Deck 8: Genes to Proteins

Question 1

The _____ control(s)the timing of gene expression.

A) regulatory sequence for a gene
B) nucleotides that dictate the sequence of amino acids in the protein
C) coding sequence for a gene
D) alleles for a gene
E) transgenic portion of a gene

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which statement accurately describes amino acid side chains?

A) They provide unique functions to a folded protein.
B) Side chains are shared among all 20 amino acids.
C) They allow for the correct folding of proteins.
D) They provide unique functions and allow for the correct folding of proteins.
E) The side chains are shared among all 20 amino acids,and they allow for the correct folding of proteins.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

In a spider silk producing transgenic yeast,the _____.

A) spider silk coding sequence is joined with a yeast coding sequence.
B) spider silk regulatory sequence is joined with a yeast coding sequence.
C) spider silk coding sequence is joined with a yeast regulatory sequence.
D) spider silk regulatory sequence is joined with a yeast regulatory sequence.
E) recombinant gene containing small segments of both yeast and spider DNA are expressed in a vector cell.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

_____amino acids tend to be found folded inside a protein,whereas _____ amino acids interact with water on the outside of the protein.

A) Hydrophilic;hydrophobic
B) Hydrophobic;hydrophilic
C) All;only limited
D) Protein;carbohydrate
E) All;protein

Question 5

Which statement accurately describes how genes,chromosomes,and proteins are related?

A) A gene contains many chromosomes.
B) Each chromosome encodes a protein.
C) A protein on a chromosome encodes a gene.
D) Each chromosome encodes a gene.
E) A gene on a chromosome encodes a protein.

Question 6

Heating a protein can cause it to denature,or unfold.What do you think would happen to the function of a protein in a denatured state?

A) The protein would be able to continue working because only the sequence of amino acids dictates the function,not the three-dimensional shape.
B) The amino acids that make up the protein would fall apart because the bonds that hold them together are weak.
C) The protein would not be functional because the three-dimensional shape dictates protein's function.
D) Proteins do not fold,so this is unlikely to occur.
E) It depends on the size of the protein because only large proteins fold into three-dimensional shapes for functionality.

Question 7

What determines a protein's function?

A) the sequence of amino acids
B) the three-dimensional shape of the folded protein
C) the location of its gene on the chromosome
D) the number of amino acids linked together
E) the percentage of hydrophilic amino acids in the protein

Question 8

_____is the product of transcription,and _____ is the product of translation.

A) A gene;a protein
B) A protein;mRNA
C) mRNA;a protein
D) A protein;a gene
E) RNA polymerase;a ribosome

Question 9

A protein is made up of a chain of _____.

A) nucleotides
B) amino acids
C) lipids
D) fatty acids
E) simple sugars

Question 10

Which of these does NOT play a role in determining the three-dimensional shape of a protein?

A) the interaction of the shared core structure of all the amino acids in the protein
B) the interaction of the side chains of each individual amino acid
C) the interaction of the amino acids with water in the proteins environment
D) the sequence of amino acids in a protein chain
E) the interaction of the genes that lie next to a protein gene

Question 11

_____ on mRNA interact with _____ on tRNA to allow the _____ to connect amino acids in the correct order during translation.

A) Codons;genes;RNA polymerase
B) Codons;anticodons;ribosome
C) Genes;codons;RNA polymerase
D) Anticodons;codons;ribosome
E) Anticodons;genes;RNA polymerase

Question 12

How do the redundant properties of the genetic code protect humans from some mutations (changes in the gene sequence)?

A) Some mutations will not change the amino acid coded by the anticodon of the mRNA.
B) Some mutations will not change the tRNA anticodon.
C) Some mutations will not change the amino acid coded by the mRNA codon.
D) Different side chains on amino acids will not affect protein folding.
E) tRNA anticodons will only be altered and the resulting protein will remain unchanged.

Question 13

Scientists altered the gene for spidroin so that it could be isolated from yeast by attaching the _____.

A) regulatory sequence of a spider spidroin gene to a yeast coding sequence of spidroin
B) regulatory sequence of a spider spidroin gene to a yeast regulatory sequence
C) regulatory sequence of a spider spidroin gene to a vector coding sequence of spidroin
D) coding sequence of a spider spidroin gene to a yeast coding sequence of spidroin
E) coding sequence of a spider spidroin gene to a yeast regulatory sequence

Question 14

A gene has the sequence ATCGATTG.What is the sequence of the complementary RNA?

