behind them were also pulling.
C)Members pulled harder when they pulled in groups and when there were other members behind them.
D)Members coordinated their efforts well and pulled the rope in the same direction at the same time when they pulled in groups.

Question 38

According to social psychologists,which of the following factors creates arousal in people?

A)evaluation apprehension
B)deindividuation
C)groupthink
D)vanity

Question 39

When people experience a loss of self-awareness as well as evaluation apprehension,they are in a state of:

A)self-realization.
B)reactance.
C)deindividuation.
D)groupthink.

Question 40

Sam has a tendency to contribute little effort to group assignments as he thinks others will be sure to pick up the slack in an effort to get a good grade.Social psychologists would call Sam a:

A)social facilitator.
B)free loafer.
C)free rider.
D)social thinker.

Question 41

The fact that people associate mostly with others whose attitudes are similar to their own suggests the prevalence of naturally occurring:

A)social facilitation.
B)groupthink.
C)minority influence.
D)group polarization.

Question 42

Later research on risk-taking behaviors found that group discussion leads to:

A)more caution than individuals would take.
B)more risk than the average individual would take.
C)group members' initial leaning being enhanced.
D)group moderation.

Question 43

Watson (1973)found that cultures with depersonalized warriors were:

A)more likely to be forgiving.
B)less likely to be victorious.
C)less likely to commit vandalism.
D)more likely to brutalize their victims.

Question 44

A looting mob is a good example of:

A)social loafing.
B)minority influence.
C)deindividuation.
D)social ostracism.

Question 45

Whenever your friend Ted surfs online,he writes terribly harsh letters to strangers using a bogus email address.Ted's behavior can likely be attributed to the role of ________ in deindividuation.

A)group size
B)anonymity
C)arousing activities
D)self-esteem

Question 46

From their analysis of 60 deindividuation studies,Postmes and Spears (1998)concluded that being anonymous makes an individual ________ than when he or she is alone.

A)more responsive to situational cues
B)more self-conscious
C)less group-conscious
D)less risk-taking in ambiguous situations

Question 47

Myers and Bishop (1970)conducted studies where groups of relatively prejudiced and unprejudiced high school students had discussions on issues involving racial attitudes.According to these studies,which of the following is true of the attitudes of students before and after these discussions?

A)The discussions among like-minded students did indeed decrease the initial gap between the two groups.
B)Participants evaluated how much the discussion polarized their attitudes,remembering their earlier attitudes as more extreme than they actually were.
C)Talking over racial issues decreased prejudice in a high-prejudice group and increased it in a low-prejudice group.
D)Discussion increased polarization between homogeneous groups of high-prejudice and low-prejudice students.

Question 48

Consistent with what is known about group polarization,Schkade and Sunstein (2003)found that on federal appellate court cases,a Republican judge sitting with two other Republicans voted ________ than when sitting with one Democratic appointee.

A)more liberally
B)more conservatively
C)more predictably
D)less predictably

Question 49

Using a disguised name,Ben sends threat emails and bullies his school friends on various online forums.This is an example of deindividuation that is primarily based on ________.

A)group size
B)physical anonymity
C)distracting activities
D)self-handicapping

Question 50

On Halloween night,Diener and her colleagues (1976)conducted a study of trick-or-treat theft at homes scattered throughout the Seattle are A.Given a chance to steal candy,the children who were ________ were most likely to commit transgressions.

A)anonymous and alone
B)anonymous and in a group
C)frustrated and alone
D)frustrated and in a group

Question 51

Which of the following is true of the change in people's attitude when they are part of group discussions?

A)When people share concerns about an injustice,discussion reduces their moral concern.
B)Group discussion often strengthens members' initial inclinations.
C)Group discussion magnifies positive tendencies and mitigates negative ones.
D)When people share negative impressions of a group,discussion decreases their willingness to discriminate.

Question 52

One effect of deindividuation is:

A)diminished self-restraint.
B)increased self-awareness.
C)social facilitation.
D)a risky shift.

Question 53

Deindividuation is ________ likely when self-awareness is ________.

A)more;high
B)less;high
C)not;low
D)never;absent

Question 54

Logan,a middle-aged man,has conservative political views.He joins a conservative group in his neighborhood and participates in its activities.Over the years,he becomes more conservative due to the group's influence.According to social psychologists,Logan most likely exemplifies ________ in this scenario.

A)social facilitation
B)groupthink
C)social loafing
D)group polarization

Question 55

Nathan,a young adult,posts some hate messages about a particular community using a fake profile he created on a social networking website.Police find it difficult to trace him immediately as his declared information is wrong.Which of the following factors would have most likely encouraged Nathan's act?

A)group size
B)anonymity
C)arousing activities
D)social role

Question 56

People who are made self-aware by acting in front of a mirror or TV camera have been found to:

A)exhibit increased self-confidence.
B)behave more consistently with their attitudes.
C)be less thoughtful in analyzing complex social issues.
D)be more vulnerable to persuasive appeals that run counter to social norms.

Question 57

Based on research cited in the text,who is most likely to honk aggressively at someone stopped at a green light?

A)the driver of a moped
B)the driver of a convertible with the top down
C)the drive of a convertible with the top up
D)the driver of a motorcycle

Question 58

Which of the following factors contributes to deindividuation?

