Deck 32: Immune System

Question 1

All of these cells are important to our innate immunity EXCEPT _____.

A) natural killer cells
B) lymphocytes
C) macrophages
D) neutrophils
E) all of these

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which statement regarding virus reproduction is false?

A) Virus reproduction takes place within a host cell.
B) Viruses rely on a host cell to provide the resources needed for reproduction.
C) Viruses use the host cells' organelles to produce viral nucleic acids.
D) Viruses are replicated and encased in a protein shell before leaving the host cell.
E) Viruses cause the host cell to undergo mitosis.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

The immune system not only fights pathogens,it also fights foreign cells such as those introduced during tissue transplantation.This type of immune reaction is called _____.

A) tissue immunity
B) transplant immunity
C) hyperimmunity
D) cell-mediated immunity
E) herd immunity

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which statement regarding innate immunity is false?

A) Innate immunity is always active.
B) Innate immunity includes physical and chemical barriers.
C) Innate immunity is always effective against the influenza virus.
D) Histamine and mucus are part of the body's innate defenses.
E) Fever and inflammation are innate defenses.

Question 5

Which statement regarding viruses is false?

A) Each virus has a unique shape.
B) Viruses are enclosed in a protein shell.
C) Herpes is a virus.
D) Viruses cause the host cell to replicate.
E) Viruses cause the host cell to be destroyed.

Question 6

Why are individuals with weakened immune systems more likely to get sick?

A) They are more likely to avoid washing their hands.
B) Their immune systems generate their own pathogens.
C) They do not have good doctors.
D) Their immune systems cannot fight off the pathogens.
E) They are more likely to attract viruses and bacteria.

Question 7

Every year,thousands of people die from the influenza virus.Which statement regarding the influenza virus is false?

A) The Spanish flu killed close to 50 million people.
B) The flu virus affects young children and the elderly more severely.
C) A vaccine is available to protect people from the flu virus.
D) The flu can only kill immune-compromised individuals.
E) The Spanish flu killed more people in 24 weeks than AIDS has killed in 24 years.

Question 8

If a virus makes it past the body's first line of physical defenses,the next defense is _____.

A) a series of cells designed to contain and destroy pathogens
B) lymphocytes deactivate the virus
C) mucus membranes trap the pathogens
D) cilia sweep the pathogen out of the body
E) histamine is released to destroy the pathogens

Question 9

All viruses contain _____.

A) genetic material and a cell membrane
B) a cell membrane and a nucleus
C) genetic material and a protein coat
D) a protein coat and a cell wall
E) genetic material and a cell wall

Question 10

Why are viruses considered nonliving?

A) They do not contain genetic material.
B) They are too small.
C) They cannot reproduce on their own.
D) They contain more than one cell.
E) They do not have a nucleus.

Question 11

The human body has two lines of defense against foreign pathogens.Immunity that humans are born with is called _____.

A) adaptive immunity
B) lymphocyte immunity
C) histamine immunity
D) innate immunity
E) inborn immunity

Question 12

Viruses can store their genetic information as DNA or RNA.Common RNA viruses include all of the following EXCEPT _____.

A) influenza
B) measles
C) chicken pox
D) mumps
E) AIDS

Question 13

Immature white cells that leave the bone marrow may become B lymphocytes.T cells are lymphocytes that _____.

A) travel to the thymus and become T lymphocytes
B) travel to the thyroid and become T lymphocytes
C) do not fight pathogens
D) reside in the bone marrow
E) travel to the spleen and become T lymphocytes

Question 14

White blood cells are an important part of the body's defense.White blood cells are responsible for all of these EXCEPT _____.

A) ingesting pathogens
B) decreasing the inflammatory response
C) attacking virus cells
D) triggering the adaptive immune response
E) releasing enzymes

Question 15

The innate and adaptive immune response systems work together to defend against pathogens.Which statement is false?

A) The innate immune response is only effective against the primary exposure to a pathogen.
B) The adaptive immune response is important in fighting specific pathogens.
C) The adaptive immune response is greater after the second exposure to a specific pathogen.
D) Vaccinations increase the effectiveness of the adaptive immune system.
E) Lymphocytes are the primary cells responsible for adaptive immunity.

