Deck 5: Genes, Culture, and Gender

Question 1

According to anthropologists,which of the following is true of human behavior?

A)Humans are more alike than they are different.
B)Humans prefer living alone to living with others.
C)Humans have different behavioral tendencies.
D)Humans develop language through different mechanisms.

Answer 1

Humans are more alike than they are different.

Question 2

Norms _____ "proper" behavior.

A)reward
B)prescribe
C)change
D)are the result of

Answer 2

prescribe

Question 3

Habib,an exchange student from Iran,is doing his thesis in the United States.He notices that people eat sandwiches directly from their paper bags and do not use plates.He is confused as people use eating utensils in his country.This scenario exemplifies _____ differences between Habib's native country and his country of residence.

A)ethical
B)language
C)climatic
D)cultural

Answer 3

cultural

Question 4

According to natural selection,those with genes best suited to an environment are likely to:

A)struggle and then perish.
B)perish in other environments.
C)face many problems.
D)survive and reproduce.

Question 5

Given the logic of evolutionary psychology,we can assume our distant ancestors preferred _____ foods.

A)sweet and salty
B)bitter and sour
C)nutritious and energy-providing
D)vegetarian

Question 6

One of the most important similarities in humans is our capacity:

A)for self-destruction.
B)for altruism.
C)to dominate other species.
D)to learn and adapt.

Question 7

Ryan,a young adult,was assigned a male sex at birth.However,he feels that he is a woman trapped inside a man's body.After multiple counseling sessions,he decides to live as a woman and have sex reassignment surgery.In this scenario,Ryan most likely exhibits the characteristics of a _____.

A)culture
B)cisgender person
C)transgender person
D)norm

Question 8

The evolutionary process by which heritable traits that best enable organisms to survive and reproduce in particular environments are passed to ensuing generations is called:

A)evolutionary adaptation.
B)evolutionary psychology.
C)natural adaptation.
D)natural selection.

Question 9

Rules for accepted and expected social behavior are called:

A)values.
B)norms.
C)attitudes.
D)ethics.

Question 10

Human kinship is to the _____ perspective as human diversity is to the _____ perspective.

A)evolutionary;cultural
B)cognitive;psychoanalytical
C)humanistic;cultural
D)biological;humanistic

Question 11

Zoe has lived in the United States all of her life,yet her Greek grandmother has made sure that Zoe is fluent in the Greek language,so she would understand the Greek way of life.What has Zoe's grandmother passed on to her?

A)an idea
B)a norm
C)a culture
D)a value

Question 12

_____ is the study of the evolution of cognition and behavior using principles of natural selection.

A)Vertebrate paleontology
B)Evolutionary psychology
C)Behavioral anthropology
D)Sociocognitive psychology

Question 13

Victoria,a graduate student in a German university,notices that her German friends hold their forks in their left hand while eating meat.However,she,being an American,cuts her meat and then transfers the fork to her right hand.This scenario exemplifies the _____ prevalent in different countries.

A)norms
B)schemas
C)roles
D)stereotypes

Question 14

Fatemeh,an immigrant in the United States,hails from a Muslim country and wears a hijab at the workplace.She believes that the hijab encourages men to see her as a human rather than as a sexual object.She is most likely following the _____ of her Muslim culture.

A)norms
B)dogmas
C)ethics
D)laws

Question 15

The enduring behaviors,ideas,attitudes,and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next are called:

A)beliefs.
B)norms.
C)cultures.
D)values.

Question 16

The _____ perspective highlights the kinship that results from our shared human nature.

A)evolutionary
B)cultural
C)normative
D)diversity

Question 17

Evolutionary psychologists study:

A)physical traits.
B)psychological traits.
C)both physical and psychological traits.
D)neither physical nor psychological traits.

Question 18

Brianna is a 40-year-old divorcee and a mother of three.She has become both assertive and nurturing over the years.In this scenario,Brianna is performing a(n)_____ role.

A)pangender
B)cisgender
C)effeminate
D)androgynous

Question 19

Mia,a teenager,likes to wear skirts and has long hair.She also likes to shop in her leisure.On the other hand,David,her brother,likes sports and other physically aggressive activities.In this scenario,Mia and David most likely exemplify the characteristics associated with _____.

A)sex
B)gender
C)culture
D)norm

Question 20

According to Baumeister,a "huge and powerful advantage of culture" is:

A)genetic diversity.
B)the division of labor.
C)evolution.
D)genetic similarity.

Question 21

Santiago is a graduate student from Mexico.He experiences a culture shock during his stay in the United States.Which of the following statements is most likely to be true about Santiago's observations in the United States?