A) ATCGATTG
B) TACGTAAC
C) GTTAGCTA
D) UAGCUAAC
E) CAAUCGAU

Question 15

Recombinant protein production of spider silk in yeast is an efficient strategy because yeast _____.

A) and spiders are both prokaryotes with similar genes.
B) are easier to house and less expensive to feed than multicellular organisms.
C) are the only organisms that will accept recombinant genes.
D) do not rely on regulatory sequences for genes.
E) do not rely on coding sequences for genes.

Question 16

Which statement correctly indicates a functional location during gene expression?

A) RNA polymerase works in the cytoplasm.
B) Ribosomes work in the nucleus.
C) tRNAs work in the cytoplasm.
D) mRNA is used in the nucleus.
E) Genes work in the cytoplasm.

Question 17

A person can be deficient in the production of a protein if he or she has a mutation in the:

A) regulatory region of a gene.
B) coding region of a protein.
C) coding region of a gene.
D) regulatory region or the coding region of a gene.
E) regulatory region of a protein.

Question 18

What is the final product of gene expression?

A) a DNA molecule
B) an RNA molecule
C) a protein
D) a ribosome
E) RNA polymerase

Question 19

Melanin is a pigment expressed in skin cells;melanin gives skin its color.If you wanted to express a different gene in skin cells,which part of the melanin gene would you use and why?

A) The melanin regulatory region would allow for the specific expression of a different gene in the skin.
B) The melanin coding region would allow for the specific expression of a different gene in the skin.
C) The melanin regulatory region would allow for the specific expression of all genes in the skin.
D) The melanin coding region would allow for the specific expression of all genes in the skin.
E) This would not be possible because it would result in increased melanin production.

Question 20

Which of these parts of translation will be disrupted by a mutation in the coding region of a gene?

A) the anticodon on the tRNA
B) the codon on the mRNA
C) the ribosome
D) the genetic code
E) A mutation in the coding region will not disrupt translation.

Question 21

In your body,what kind of molecule acts as an enzyme,helps to transport other molecules,and gives structural support in many cells?

A) sugar
B) protein
C) lipid
D) nucleic acid
E) carbohydrate

Question 22

A gene has the sequence ATCGATTG.What is the sequence of the complementary RNA?

A) ATCGATTG
B) AGCTAAC
C) GTTAGCTA
D) UAGCUAAC
E) CAAUCGAU

Question 23

Most tasks in a cell are carried out by

A) proteins.
B) carbohydrates.
C) DNA.
D) lipids.
E) membranes.

Question 24

What determines a protein's function?

A) the sequence of amino acids
B) the three-dimensional shape of the folded protein
C) the location of its gene on the chromosome
D) both the sequence of amino acids and the three-dimensional shape of the folded protein
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 25

Why are biotechnology companies eager to design genetically modified organisms to express therapeutic proteins,particularly ones that would otherwise have to be isolated from blood products (e.g. ,human antithrombin)or animal organs (e.g. ,insulin,originally isolated from pig pancreas)?

A) Biotechnology companies want to produce therapeutic proteins in the most cost-effective way.
B) There are safety concerns when using proteins from different species or isolating proteins from humans.
C) It is difficult to collect enough of some low-abundance proteins.
D) Biotechnology companies are generally not interested in genetically modified organisms because it is not a profitable or marketable technology.
E) Biotechnology companies are interested in the cost-effectiveness,safety,and efficiency of protein production.

Question 26

What is the final product of gene expression?

A) a DNA molecule
B) an RNA molecule
C) a protein
D) a ribosome
E) an amino acid

Question 27

The overall three-dimensional shape of a protein is determined by

A) the kind of ribosomes that build it.
B) how other enzymes react with it and shape it.
C) the order of amino acids and how it folds up.
D) the type of cell that makes it.
E) the cell's water content.

Question 28

What are amino acids?

A) sequences of DNA that help determine the function of proteins
B) proteins,which in turn aid in making other proteins
C) building blocks used to construct proteins
D) a type of chemical used to break down cellular wastes
E) small sugar molecules important in cellular function

Question 29

The function of a protein does NOT depend on

A) its gene's DNA sequence.
B) the protein's three-dimensional shape.
C) its gene's regulatory sequence.
D) the sequence of the amino acids.
E) accurate messenger RNA expression.