A)group size
B)rationalization
C)self-censorship
D)individual values

Question 59

Teresa has joined the campus Amnesty International Group,and after attending a few of the meetings now feels even more passionate about human rights.Social psychologists would explain the change in Teresa's opinions using:

A)social facilitation.
B)groupthink.
C)minority influence.
D)group polarization.

Question 60

Group polarization occurs when group discussion ________ group members' initial inclinations.

A)challenges
B)reverses
C)neutralizes
D)strengthens

Question 61

The extremism of terrorist organizations,such as those involved in the September 11 attacks on the United States,is very likely the result of the naturally occurring process of:

A)group polarization.
B)pluralistic ignorance.
C)social loafing.
D)social facilitation.

Question 62

Social comparison is more likely to sway responses on:

A)issues that have a factual element.
B)moderate,rather than severe,issues.
C)value-laden judgments.
D)complex,rather than simple issues.

Question 63

Julio is a directive leader of a highly cohesive student group on campus.When discussing important policy decisions,the group will be at greatest risk for groupthink if it is:

A)isolated from dissenting viewpoints.
B)composed of the majority and minority students.
C)well-informed regarding both sides of the issue.
D)aware of the dangers of making wrong decisions.

Question 64

Which of the following comments is most likely to be made in a group characterized by groupthink?

A)"We have been in agreement on matters in the past and I hope that will continue."
B)"Joe,why don't you play devil's advocate and challenge the course of action most of us seem to prefer?"
C)"I think we need some outsiders to come in and critique our decision before we proceed."
D)"We have made some stupid mistakes in the past.Let's work carefully to not make the same errors again."

Question 65

Groupthink can be defined as:

A)the tendency to suppress dissent in the interests of group harmony.
B)the tendency to sacrifice group cohesiveness in favor of task orientation and problem focus.
C)the enhancement of problem-solving capacity as a result of several persons joining together to work on the same problem.
D)reduced self-awareness as a result of group immersion and social anonymity.

Question 66

Groupthink symptoms can be viewed as a form of dissonance reduction as group members:

A)try to maintain their positive group feelings.
B)try to persuade other group members of their opinions.
C)underestimate their group's might.
D)discuss their group's vulnerability.

Question 67

Maggie favors the death penalty.In discussing this issue with some like-minded classmates,she hears arguments for this position that she has never considered before.After the discussion,her opinion is more extreme.This outcome is best explained by:

A)informational influence.
B)counterfactual thinking.
C)the reactance theory.
D)the social comparison theory.

Question 68

According to Festinger (1954),it is human nature to want to evaluate our opinions by:

A)comparing our views with others.
B)designing everyday tests of validity.
C)engaging in frequent introspection.
D)actively studying the results of scientific research.

Question 69

Wright (2003)suggested that the Internet is an effective means to rally like-minded people and mobilize lethal consequences,such as recruiting individuals for terror organizations.Which concept in social psychology best explains this trend?

A)group polarization
B)pluralistic ignorance
C)social inhibition
D)social facilitation

Question 70

Which of the following leads to group polarization?

A)informational influence
B)social loafing
C)social facilitation
D)minority influence

Question 71

You are hesitant to ask questions in class because you assume everyone else understands,and you would,therefore,appear foolish in the class.Your thinking best exemplifies:

A)groupthink.
B)pluralistic ignorance.
C)social loafing.
D)self-handicapping.

Question 72

Evaluating one's opinions and abilities by comparing oneself with others is called:

A)comparative influence processing.
B)analogical comparison.
C)reactance.
D)social comparison.

Question 73

The fact that active participation in discussion produces more attitude change is best explained by:

A)the concept of informational influence.
B)the social role theory.
C)the cognitive miser theory.
D)a decrease in pluralistic ignorance.

Question 74

In the context of informational influences on group polarization,________ in discussion produces more attitude change than does ________.

A)arguing;agreeing
B)agreeing;arguing
C)active participation;passive listening
D)passive listening;active participation

Question 75

Which of the following is a comment you are LEAST likely to hear being made within a group characterized by groupthink?

A)"Our critics are not very smart."
B)"Our past decisions have always been right."
C)"Let's weigh all the alternatives carefully before we proceed."
D)"It seems to me we are all in agreement on this,so let's proceed."

Question 76

Which of the following is an example of group polarization in one's community?

A)gang delinquency
B)cheering wildly at a football game
C)an isolated,troubled teenager being aggressive toward his classmates
D)a group of people attending a concert

Question 77

A false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling,or how they are responding is what social psychologists call:

A)an imaginary audience.
B)social comparison.
C)pluralistic ignorance.
D)groupthink

Question 78

When people learn about others' positions-without making a prior commitment and without discussion or sharing of arguments-they will:

A)often take a reverse position.
B)not adjust their own position.
C)adjust their responses to maintain a socially favorable position.
D)pretend they "knew it all along."

Question 79

What underlying processes help to explain the occurrence of group polarization?

A)informational influences and normative influences
B)minority influences and social facilitation
C)psychological reactance and deindividuation
D)collective narcissism and self-realization

Question 80

Which of the following factors are needed for "groupthink" to occur?

A)group cohesiveness
B)acceptance of dissenting views
C)members being well-informed regarding issues
D)a transformational leader who mediates conflicts