Deck 4: Nutrition, Enzymes, Metabolism

Question 1

A multivitamin supplement is a(n)_____ supplement.

A) macronutrient
B) micronutrient
C) mineral
D) enzyme
E) macronutrient and micronutrient

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which component of the peanut butter ready-to-use-therapeutic food (RUTF)that Dr.Manary uses provides essential amino acids?

A) milk powder
B) peanut butter
C) powered vitamins and minerals
D) vegetable oil
E) peanut butter and vegetable oil

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Our bodies cannot synthesize vitamin C,but they require it in small amounts.Therefore,vitamin C is a(n)_____.

A) essential micronutrient
B) essential mineral
C) essential macronutrient
D) nonessential vitamin
E) nonessential amino acid

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of these foods is a rich source of protein?

A) lean meat,such as chicken breast
B) whole grains (e.g. ,whole wheat bread)
C) olive oil
D) leafy greens
E) berries (e.g. ,blueberries and raspberries)

Question 5

If the shape of an enzyme's active site were to change,what would happen to the reaction that the enzyme usually conducts?

A) The conversion of substrate to products would increase.
B) The conversion of substrate to products would decrease.
C) The enzyme would no longer be able to bind to its substrate efficiently.
D) The conversion of substrate to products would increase and the enzyme would no longer be able to bind to its substrate efficiently.
E) The conversion of substrate to products would decrease and the enzyme would no longer be able to bind to its substrate efficiently.

Question 6

Which of these is a sign of malnutrition?

A) increasing muscle mass
B) fluid buildup in the legs and feet
C) faster growth and development
D) more active immune response
E) conversion of macronutrients into micronutrients

Question 7

Which statement regarding cofactors and coenzymes is false?

A) Cofactors and coenzymes are micronutrients in the diet.
B) Cofactors and coenzymes attach to the active site of enzymes.
C) Cofactors and coenzymes are "helper" molecules for enzymes.
D) Cofactors and coenzymes can replace enzymes in cells.
E) Cofactors and coenzymes include both minerals and vitamins.

Question 8

Where (or how)do we obtain essential amino acids?

A) from carbohydrates in our diet
B) by synthesizing them from other amino acids
C) from oils in our diet
D) from bright orange fruits and vegetables
E) from protein in our diet

Question 9

Corn lacks the essential amino acids isoleucine and lysine.Beans lack the essential amino acids tryptophan and methionine.Soy contains all the essential amino acids.Use this information to complete the following statement:
Many traditional diets combine corn (e.g. ,tortillas)with beans to provide _____,

A) additional micronutrients
B) all the essential fats
C) all the essential amino acids
D) multivitamins
E) all the essential fats and additional micronutrients

Question 10

What subunits are proteins broken down into during digestion?

A) fatty acids
B) amino acids
C) glycerol
D) nucleotides
E) simple sugars

Question 11

The macronutrients include _____.

A) proteins
B) fats
C) vitamin C
D) proteins and fats
E) protein,fats,and vitamin C

Question 12

The substrate of an enzyme is _____.

A) an organic accessory molecule
B) the molecule(s)released at the end of an enzyme-facilitated reaction
C) the shape of the enzyme.
D) one of the amino acids that makes up the enzyme
E) what the enzyme acts on

Question 13

Why must essential amino acids be consumed in our diet?

A) They make food more palatable to consumers.
B) Our bodies cannot manufacture them.
C) They help the body store energy in the form of fat.
D) Our bodies needs essential amino acids to build simple sugars.
E) They help digest and break down protein-rich foods.

Question 14

To repair a cell membrane,which macronutrient would supply the needed building blocks?

A) protein
B) carbohydrates
C) fats
D) nucleic acids
E) amino acids

Question 15

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by _____.

A) increasing the activation energy
B) decreasing the activation energy
C) maintaining the activation energy
D) forming bonds
E) releasing energy

Question 16

What ingredients in RUTF peanut paste specifically help bone growth?

A) calcium
B) vitamin D
C) vitamin C
D) vitamins C and D
E) calcium and vitamin D

Question 17

You have identified an enzyme that breaks down a storage form of sugar in plants (starch)into simple sugars.How would this enzyme react with a storage form of sugar (glycogen)in humans?

A) Because enzymes are specific,the plant enzyme's active site would not bind to glycogen as a substrate.
B) The plant enzyme's active site would bind to glycogen and break it down into simple sugars.
C) The specificity of the plant enzyme is not dictated by the active site,so it would recognize both substrates.
D) Plant enzymes are grouped by the macromolecule family they work on,and can therefore catalyze a reaction with any substrate in that macromolecule family.
E) Enzymes cannot conduct catabolic reactions such as this one.