Question 16

The swelling associated with an injury is the result of _____.

A) excess tissue growth
B) leaking blood vessels and increased immune cells
C) increased skin cells
D) extra water retention
E) rupture of lymphocytes

Question 17

Once a virus has invaded a host cell,the host cell will most likely be destroyed as a result of _____.

A) the virus consuming the host cell's nucleus
B) the virus causing the host cell to rupture
C) the virus causing the host cell to replicate
D) too much water retention
E) the protein shell of the virus entering the cell

Question 18

Which step is NOT part of the humoral immune response?

A) Antibodies bind to pathogens to physically block them from entering host cells.
B) Antibodies ingest the pathogen.
C) Antibodies signal proteins to destroy the pathogen.
D) Antibodies signal phagocytes to digest the pathogen.
E) B lymphocytes receive a signal from T lymphocytes.

Question 19

Once you have contracted a virus,such as chicken pox,your body develops _______ to the virus.

A) immunity
B) pathogen
C) virality
D) influenza
E) innate immunity

Question 20

Similar to all white blood cells,lymphocytes used in the adaptive immune system are produced in the _____.

A) spleen
B) thymus
C) bone marrow
D) lymph nodes
E) heart

Question 21

Vaccination against a particular pathogen stimulates what type of response?

A) innate
B) primary
C) secondary
D) autoimmune
E) both primary and secondary

Question 22

Antigenic shift occurs when a virus swaps genes with another virus.All of these are true statements regarding antigenic shift EXCEPT _____.

A) antigenic shift occurs when viruses exchange alleles
B) the exchange in alleles creates a new antigen protein
C) antigenic shift is responsible for the H1N1 influenza virus
D) antigenic shift increases the body's immunity to a virus

Question 23

Which statement regarding the primary and secondary immune response is false?

A) The antibody concentration remains higher for a longer time after the secondary immune response.
B) The primary immune response peaks at 2 days after exposure to a pathogen.
C) More antibodies are produced during the secondary response than the primary response.
D) The secondary response occurs after the second exposure to a pathogen.
E) The primary response occurs after the first exposure to a pathogen.

Question 24

Whereas the protein coat of a virus allows for attachment to a host cell,the genetic material inside allows for what?

A) production of capsid proteins
B) production of release proteins
C) replication of genetic material for new viral particles
D) All of the answers are correct.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 25

Besides using the host cell to replicate its genetic material and proteins,an infectious virus must be able to _________.

A) attach to and penetrate a host cell
B) assemble new capsid proteins
C) be released from the host cell
D) All of the answers are correct.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 26

Some viruses have phospholipid membranes around them,just like living cells.They are not cells,however,because they do not contain _________.

A) structural proteins
B) nucleic acid genetic material
C) ribosomes for protein synthesis
D) both structural proteins and ribosomes for protein synthesis
E) both nucleic acid genetic material and ribosomes for protein synthesis

Question 27

Which statement is NOT a reason why new strains of influenza are identified each year?

A) Antigenic drift causes changes to the antigens on the surface of the virus.
B) Viruses reproduce rapidly and often make mistakes in their genetic sequences,resulting in new strains of viruses.
C) Viruses can swap genes with other viruses,creating new strains of viruses.
D) Influenza vaccines introduce new strains of influenza to populations every year.

Question 28

Which of the following is found in all viruses?

A) DNA
B) RNA
C) a membranous envelope
D) a protein shell
E) a cell membrane

Question 29

Viral research indicates that the H1N1 virus is similar to the Spanish flu of 1918.Which statement is false regarding the H1N1 virus?

A) H1N1 is part of at least two universal flu vaccines.
B) The H1N1 virus could undergo antigenic shift or antigenic drift to become more lethal.
C) H1N1 shares many genes with a flu virus found in swine.
D) All individuals who were alive in 2009-2010 have immunity against the H1N1 virus.

Question 30

Both antigenic drift and antigenic shift result in a new strain of viruses.Which statement describes a key difference between antigenic drift and antigenic shift?

