Deck 26: Overview of Physiology

Question 1

Why is shivering an effective way to maintain homeostasis?

A) Shivering produces heat when the body temperature becomes too low.
B) Shivering decreases the blood flow to the skin to conserve heat.
C) Shivering causes vasoconstriction to decrease blood flow to the hypothalamus.
D) Shivering causes vasodilation to increase blood flow to the skin.
E) Shivering causes animals to move into a warmer environment when temperatures become too low.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Hormones released from the pituitary gland act on many tissues throughout the body.Hormones travel to other tissues through the _____ system.

A) digestive
B) respiratory
C) circulatory
D) nervous
E) skeletal

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The hypothalamus relies on _____ in the skin to signal internal and external changes in temperature.

A) epithelial sensors
B) thermoreceptors
C) effectors
D) temperature gauges
E) epireceptors

Answer 3

B

Question 4

While climbing Mt.Everest,climbers often experience vasoconstriction.Prolonged periods of vasoconstriction can lead to _____.

A) death of the affected tissue
B) increased circulation and swelling
C) frostbite
D) death of affected tissue and increased circulation and swelling
E) death of affected tissue and frostbite

Question 5

Which organ system includes the pituitary gland,thyroid,and adrenal glands?

A) nervous system
B) circulatory system
C) endocrine system
D) reproductive system
E) urinary system

Question 6

Which statement regarding organ systems is false?

A) Organ systems work together throughout the body to maintain homeostasis.
B) The human body has two main organ systems.
C) A dramatic change in one organ system can greatly affect other organ systems.
D) The function of the integumentary system is to protect the body.
E) The urinary system is important in regulating the fluid balance in the body.

Question 7

Several hundred types of cells make up the tissues found in humans and animals.All of these are tissues found in humans and animals EXCEPT _____.

A) connective tissue
B) hardened tissue
C) epithelial tissue
D) muscle tissue
E) nervous tissue

Question 8

To maintain homeostasis,the human body constricts peripheral blood vessels in order to _____.

A) conserve heat
B) decrease the amount of heat lost from the skin into the environment
C) increase the amount of heat lost from the skin into the environment
D) conserve heat and decrease the amount of heat lost from the skin into the environment
E) conserve heat and increase the amount of heat lost from the skin into the environment

Question 9

Which statement best explains why the human body does not tolerate internal temperature changes very well?

A) The enzymes that catalyze the chemical reactions in our bodies function only within a very narrow temperature range.
B) Our lungs cannot expand when the internal body temperature changes.
C) The enzymes that catalyze the chemical reactions in our bodies require the temperatures to fluctuate continuously.
D) Our lungs cannot contract when the internal body temperature changes.
E) Internal temperature changes lead to external temperature changes,and humans cannot tolerate external temperature changes.

Question 10

In addition to thermoregulation,the human body also works to maintain which of these set points?

A) blood clotting and energy level
B) blood glucose and blood clotting
C) blood pH and energy level
D) blood glucose and blood pH
E) energy level and blood pH

Question 11

Which statement regarding organ systems is false?

A) Organ systems work together with other organ systems in the body to maintain life.
B) Physiologists study how organ systems function.
C) The digestive system includes the heart and the small intestine.
D) The digestive system is made up of muscle,epithelial,connective,and nervous tissues.
E) Organ systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment.

Question 12

The hypothalamus is part of a homeostatic feedback loop that plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis in the human body.Which phrase best describes a negative feedback loop?

A) a loop whose circuit output negatively affects the body
B) a loop whose circuit output brings the body back to a set point
C) a loop whose sensors decrease the output of the system
D) a loop whose sensors decrease the amount of input into the system
E) a loop whose circuit is incomplete.

Question 13

Vasodilation and vasoconstriction are the result of signals sent by what body structure?

A) brain
B) heart
C) thyroid
D) hypothalamus
E) hypothyroid

Question 14

The human body is organized in a hierarchy of components.Which list correctly places these components in order from simplest to most complex?

A) tissues,cells,organs,organ systems
B) organs,tissues,cells,organ systems
C) organ systems,organs,tissues,cells
D) cells,tissues,organs,organ systems
E) tissues,cells,organs systems,organs

Question 15

Which of these is NOT a known physiological side effect of climbing at high altitudes?

A) hypoxia
B) increased red blood cell production
C) increased barometric pressure
D) frostbite
E) physical and mental fatigue

Question 16

Hiking Mt.Everest is a dangerous journey because _____.

A) very little oxygen is available at higher elevations
B) humans risk freezing to death in extreme cold
C) humans become overheated at higher elevations
D) very little oxygen is available at higher elevations,and humans risk freezing to death in extreme cold
E) very little oxygen is available at higher elevations,and humans become overheated at higher elevations

Question 17

In order to maintain ideal internal conditions,the human body works to maintain _____.

A) insulation
B) homeostasis
C) movement
D) heat output
E) regular movement

Question 18

Negative feedback loops are common in maintaining homeostasis.Which statement is the best explanation of positive feedback loops?

A) Positive feedback loops are used to make the body feel good quickly.
B) Positive feedback loops rapidly amplify the positive response to an input.
C) Positive feedback loops often have harmful effects on the body.
D) Positive feedback loops are a way to bring the body back to a set point.
E) Positive feedback loops are used to decrease the response of effectors.