Question 18

A macronutrient is a nutrient _______.

A) with a large molecular weight
B) that is abundant in the diet
C) that is required in large amounts
D) that is stored in large amounts in the body
E) that the body makes in large quantities

Question 19

Corn lacks the essential amino acids isoleucine and lysine.Beans lack the essential amino acids tryptophan and methionine.Soy contains all the essential amino acids.Based on this information,is the following statement true or false?
You can survive on a diet with corn-based proteins alone.

A) True
B) False

Question 20

A(n)_____ reaction creates bonds between substrate units;a(n)_____ reaction breaks down bonds between substrate units.

A) anabolic;enzymatic
B) analog;monologue
C) catabolic;anabolic
D) catabolic;enzymatic
E) anabolic;catabolic

Question 21

Which of the following is a good source of protein?

A) apple
B) turkey
C) milk
D) steak
E) corn

Question 22

Legumes are a good source of these macronutrients.

A) proteins
B) carbohydrates
C) fats
D) nucleic acids
E) All of the above.

Question 23

The substrate of an enzyme is

A) an organic accessory molecule.
B) the molecule(s)released at the end of an enzyme-facilitated reaction.
C) the shape of the enzyme.
D) one of the amino acids that makes up the enzyme.
E) what the enzyme acts on.

Question 24

Macronutrients provided by food include

A) proteins,fats,sugars,and minerals.
B) proteins,carbohydrates,and sugars.
C) proteins,fats,and nucleic acids.
D) proteins,carbohydrates,and fats.
E) proteins,carbohydrates,and nucleic acids.

Question 25

A multivitamin supplement is a(n)___________ supplement.

A) macronutrient
B) micronutrient
C) mineral
D) enzyme
E) macronutrient and micronutrient

Question 26

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by

A) increasing the activation energy.
B) decreasing the activation energy.
C) breaking bonds.
D) forming bonds.
E) releasing energy.

Question 27

You eat a spinach salad with croutons and Italian dressing.Which of the following additions to your salad would ensure you obtain all the macronutrients your body needs?

A) avocado
B) raisins
C) carrots
D) tomato
E) beans

Question 28

Grains,including bread,rice,and pasta,are a rich source of

A) proteins.
B) fats.
C) carbohydrates.
D) nucleic acids.
E) All of the above.

Question 29

Which of the following foods is a rich source of protein?

A) lean meat,such as chicken breast
B) whole grains (e.g. ,whole wheat bread)
C) olive oil
D) leafy greens
E) berries (e.g. ,blueberries and raspberries)

Question 30

Macronutrients are

A) nutrients that are large in terms of molecular structure.
B) nutrients that our body can't make.
C) nutrients our body needs in large amounts.
D) molecules that include proteins,carbohydrates,and nucleic acids.
E) A and B

Question 31

If you were told you needed to consume a large dose of carbohydrates quickly,which of the following would you consume?

A) a steak
B) a glass of milk
C) a glass of buttermilk
D) a glass of orange juice
E) chicken wings

Question 32

Which of the following is a good source of carbohydrates?

A) apple
B) turkey
C) milk
D) steak
E) beans

Question 33

A macronutrient is

A) a nutrient with a large molecular weight.
B) a nutrient that is abundant in the diet.
C) a nutrient that is required in large amounts.
D) a nutrient that is stored in large amounts in the body.
E) a nutrient that the body makes in large quantities.

Question 34

Consuming excess amounts of the water-soluble vitamin C can lead to _____.

A) scurvy
B) osteoporosis
C) kidney damage
D) anemia
E) It is not possible to consume excess amounts of vitamin C.

Question 35

Our bodies cannot synthesize vitamin C,but require it.Therefore,vitamin C is

A) an essential micronutrient.
B) an essential mineral.
C) an essential macronutrient.
D) a nonessential vitamin.
E) a nonessential amino acid.

Question 36

A turkey sandwich with cheese,mayonnaise,lettuce,and tomato on whole-grain bread has which of the following macronutrients?

A) protein
B) fat
C) carbohydrates
D) A and B
E) A,B,and C

Question 37

Dairy products are a good source of these macronutrients.

A) proteins and carbohydrates
B) proteins and fats
C) carbohydrates and nucleic acids
D) carbohydrates and protein
E) nucleic acids,proteins,fats,and carbohydrates

Question 38

How is folate (folic acid)best described?

A) as a substrate of an enzyme
B) as a nucleotide
C) as an organic cofactor (coenzyme)
D) as an enzyme
E) both as a substrate of an enzyme and as a nucleotide

Question 39

Which of the following is a good source of fat?