A)He finds that people are inefficient and time-wasting.
B)He finds that people seek more personal space than him.
C)He finds that vegetarian people stand out from a group and are thus undesirable.
D)He finds that people are more likely to stigmatize people seen as different than in his country.

Question 22

According to research conducted by Leung and Bond (2004),those people who espouse _____ express lower life satisfaction and favor assertive influence tactics and right-wing politics.

A)justice
B)social complexity
C)reward for application
D)cynicism

Question 23

In the context of norms,most Americans maintain a personal space between themselves and strangers of approximately:

A)4 feet or less.
B)4 feet or more.
C)2 feet or less.
D)2 feet or more.

Question 24

Michael,a middle-aged man,believes that his destiny determines the course of his life and his success and failures.According to Leung and Bond's five universal dimensions of social beliefs,to which of the following dimensions does Michael adhere?

A)cynicism
B)social complexity
C)reward for application
D)fate control

Question 25

In the context of friendship,identify a true statement about the behavior of men and women.

A)Women's phone conversations last longer than men's.
B)Men send more text messages than women.
C)Men talk for longer than women when the goal is affiliation with others.
D)Women actually talk more overall and when the goal is asserting one's opinions and giving information.

Question 26

Atharv is a religious man.He reads various religious holy books and finds peace and joy visiting religious destinations.He believes that religious faith contributes to good mental health.According to Leung and Bond's five universal dimensions of social beliefs,to which of the following dimensions does Michael adhere?

A)cynicism
B)social complexity
C)fate control
D)spirituality

Question 27

Ye-jun,a young immigrant from South Korea,works in the United States.He avoids co-workers who are vegetarians and prefers to eat with his nonvegetarian friends.Ye-jun,in this scenario,is following the _____ of his culture.

A)laws
B)dogmas
C)ethics
D)norms

Question 28

What cultural differences or similarities were found in the research on pedestrian interaction in the United States and Japan?

A)Americans were more likely to look at someone who looked at them.
B)Japanese were more likely to greet the research confederate who greeted them.
C)Both Japanese and Americans did not smile back when the confederates smiled at them.
D)Both Japanese and Americans failed to respond to the confederates.

Question 29

Punctuality is one of the _____ of North American businesspeople.

A)attitudes
B)norms
C)schemes
D)dimensions

Question 30

Maccoby (2002)found that girls tend to _____ compared to boys.

A)be less nurturing
B)talk more intimately
C)play in larger groups
D)be more active

Question 31

Those living _____ prefer more personal space than those living _____.

A)closer to the equator;farther away from the equator
B)in Central America;in Iceland
C)in Latin America;in North America
D)farther away from the equator;closer to the equator

Question 32

The buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies is called our:

A)self-zone.
B)personal space.
C)private zone.
D)own distance.

Question 33

In psychology,the characteristics by which people define male and female,whether biologically or socially influenced,are referred to as:

A)sex.
B)gender.
C)orientation.
D)culture.

Question 34

What cultural differences or similarities were found in the research on pedestrian interaction in the United States and Japan?

A)Americans were more likely to greet the research confederate who greeted them.
B)Japanese were more likely to greet the research confederate who greeted them.
C)Both Japanese and Americans did not smile back when the confederates smiled at them.
D)Both Japanese and Americans failed to respond to the confederates.

Question 35

Diego,an immigrant worker from Mexico,is despised by his North American friends as he is always late for meetings.His girlfriend,another North American,complains that he never turns up on time when they meet.Diego,however,is puzzled by their time-obsessed behavior.In the context of culture and behavior,which of the following cultural behaviors is exemplified in this scenario?

A)norms
B)dogmas
C)ethics
D)principles

Question 36

Although there are many unoccupied tables in the restaurant,Rudolph decides to sit at the same table in the chair right next to James.James feels uncomfortable because Rudolph has violated:

A)his social role.
B)his personal space.
C)Brown's universal norm.
D)the personal rights taboo.

Question 37

Ethan,a sales executive in a multinational company,believes that if he tries hard he will succeed.This has helped him climb the corporate ladder.According to Leung and Bond's five universal dimensions of social beliefs,to which of the following dimensions does Michael adhere?

A)cynicism
B)reward for application
C)Fate control
D)social complexity

Question 38

Leung and Bond (2004)reported that there were five universal dimensions of social beliefs.Which of the following is NOT one of those five?

A)justice
B)social complexity
C)reward for application
D)cynicism

Question 39

The best-known universal norm is the taboo against:

A)cannibalism.
B)incest.
C)female genital mutilation.
D)public nudity.

Question 40

Identify a true statement about the prevalence of norms in human society.