A) Antigenic shift takes place gradually,whereas antigenic drift occurs rapidly.
B) Antigenic drift takes place gradually,whereas antigenic shift occurs rapidly.
C) Antigenic drift occurs when the virus replicates.
D) Both antigenic shift and antigenic drift take place gradually.
E) Antigenic drift takes place gradually and occurs when the virus replicates.

Question 31

Most adults have had a series of vaccinations throughout their lives.The purpose of vaccinations is to _____.

A) inject T cells into the body for added immunity to all pathogens
B) inject B cells into the body for added immunity to all pathogens
C) trigger the body to create antibodies for a specific pathogen
D) trigger the body to create an innate response for a specific pathogen
E) make people sicker than the pathogen would in order to study them

Question 32

Why isn't a virus considered alive?

A) It doesn't have any metabolic activity outside a host cell.
B) It doesn't contain any genetic material.
C) It doesn't reproduce without the host cell.
D) All of the answers are correct.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 33

Viruses consist of _________.

A) a protein shell (capsid)
B) genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA
C) a cell membrane
D) both a protein shell (capsid)and genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA
E) both a protein shell (capsid)and a cell membrane

Question 34

Which of the following characteristics describe viruses?

A) an infectious particle
B) contain genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA
C) have a capsid made of protein
D) All of the answers describe viruses.
E) None of the answers describe viruses.

Question 35

Anti-hepatitis C antibodies present in a patient's blood indicate

A) that the patient is mounting an innate response.
B) that the patient has been exposed to HIV.
C) that the patient was exposed to hepatitis C within the last 24 hours.
D) that the patient was exposed to hepatitis C at least 2 weeks ago.
E) that the patient has hepatitis.

Question 36

Whereas the genetic material of a virus allows new viral particles to be produced,the protein coat allows for what?

A) production of capsid proteins
B) attachment of the virus to the host cell
C) replication of genetic material for new viral particles
D) All of the answers are correct.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 37

Which statement best describes how B cells and T cells work together to achieve humoral immunity?

A) The B cells and the T cells bind together and engulf pathogens.
B) The T cell activates the B cell to produce pathogen-fighting plasma.
C) The B cell activates the T cell to produce pathogen-fighting plasma.
D) Plasma cells activate the T cells to produce B cells.
E) Plasma cells activate the B cells to produce T cells.

Question 38

All living organisms have some sort of defense system against predators and foreign pathogens.Which of these is NOT a method of defense used by other organisms?

A) chemical toxins
B) physical barriers such as spikes
C) phagocytosis
D) encapsulation
E) radiation

Question 39

Pandemics,such as the Spanish flu and the H1N1 virus,are a result of _____.

A) vaccine reactions
B) antigenic shift
C) antigenic drift
D) primary immunity
E) secondary immunity

Question 40

The immune system occasionally malfunctions.Which description provides examples of immune system malfunctions?

A) cytotoxic T cells attacking a cell infected by a virus,and allergic reactions to pollen
B) cytotoxic T cells attacking a cell infected by a virus,and lupus
C) multiple sclerosis,and antibody production by B lymphocytes
D) multiple sclerosis,and allergic reactions to pollen
E) cytotoxic T cells attacking a cell infected by a virus,and antibody production by B lymphocytes

Question 41

How many new viruses will typically be released from an infected cell following synthesis and assembly?

A) 10-100
B) 1,000-10,000
C) 10,000-100,000
D) 100,000-1,000,000
E) Only one viral particle is released at a time.

Question 42

Hemagglutinin is responsible for which phase of influenza viral life cycle?

A) attachment
B) synthesis
C) degradation
D) penetration
E) release

Question 43

Which of the following viral infections will cause bacterial cell lysis?

A) bacteroid
B) bacteriophage
C) H1N1
D) SARS
E) polio virus

Question 44

Which of the following represent the genetic material carried within a viral particle?

A) RNA
B) DNA
C) protein coat
D) both RNA and DNA
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 45

During _______,a virus releases its nucleic acid.