A) apple
B) turkey
C) milk
D) corn
E) beans

Question 40

Which of the following is an organic molecule that is NOT considered a macronutrient?

A) nucleic acids
B) proteins
C) lipids
D) fats
E) sugars

Question 41

You have just been served a grilled piece of chicken with the skin intact.Which of the following macromolecules is NOT present in that chicken?

A) proteins
B) fats
C) DNA
D) glycogen
E) starch

Question 42

When macromolecules are ingested,into what smaller building blocks are they broken down for cell use?

A) fats,carbohydrates,nucleic acids,and proteins
B) amino acids,carbohydrates,nucleotides,and proteins
C) amino acids,sugars,nucleotides,fatty acids,and glycerol
D) sugar molecules,nucleotides,fats,and nucleic acids
E) fats,carbohydrates,DNA,sugar,and protein

Question 43

Much of biological chemistry is the building of polymers from monomers,such as a protein made from amino acids.Many macromolecules are basically polymers made of monomers of the same chemical composition and structure.Which of the following does NOT necessarily follow this pattern?

A) fats
B) proteins
C) nucleic acids
D) carbohydrates
E) All of the above follow that pattern.

Question 44

Glycerol is a component of which of the following?

A) carbohydrates
B) proteins
C) fats
D) nucleic acids
E) sugars

Question 45

Can a cheeseburger be used to make all of the macromolecules needed for a cell?

A) No,a cheeseburger does not have all the different types of subunits required to make a cell.
B) Yes,a cheeseburger has protein,carbohydrates,and fats,which can be broken down into their subunits and reassembled into cellular structures.
C) No,a cheeseburger is missing carbohydrates,which are needed to make a cell.
D) No,a cheeseburger is missing the fats needed to make a cell membrane.
E) Not enough information is given to answer the question.

Question 46

The primary material for our cell membranes comes from

A) proteins.
B) sugars.
C) starches.
D) essential amino acids.
E) fats.

Question 47

In the process of digestion,nucleic acids are broken down into_______,and fats are broken down into ________.

A) nucleotides;fatty acids and glycerol
B) amino acids;fatty acids
C) sugars;fatty acids and glycerol
D) nucleotides;fatty acids
E) fatty acids and glycerol;nucleotides

Question 48

Cell-surface markers are made using these building blocks.

A) nucleotides
B) sugars
C) amino acids
D) nucleic acids
E) amino acids and sugars

Question 49

Which macromolecules can be made from fatty acids and glycerol?

A) enzymes
B) phospholipids
C) DNA
D) glycogen
E) starch

Question 50

In the process of digestion,proteins are broken down into_______,and carbohydrates are broken down into ________.

A) nucleotides;amino acids
B) sugars;amino acids
C) glycerol;sugars
D) nucleic acids;sugars
E) amino acids;sugars

Question 51

Which of the following is the best source of carbohydrates?

A) fish
B) meat
C) grains
D) cheese
E) beans

Question 52

Which of the following will be broken down into amino acids by the digestive system?

A) carbohydrates
B) proteins
C) fats
D) nucleic acids
E) sugars

Question 53

What is the complex carbohydrate used for energy storage in plant cells?

A) glucose
B) starch
C) fiber
D) glycogen
E) fat

Question 54

_________ are metabolized and used for energy storage and for cell-surface molecules.

A) Fats
B) Phospholipids
C) Carbohydrates
D) Proteins
E) Nucleic acids

Question 55

Complex carbohydrates are made up of smaller

A) nucleotides.
B) amino acids.
C) fatty acids.
D) sugar molecules.
E) All of the above.

Question 56

When a fat is digested,what is released?

A) fatty acids and glycerol
B) fatty acids and glycogen
C) nucleotides
D) amino acids
E) simple sugars

Question 57

What is the complex carbohydrate used for energy storage in animal cells?

A) fat
B) glucose
C) glycogen
D) starch
E) sucrose

Question 58

When humans exercise,they burn up energy that was stored in their muscles as complex carbohydrates in the form of

A) simple sugars.
B) fats.
C) glycogen.
D) starch.
E) fiber.

Question 59

Cells utilize these macromolecules for energy requirements.

A) nucleotides
B) sugars
C) proteins
D) nucleic acids
E) carbohydrates

Question 60

Sugar monomers can be used to make

A) proteins.
B) starch.
C) membranes.
D) DNA.
E) lipids.

Question 61

When food is being digested and broken down into its constituent molecules,which macromolecular subunits are re-used to make enzymes?

A) sugars from carbohydrates
B) amino acids from proteins
C) fatty acids from fats
D) nucleotides from nucleic acids
E) All of the above.