A)Norms liberate humans and provide freedom for willful acts.
B)Norms for expressiveness vary among cultures.
C)Norms hinder the social machinery in countries.
D)Norms are not affected by culture.

Question 41

Pratto and her colleagues (1997)reported that _____ tend to gravitate toward jobs that reduce inequalities,such as a public defender.

A)the young
B)the elderly
C)men
D)women

Question 42

The vicarious experience of another's feelings or ability to put oneself in another's shoes is:

A)reactance.
B)altruism.
C)sympathy.
D)empathy.

Question 43

Much of the conversational style we attribute to men is:

A)based on genetics.
B)viewed as submissive in nature.
C)typical of people of both sexes of higher status and power.
D)typical of people with lower status and power.

Question 44

In the context of friendship and peer relationships,which of the following statements is true of the gender styles in conversation and writing?

A)Women tend to be more qualified and hedged than men.
B)Men tend to be more polite and more sensitive than women.
C)Women tend to be more direct and interrupt frequently than men.
D)Men tend to smile more than women.

Question 45

In the context of independence versus connectedness,which of the following is true of women's vocations in general?

A)Women are less interested in jobs dealing with people than are men.
B)Women are more interested in jobs with things than are men.
C)Women more than men value earnings,promotion,challenge,and power.
D)Women are less interested in math-intensive careers than are men.

Question 46

Women's wages in most countries are _____ percent of men's.

A)80-100
B)60-75
C)50-70
D)30-50

Question 47

Research has found that _____ are generally superior at decoding others' emotional messages.

A)the young
B)the elderly
C)men
D)women

Question 48

Chloe,a young adult woman,is a social worker.She works among the poor and destitute.She is able to feel what others feel,and she collects funds to support the poor in her neighborhood.In the context of connectedness,which of the following traits is most likely exemplified by Chloe in this scenario?

A)empathy
B)aggression
C)contentment
D)patience

Question 49

Worldwide,women's vocational interests,compared to men,

A)relate to things rather than people.
B)relate to people rather than things.
C)relate to things and people.
D)have no difference.

Question 50

In the context of evolutionary psychology,which of the following statements is true of gender and mating preferences?

A)Women have stronger sex drives because sex is a cheap investment for women.
B)Both men and women have an inclination toward dominance.
C)Men and women face different adaptive challenges when it comes to sex and reproduction.
D)Males invest their reproductive opportunities carefully.

Question 51

_____ are more likely to favor conservative political candidates.

A)The young
B)The elderly
C)Men
D)Women

Question 52

Pratto and colleagues (1997)reported that _____ tend to gravitate toward jobs that enhance inequalities,such as a prosecuting attorney.

A)the young
B)the elderly
C)men
D)women

Question 53

According to a study by Fischer and LaFrance (2015)on gender differences,identify a true statement about the nature of women.

A)Women are less skilled at expressing emotions nonverbally than are men.
B)Women's greater connectedness is expressed in their generally higher rate of smiling than men's.
C)Women are far less likely to describe themselves as having empathy and having the ability to feel for others than are men.
D)Women are more vulnerable to autism than are men.

Question 54

You read about an unsolved murder in the newspaper.Given what you have learned in social psychology about aggressiveness,you can reasonably predict a(n)_____ committed the murder.

A)man
B)woman
C)introvert
D)extrovert

Question 55

Noah,a 35-year-old man,frequently gets angry.He becomes physically abusive and hurts his wife and children.His wife pleads with him to visit a counselor,but he is adamant and always refuses.In the context of social dominance,Noah exhibits traits referred to as _____ in the scenario.

A)empathy
B)aggression
C)connectedness
D)sexuality

Question 56

In the context of aggression,identify a true statement.

A)Women are slightly more likely to commit indirect aggressive acts.
B)In surveys,women admit to more aggression than do men.
C)In laboratory experiments,women exhibit more physical aggression.
D)Within less assaultive forms of aggression,women are less aggressive than men.

Question 57

In the context of independence versus connectedness,_____ are more likely to describe themselves as having empathy.

A)the young
B)the elderly
C)men
D)women

Question 58

When men and women want empathy and understanding,they are most likely to turn to a:

A)spouse.
B)woman.
C)man.
D)co-worker.

Question 59

When faced with stress,women are more likely than men to:

A)flee.
B)fight.
C)befriend.
D)collapse.

Question 60

Which of the following statements is true of men and women when they assume leadership roles?

A)Men are preferred over women for competitions between groups.
B)Women place more priority than men on winning and getting ahead.
C)Men excel more often in "transformational" or "relational" leadership than women.
D)Women tend to be more directive and task focused than men.