A) attachment
B) synthesis
C) degradation
D) penetration
E) integration

Question 46

What is the time frame in which a virally infected cell releases new viral particles?

A) minutes
B) hours
C) days
D) weeks
E) immediately

Question 47

______ immunity is present from birth and always active.

A) Adaptive
B) Humoral
C) Cellular
D) Innate
E) Inflammatory

Question 48

The synthesis stage of infection _________.

A) is the stage in which the host cell produces new viral proteins and genetic material
B) occurs because viral genetic material takes over the host's cellular machinery
C) ends when new viral particles are released from the host cell
D) is both the stage in which the host cell produces new viral proteins and genetic material and occurs because viral genetic material takes over the host's cellular machinery
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 49

_______ immunity provides general defense against a variety of pathogens,whereas _______ immunity provides defense against specific pathogens.

A) Adaptive;innate
B) Humoral;innate
C) Cellular;adaptive
D) Innate;adaptive
E) Innate;cellular

Question 50

The severity of any viral infection is often dictated by which of the following?

A) the number of viral particles which infect the body
B) the number of cells killed during viral replication and release
C) the immune response to the infection
D) All of the answers are correct.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 51

In the attachment phase of viral infection,_________.

A) a virus attaches to the outside of the host cell surface
B) viral proteins attach to host cell DNA
C) newly built viral proteins attach to newly built viral DNA inside the host cell
D) new viral particles attach to the inside of the host cell surface
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 52

Viruses can replicate in a cell referred to as the ______________ cell.

A) symbiotic
B) host
C) immune
D) synthesis
E) infectious

Question 53

All of the following can be helpful in fighting or preventing a viral infection,EXCEPT

A) interferon.
B) antibodies.
C) plasma cells.
D) saliva.
E) antibiotics.

Question 54

Which of the following make viruses so infectious?

A) the ability to become aerosolized and spread in the air
B) the fact that it only takes a couple of viral particles to start an infection
C) the innate immune response
D) both the ability to become aerosolized and spread in the air and the fact that it only takes a couple of viral particles to start an infection
E) both the ability to become aerosolized and spread in the air and the innate immune response

Question 55

Viruses kill host cells by _________.

A) causing host cells to burst when new virus particles are released
B) depleting cell resources by using them to synthesize new viruses
C) releasing enzymes that break down host cell membranes
D) both causing host cells to burst when new virus particles are released and depleting cell resources by using them to synthesize new viruses
E) both causing host cells to burst when new virus particles are released and releasing enzymes that break down host cell membranes

Question 56

Which stage of a viral infection describes the production and preparation of new viral particles that can then be released to infect other cells?

A) attachment
B) synthesis
C) assembly
D) both synthesis and attachment
E) both synthesis and assembly

Question 57

Neuraminidase is responsible for which phase of influenza viral life cycle?

A) attachment
B) synthesis
C) degradation
D) penetration
E) release

Question 58

Which of the following represents the correct order for a viral life cycle?

A) attachment,penetration,synthesis,assembly,release
B) attachment,synthesis,penetration,assembly,release
C) attachment,penetration,assembly,synthesis,release
D) attachment,penetration,release,assembly,synthesis
E) attachment,penetration,synthesis,release,assembly

Question 59

Adaptive immunity relies upon what general kinds of defenses?

A) physical barriers to prevent pathogens from entering the body
B) chemical barriers to prevent pathogens from entering the body
C) lymphocytes that set off chains of events that inactivate or destroy invading pathogens
D) All of the answers are correct.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 60

Innate immunity relies upon what general kinds of defenses?

A) physical barriers to prevent pathogens from entering the body
B) chemical barriers to prevent pathogens from entering the body
C) lymphocytes that set off chains of cellular and humoral that inactivate or destroy invading pathogens
D) both physical and chemical barriers to prevent pathogens from entering the body
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 61

Encapsulation in fruit flies after an infection is similar to a human response to infections such as tuberculosis,which results in the formation of a _________.

A) granuloma
B) plasmatocyte
C) amoebocyte
D) lamellocyte
E) phagocyte

Question 62

A lymphocyte is a specialized __________________.