Question 30

Which statement about genetically modified organisms is true?

A) The proteins made in genetically modified organisms are produced in small quantities so that they do not interfere with normal cell function.
B) The DNA in spiders uses the same genetic code as yeast use,but human cells use a different code.
C) Genetically modified organisms have only been used for small-scale protein production in clinical trials.
D) Scientists can produce more complex proteins made by eukaryotes by genetically modifying eukaryotic cells instead of prokaryotic cells.
E) Humans are eukaryotes and yeasts are prokaryotes,so yeasts cannot be used to produce human proteins.

Question 31

Proteins are linear chains made out of

A) lipids.
B) carbohydrates.
C) amino acids.
D) nucleotides.
E) deoxyribonucleotides.

Question 32

Type 1 diabetes results from a loss of insulin production from the pancreas.People with diabetes take recombinant human insulin expressed in bacteria.How would you cure the disease instead of treating it?

A) Making the insulin gene in a genetically modified organism would allow for a cure.
B) Replacing the defective insulin gene in a patient through gene therapy would allow for a cure.
C) Making the insulin gene in hamster cells would allow for a cure.
D) There is no way to alter the genetic information to cure a disease caused by a nonfunctional gene.
E) Gene therapy would replace the gene in a cell culture or in a genetically modified organism,but it will not cure the disease.

Question 33

All proteins begin with the amino acid

A) glycine (gly).
B) valine (val).
C) leucine (leu).
D) methionine (met).
E) proline (pro).

Question 34

Most of a cell's work is carried out by _____,which are made from many _____.

A) proteins;amino acids
B) proteins;nucleic acids
C) amino acids;nucleic acids
D) nucleic acids;nucleotides
E) nucleic acids;amino acids

Question 35

What is a protein?

A) a macromolecule that is made from various nucleotides
B) a macromolecule that is made from various amino acids
C) a molecule that plays only a minor role in cellular function
D) a molecule that comes in many shapes but is always the same size
E) a molecule that comes in many sizes but is always the same shape

Question 36

What is encoded by a single codon?

A) a single protein
B) an RNA nucleotide
C) a DNA nucleotide
D) an amino acid
E) All of these answers could be correct,depending on the organism.

Question 37

Amino acid side groups

A) help determine the structure of the protein and its function.
B) can be found throughout an individual's DNA.
C) are the parts that are linked together to form long chains.
D) will be removed when amino acids are linked together.
E) are the same for every amino acid,to allow efficient packing.

Question 38

Why is recombinant protein production in yeast an efficient strategy?

A) because yeast can easily be grown in large quantities
B) because yeast can secrete large amounts of recombinant proteins into their growth medium
C) because yeast are multicellular,so have a variety of cell types for recombinant gene expression
D) because yeast both can be easily grown in large quantities and can secrete large amounts of recombinant proteins into their growth medium
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 39

Proteins do all of the following tasks EXCEPT

A) carry out chemical reactions.
B) store information.
C) regulate processes within the body.
D) help blood to clot.
E) give structure to cells,such as hair,skin,and muscle.

Question 40

What is a genetically modified organism?

A) an animal carrying defective genes in its cells
B) any modified organism that produces a product it does not normally make
C) a plant that produces enzymes for gene therapy
D) any cell that contains genes that are never used in that cell
E) a gene that has been genetically engineered

Question 41

Which statement is FALSE?

A) Some proteins contain more than one amino acid chain.
B) A protein's function can be altered by just one amino acid change.
C) The side chains of amino acids are responsible for protein folding.
D) All proteins begin with the amino acid methionine.
E) All proteins fold into the same basic three-dimensional shape.

Question 42

Many human proteins are in the range of

A) 100-200 amino acids.
B) 200-250 amino acids.
C) 250-300 amino acids.
D) 50-100 amino acids.
E) 400-450 amino acids.

Question 43

True or False: The sequence of its amino acids determines the shape of a protein.

A) True
B) False

Question 44

A mutation in the gene for insulin results in a protein with a drastically distorted three-dimensional shape.What is the most likely outcome?

A) The insulin protein will not function properly.
B) Other proteins will be mutated to replace it.
C) There will be no effect;the shape is rarely important.
D) The effect will be minor,and the protein will mostly function.
E) None of the above.