Question 61

Evolutionary explanations of gender differences have been criticized because they:

A)underestimate the role of genetic factors.
B)fail to account for the reality of cultural diversity.
C)deny the role of hormonal factors.
D)rely too heavily on the experimental method in testing hypotheses.

Question 62

The term "gender role" refers to:

A)enduring behaviors,attitudes,and traditions transmitted from one generation to the next.
B)a set of behavior expectations for males and females.
C)a rule for accepted and expected behaviors.
D)the personality characteristics by which people define male and female.

Question 63

Tyler,a middle-aged man,has been married for 15 years and has two children.During the early years of his marriage,he was very assertive.However,over the years,he has become nurturing too.Identify the gender role performed by Tyler in this scenario.

A)ambivalent sexism
B)role-conflicted behavior
C)androgynous role
D)pangenderism

Question 64

Which is NOT a worldwide gender difference found by research?

A)aggressiveness
B)dominance
C)sexuality
D)ageism

Question 65

Evolutionary psychology has been criticized for:

A)hindsight biases.
B)the unethical treatment of human participants.
C)the use of unrepresentative samples.
D)functional fixedness.

Question 66

According to evolutionary psychologists,which of the following is true of the mating preferences of men and women?

A)Husbands' physical attractiveness has a great impact on wives' satisfaction.
B)Men married to physically attractive wives reported low marital satisfaction.
C)Sex differences in mate preferences are negligible compared to most other psychological sex differences.
D)Men favor fertility in women,generally signaled by a youthful and healthy appearance.

Question 67

Evolutionary psychology would explain the male tendency to display their "abs and assets" as an example of their striving to offer what women desire,which is:

A)charm.
B)generosity.
C)a sensitive and emotional nature.
D)external resources and physical protection.

Question 68

A person who is both _____ would be considered androgynous.

A)assertive and nurturing
B)intelligent and athletic
C)moral and competent
D)good and evil

Question 69

Evolutionary psychologists suggest that males are sexually assertive while females are more selective of sexual partners because:

A)males outnumber females.
B)each strategy is likely to promote gene survival.
C)males and females are socialized differently.
D)of differences in brain chemistry.

Question 70

Consistent with evolutionary psychology's explanation of gender differences,Roney (2003)found that teen males reported _____ as most important if left alone in a room with a teen female.

A)being witty
B)earning good grades
C)having lots of money
D)showing one's sensitive side

Question 71

Connor and Riley,a middle-aged couple,have been married for 7 years.Connor has great physical strength,and he takes care of household activities like gardening,repairs,and plumbing.Riley takes care of her husband and children.Both Connor and Riley exhibit the behaviors expected of them as a man and a woman,and their skills and beliefs are shaped accordingly.Which of the following theories is exemplified in this scenario?

A)the behavioral game theory of behavior and strategic decisions
B)the social-role theory of gender differences
C)the general strain theory of gender inequalities
D)the nudge theory of behavioral influences

Question 72

Research on possible hormonal influences on aggression has indicated that:

A)testosterone levels influence animal aggression but not human aggression.
B)the gender difference in aggression appears early in life and wanes as testosterone levels decline during adulthood.
C)gender differences in aggression are clearly unrelated to hormonal differences.
D)administering testosterone reduces aggression in most animals.

Question 73

According to Schmitt (2005),an international survey indicated that more _____ than _____ desire unrestricted sex.

A)women;men
B)men;women
C)lesbian women;gay men
D)older men;younger men

Question 74

A set of behavior expectations for males and females defines a gender:

A)type.
B)role.
C)identity.
D)position.

Question 75

In the context of gender and mating preferences,which of the following is desired by both men and women in their relationships?

A)youth
B)beauty
C)kindness and love
D)resources and protection

Question 76

In the context of gender and mating preferences,women of all ages tend to prefer men _____ themselves.

A)slightly older than
B)slightly younger than
C)the same age as
D)less dominant than

Question 77

A Gallup survey reports that only _____ percent of adults believe that evolution accounts for "how human beings came to exist on Earth."

A)10
B)50
C)82
D)95

Question 78

As people mature to middle age and beyond,

A)gender differences in interpersonal behavior decrease.
B)gender differences in interpersonal behavior increase.
C)androgyny in men decreases.
D)androgyny in women decreases.

Question 79

Which of the following statements about gender roles is true?

A)Gender roles are the sole result of genetics.
B)Gender roles are the sole result of learning.
C)Gender roles vary by climate.
D)Gender roles vary by culture.

Question 80

In physiological and subjective responses to sexual stimuli,_____.

A)men are more aroused than women
B)women are more aroused than men
C)men and women are more different than similar
D)men and women are more similar than different