A) white blood cell
B) red blood cell
C) nerve cell
D) immunocyte
E) erythrocyte

Question 63

Which of the following is NOT one of the four main features of innate immune function?

A) antimicrobial chemicals
B) physical barriers
C) phagocytes
D) antibodies
E) inflammation

Question 64

Stomach acid and complement proteins are examples of _________.

A) inflammation
B) physical barriers against infection
C) antimicrobial chemicals
D) phagocytes
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 65

All of the following are examples of the innate immune system,EXCEPT _________.

A) memory T cells
B) phagocytes
C) skin
D) mucus
E) complement

Question 66

The heat and redness that characterize inflammation are caused by _________.

A) the initial invasion of host tissue by pathogens
B) the release of signaling molecules that increase blood flow
C) the influx of fluids from leaky blood vessels to infected tissues
D) the ingestion of pathogens by white blood cells
E) clotting reactions

Question 67

The inflammatory response is triggered when _________.

A) a pathogen first invades host tissue
B) phagocytes engulf pathogens
C) complement proteins destroy bacteria,releasing signaling chemicals
D) damaged cells release molecules that increase blood flow
E) clotting reactions seal off the infected area

Question 68

Which of the following are antimicrobial chemicals that are considered innate immunity?

A) tears
B) stomach acid
C) saliva
D) complement
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 69

To defend against viruses,bacteria use _________.

A) innate physical barriers
B) mucous membranes
C) special enzymes
D) special fluids
E) acquired defenses

Question 70

Tears and saliva contain an enzyme that _________.

A) causes viruses to burst and die
B) coats the cell surface of bacterial cells,making them more easily found and destroyed by phagocytes
C) prevents viruses from binding to host cells,thus preventing infection
D) breaks down bacterial cell walls,causing them to burst
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 71

Amoebocytes in a sea star immune function as plasmatocytes in a fruit fly.What function do these cell types have?

A) They are both innate physical barriers.
B) They are both mucous membranes.
C) They are both phagocytic cells.
D) They both are enzymes that inhibit bacterial growth.
E) There are no common characteristics between these.

Question 72

Resistance to a particular pathogen is called _____________.

A) defensiveness
B) specificity
C) immunity
D) immune signaling
E) lymphocyte proliferation

Question 73

In addition to humans,innate cellular defenses are found in _________.

A) bacteria defending against viruses
B) sea stars defending against bacteria
C) fruit flies defending against parasites
D) All of the answers are correct.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 74

Which of the following innate properties are indicative of an inflammatory response?

A) The response is triggered rapidly.
B) It can be triggered by many different kinds of pathogens.
C) It responds more quickly after multiple exposures to the same pathogen.
D) Both that the response is triggered rapidly and that it can be triggered by many different kinds of pathogens.
E) Both that the response is triggered rapidly and that it responds more quickly after multiple exposures to the same pathogen.

Question 75

What type of defense mechanism do some organisms have to protect them from predators?

A) cellular immunity
B) humoral immunity
C) adaptive immunity
D) innate defenses
E) acquired defenses

Question 76

Which of the following describe(s)histamine?

A) a signaling molecule released during an allergic reaction
B) a molecule that causes inflammation
C) can be released by damaged tissue during an infection
D) All of the answers are correct.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 77

The physical barriers that are part of the immune system function by having _________.

A) tightly packed epithelial cells that prevent pathogens from entering tissues
B) mucus that traps pathogens and other foreign substances
C) cilia that sweep mucus out of the throat
D) All of the answers are correct.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 78

Which type of immune response targets specific pathogens?

A) adaptive
B) humoral
C) cellular
D) innate
E) inflammatory

Question 79

Which of the following is(are)a physical barrier to infection?

A) skin
B) mucus
C) tears
D) both skin and mucus
E) both mucus and tears

Question 80

Phagocytes _________.

A) recognize,bind,and ingest pathogens
B) play a role in inflammation
C) trigger adaptive immune responses
D) All of the answers are correct.
E) None of the answers are correct.