Question 45

The shape of proteins

A) determines what they can do and how they function.
B) can be formed by more than one folded chain of amino acids.
C) is determined by the side groups on its amino acids.
D) can be altered by a change in gene sequence.
E) All of the above.

Question 46

If someone inherits a protein deficiency,it means that the protein

A) might be absent.
B) might be defective.
C) might be a mutant.
D) may be present in insufficient amounts.
E) All of the above.

Question 47

The regulatory sequence of a gene is the portion of DNA that

A) determines when a protein is made.
B) can "turn on" or "turn off" a gene.
C) determines how much of a protein is made.
D) determines in which cells a gene is expressed.
E) All of the above.

Question 48

The amount of each specific protein made in a cell is generally determined by the

A) age and history of the cell.
B) regulatory sequences in its DNA.
C) overall length of its mRNA.
D) cell's size.
E) number of ribosomes in the cell.

Question 49

If a gene is activated,what is being produced?

A) DNA
B) proteins
C) amino acids
D) chromosomes
E) cells

Question 50

What is a gene?

A) a segment of RNA that encodes several proteins
B) a segment of DNA that encodes at least one protein
C) a type of protein found within DNA
D) all the nucleotide sequences contained in one chromosome
E) a molecule that turns on DNA and starts the process of translation

Question 51

______ contain(s)many ______,and ______ are instructions for producing ______.

A) Chromosomes;genes;genes;proteins
B) DNA;chromosomes;chromosomes;genes
C) DNA;genes;genes;chromosomes
D) Genes;proteins;chromosomes;genes
E) Proteins;genes;chromosomes;proteins

Question 52

You create a hybrid transgene containing DNA from a human and a mouse.Which of the following factors would most strongly affect when,where,and how much protein is expressed from that gene?

A) the gene's regulatory region
B) the gene's coding sequence
C) the age of the host animal
D) on which chromosome the gene resides
E) the number of alleles

Question 53

Lactose intolerance results when a person inherits two defective alleles for the lactase gene.Normally,this gene produces the enzyme lactase,which breaks down lactose during digestion.What would most likely happen if a person had one defective allele and the other allele was functional?

A) The person would not digest lactose at all.
B) The person would digest less lactose than normal.
C) The person would make lactase but not use it.
D) The person would make more lactase than normal.
E) The person would make no lactase but could digest lactose.

Question 54

The coding sequence of a gene is the portion of the DNA that

A) determines the timing,amount,and location of the protein produced.
B) acts like an "on/off" switch for gene expression.
C) specifies the shape and function of a protein.
D) encodes for carbohydrates.
E) is removed prior to transcription.

Question 55

A functioning allele on one chromosome

A) can prevent a disease.
B) can cause a protein deficiency disease.
C) can never be inherited by the offspring.
D) can never make up for a defective allele.
E) is usually inherited from the mother.

Question 56

Alleles are alternate versions of _____ gene(s)that have ____ nucleotide sequences.

A) different;the same
B) different;completely different
C) different;small differences in their
D) the same;completely different
E) the same;small differences in their

Question 57

Genes

A) are found on chromosomes.
B) are templates for messenger RNA.
C) contain the instructions for making proteins.
D) are part of DNA.
E) All of the above.

Question 58

A gene is a section of a(n)__________ molecule.

A) DNA
B) protein
C) RNA
D) small
E) amino acid

Question 59

How many different amino acids are responsible for making up the thousands of different proteins found in a cell?

A) 3
B) 4
C) 15
D) 20
E) thousands

Question 60

A gene is

A) a section of DNA.
B) a set of instructions for building a protein.
C) the way you inherit a physical feature.
D) located on a chromosome.
E) All of the above.

Question 61

Transcription builds ____,whereas translation builds _____.

A) DNA;RNA
B) proteins;DNA
C) RNA;proteins
D) RNA;DNA
E) DNA;proteins

Question 62

If a mutation occurs in the regulatory sequence of a gene,what types of issues might arise?

A) The gene could have abnormal regulation.
B) The gene could be permanently turned on.
C) The gene could be permanently turned off.
D) The gene could be expressed in the wrong places.
E) All of the above.

Question 63

True or False: RNA polymerase is an enzyme that makes DNA.

A) True
B) False

Question 64

Which of these statements does NOT correctly describe both transcription AND translation?

A) They each require an enzyme.
B) They each involve RNA.
C) They each involve ribosomes.
D) Proteins are part of both processes.
E) All of the above.