Question 62

In the process of anabolism,the substrate

A) is broken down into smaller products.
B) binds to the enzyme and is released.
C) is assembled into more complex products.
D) lowers the activation energy of a reaction.
E) is completely degraded.

Question 63

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by

A) breaking the bonds between molecules.
B) lowering the activation energy of the reaction.
C) assembling chemical bonds.
D) increasing the cell's metabolism.
E) increasing the activation energy of the reaction.

Question 64

Jesse visits the doctor because of weight loss due to undernourishment.The doctor determines that Jesse has adequate protein and carbohydrate intake.What is the doctor likely to recommend to Jesse?

A) a diet higher in meat
B) more exercise
C) a diet lower in fat
D) to drink more water
E) a vitamin and mineral supplement

Question 65

What is the definition of "essential nutrients"?

A) nutrients that are essential for making part of the cell
B) the set of nutrients that are the minimum necessary for making the body
C) nutrients your body cannot make on its own,so they must be ingested
D) nutrients that are the basis from which more complex nutrients are made
E) nutrients that are not soluble in water and that are stored in fat cells

Question 66

In the process of catabolism,a substrate

A) is broken into smaller products.
B) binds to the enzyme and is released.
C) holds the enzyme in its active site.
D) lowers the activation energy of a reaction.
E) is assembled into a dimer.

Question 67

Enzymes are

A) carbohydrates.
B) proteins.
C) fats.
D) nucleic acids.
E) polysaccharides.

Question 68

Another term for vitamins and minerals is "micronutrients" because they are

A) very small compared to other molecules in the body.
B) only needed in small amounts by our body.
C) used by very few reactions in the body.
D) not very nutritionally dense.
E) used by smaller cells more than by larger cells.

Question 69

Enzymes are proteins that are made up of

A) nucleotides.
B) sugars.
C) amino acids.
D) nucleic acids.
E) amino acids and sugars.

Question 70

Enzymes work by

A) raising cell temperature.
B) lowering cell energy.
C) modifying carbohydrates.
D) lowering activation energy.
E) anabolizing simple sugars.

Question 71

There are ____ amino acids of which ____ are essential amino acids.

A) 20;20
B) 11;9
C) 20;12
D) 20;9
E) 24;9

Question 72

Many traditional diets are based on a combination of a grain and a legume (e.g. ,corn and beans,rice and lentils).Eaten together,the grain and legume provide complete protein for the human diet.This means that they have all the ______________ needed by humans.

A) essential amino acids
B) vitamins and minerals
C) essential enzymes
D) full-length proteins
E) essential nutrients

Question 73

Essential amino acids are monomers required to make

A) lipids.
B) proteins.
C) glycogen.
D) carbohydrates.
E) DNA.

Question 74

All of the following are true about enzymes EXCEPT

A) each enzyme is specific to one type of reaction.
B) they are proteins.
C) they speed up chemical reactions.
D) they can be used over and over again.
E) they increase activation energy.

Question 75

_____ reactions break down food and release subunits that can be used in ______ reactions to make larger macromolecules.

A) Anabolic;catabolic
B) Catabolic;anabolic
C) Oxidizing;reducing
D) Metabolic;reductive
E) Substrate;enzyme

Question 76

A healthful,well-balanced meal would contain approximately what percentage of each category of food?

A) 50% whole grains;20% fruits and vegetables;20% meat,fish,and beans;10% dairy;and 10% refined sugars and fats
B) 25% whole grains;25% fruits and vegetables;10% meat,fish,and beans;15% dairy;and 10% refined sugars and fats
C) 40% whole grains;20% fruits and vegetables;15% meat,fish,and beans;15% dairy;and 10% refined sugars and fats
D) 30% whole grains;30% fruits and vegetables;15% meat,fish,and beans;15% dairy;and 10% refined sugars and fats
E) 20% whole grains;50% fruits and vegetables;15% meat,fish,and beans;15% dairy;and 10% refined sugars and fats

Question 77

All the biochemical reactions in a cell are described as its

A) catabolism.
B) anabolism.
C) activation energy.
D) metabolism.
E) homeostasis.

Question 78

Essential nutrients needed in only small amounts are called

A) vitamins.
B) micromolecules.
C) minerals.
D) bases.
E) micronutrients.

Question 79

Anabolic reactions_______ bonds,whereas catabolic reactions __________ bonds.

A) break;make
B) make;break
C) loosen;tighten
D) decrease;increase
E) weaken;strengthen

Question 80

Specialized proteins called ____ help break your food down into smaller chemical units.

A) amino acids
B) nitrogenous bases
C) enzymes
D) corticosteroids
E) digestizymes