Question 65

The regulatory region of a gene is required for

A) gene expression.
B) protein secretion.
C) gene activation.
D) turning off a gene.
E) All of the above.

Question 66

A ribosome is cellular machinery that is located in the ____ and assembles ______.

A) nucleus;DNA using a template
B) nucleus;mRNA from the regulatory region of DNA
C) nucleus;proteins during the process of transcription
D) cytoplasm;mRNA from the regulatory region of DNA
E) cytoplasm;proteins from mRNA instructions

Question 67

A dysfunctional antithrombin protein can result from

A) overexpression of the gene.
B) one allele turning off.
C) DNA replication.
D) a single nucleotide change in the coding region.
E) deep vein thrombosis.

Question 68

What is the correct base pairing of RNA nucleotides?

A) adenine-thymine;cytosine-guanine
B) adenine-guanine;thymine-uracil
C) adenine-cytosine;guanine-uracil
D) adenine-uracil;cytosine-guanine
E) uracil-thymine;cytosine-guanine

Question 69

What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic gene transcription?

A) In eukaryotes it occurs in the cytoplasm;in prokaryotes it occurs in the nucleus.
B) In eukaryotes it occurs in the cytoplasm;in prokaryotes it occurs in the ribosomes.
C) In eukaryotes it occurs in the nucleus;in prokaryotes it occurs in the Golgi apparatus.
D) In eukaryotes it occurs in the nucleus;in prokaryotes it occurs in the cytoplasm.
E) In eukaryotes it occurs in the nucleus;in prokaryotes genes are never transcribed.

Question 70

What is a codon?

A) three mRNA nucleotides that encode a specific amino acid
B) three mRNA nucleotides that encode a particular protein
C) five mRNA nucleotides that encode a specific amino acid
D) five mRNA nucleotides that encode a particular protein
E) the entire mRNA sequence,which codes for a specific protein

Question 71

What RNA molecule would be made from the DNA template CGTTACG?

A) CGTTAGC
B) GCAAUGC
C) CGUUAGC
D) GCATTGC
E) CGUAACG

Question 72

Which of the following base pairings would never be found in normal DNA or RNA?

A) A and T
B) U and A
C) C and G
D) T and C
E) All of the above.

Question 73

Translation is a process that occurs in the ____ and uses ___ to produce ____.

A) cytoplasm;mRNA;proteins
B) nucleus;mRNA;proteins
C) cytoplasm;the coding sequence of a gene;mRNA
D) nucleus;the coding sequence of a gene;mRNA
E) nucleus;ribosomes and a gene;tRNA

Question 74

Transcription occurs in a eukaryotic cell's ____,and it uses ____ to produce _____.

A) cytoplasm;mRNA;proteins
B) nucleus;mRNA;proteins
C) nucleus;genes;mRNA
D) nucleus;ribosomes;proteins
E) cytoplasm;ribosomes;proteins

Question 75

When DNA is copied to make RNA,this process is called _____________.

A) replication
B) transcription
C) translation
D) conservative replication
E) polymerization

Question 76

If a DNA coding region has 12 nucleotides,how many amino acids could it encode?

A) 12
B) 36
C) 3
D) 4
E) 120

Question 77

How does DNA differ from RNA?

A) DNA codes for proteins;RNA codes for lipids.
B) RNA is inherited;DNA is a temporary genetic message.
C) RNA is a double helix;DNA is a single strand.
D) DNA never leaves the nucleus;RNA is in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm.
E) DNA lacks sugars in its backbone;RNA has the sugar ribose.

Question 78

Which of the following is NOT needed for gene expression?

A) transfer RNA
B) ribosome
C) transcription
D) DNA polymerase
E) RNA polymerase

Question 79

What does RNA polymerase do?

A) It binds to the regulatory sequence of DNA and produces mRNA.
B) It binds to the coding sequence of RNA and produces proteins.
C) It is an enzyme that binds to and degrades mRNA.
D) It is a protein that binds to DNA and prevents its degradation.
E) It binds to the coding sequence of DNA and prevents it from being expressed.

Question 80

Translation

A) begins when the regulatory sequence binds to the transfer RNA.
B) occurs in the nucleus.
C) depends directly on RNA polymerase.
D) occurs in the cytoplasm.
E) produces a complementary DNA sequence.