Question 19

Shivering is the human body's way of producing heat when the internal temperature falls below a set point.This is an attempt to maintain _____.

A) lung pressure
B) homeotherapy
C) nervous pressure
D) homeostasis
E) thermopressure

Question 20

Vasoconstriction is to shivering as vasodilation is to _____.

A) breathing
B) crying
C) frostbite
D) vomiting
E) sweating

Question 21

An emergency room doctor setting a complex bone fracture is relying primarily on knowledge of

A) anatomy.
B) physiology.
C) thermoregulation.
D) homeostasis.
E) osmoregulation.

Question 22

Which animals can generate their own heat?

A) marlins
B) brown bats
C) lizards
D) lizards and brown bats
E) marlins and brown bats

Question 23

Which organ system is responsible for sensing and responding to information from all over the body?

A) respiratory system
B) endocrine system
C) integumentary system
D) reproductive system
E) nervous system

Question 24

Hikers on Mt.Everest often die when their body temperature drops too low.This condition is called _____.

A) hypothermia
B) hypoxia
C) hyperthermia
D) hypotemperature
E) hypemia

Question 25

Which statement best explains why a male bodybuilder with excess muscle mass would survive longer without food than an average male with normal muscle mass?

A) The body builder has more muscle in which to store glycogen,which can be broken down for fuel.
B) The body builder has more stored fat,which can be broken down for fuel.
C) The body builder has more glucagon stored in his liver,which can be broken down for fuel.
D) The body builder would not survive longer than the average male.
E) Excess muscle mass is associated with higher-than-normal levels of insulin production,which can be used for fuel.

Question 26

_______ are composed of specialized cells that work together.

A) Organelles
B) Organ systems
C) Tissues
D) Organisms
E) Organs

Question 27

Excess sugar that is not immediately used to fuel the body can be stored as _____ in the _____.

A) glycogen;pancreas
B) glucagon;liver
C) insulin;pancreas
D) insulin;liver
E) glycogen;liver

Question 28

How does brown fat contribute to thermoregulation in bats?

A) by providing insulation to retain heat
B) by providing a highly vascularized tissue to release heat to the environment
C) by generating heat through shivering
D) by generating heat via cellular respiration in specialized mitochondria
E) by providing a highly vascularized tissue to release heat to the environment and by generating heat via cellular respiration in specialized mitochondria

Question 29

Which statement describes what is most likely happening when you feel thirsty?

A) The concentration of dissolved solutes in your blood has decreased.
B) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)is released from the pituitary gland.
C) ADH signals the kidneys to excrete more water in the urine.
D) Blood pressure has increased.
E) Blood osmolarity has decreased.

Question 30

Glucagon is released from the pancreas when _____.

A) blood sugar reaches a peak after a meal
B) blood sugar drops too low
C) the pancreas cannot produce any more insulin
D) there is excess glucose in the blood
E) blood pressure increases

Question 31

Which hormone regulates water conservation by the kidneys?

A) insulin
B) ADH
C) glucagon
D) ADH and insulin work together

Question 32

The kidneys respond to a decrease in osmolarity by _____.

A) increasing water excreted in the urine
B) decreasing water excreted in the urine
C) producing antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
D) increasing or decreasing water excreted in the urine
E) signaling the hypothalamus to increase ADH secretion

Question 33

Receptors in the heart and blood vessels signal the hypothalamus when blood pressure becomes too high or too low.This is an example of which two organ systems working together?

A) respiratory system and circulatory system
B) reproductive system and endocrine system
C) circulatory system and endocrine system
D) integumentary system and endocrine system
E) lymphatic system and circulatory system

Question 34

What internal signals are associated with dehydration?

A) high osmolarity
B) low blood volume
C) low blood pressure
D) All of these options are internal signals associated with dehydration.

Question 35

Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas.Insulin causes _____.

A) the pancreas to produce glucagon
B) muscle and liver cells to produce glycogen
C) muscle and liver cells to remove sugar from the blood
D) the pancreas to produce glucagon and muscle and liver cells to produce glycogen
E) muscle and liver cells to remove sugar from the blood and produce glycogen

Question 36

Which of the following groups is in the correct order of organization from most inclusive level to lowest level?

A) tissues,cells,organ systems,organs
B) organ systems,organs,tissues,cells
C) cells,organ systems,tissues,organs
D) cells,tissues,organs,organ systems
E) cells,organs,organ systems,tissues

Question 37

Which organ system is incorrectly paired with its corresponding function?

A) muscular system: responsible for movement of body parts
B) nervous system: senses and responds to information
C) reproductive system: responsible for the development of offspring
D) lymphatic system: moves blood into tissues and around body
E) urinary system: regulates fluid balance and eliminates waste

Question 38

Insulin is released from the __________ in response to _________.

A) pancreas;elevated blood sugar
B) pancreas;low levels of blood sugar
C) hypothalamus;elevated blood sugar
D) hypothalamus;low levels of blood sugar
E) pituitary;signals from the hypothalamus

Question 39

The hypothalamus is NOT connected to _____.

A) effectors
B) sensors
C) the endocrine system
D) the nervous system
E) the skeletal system

Question 40

People who are severely dehydrated produce _________________ of urine that is ___________________.

A) a high volume;highly concentrated and dark in color
B) a high volume;dilute and light in color
C) a low volume;highly concentrated and dark in color
D) a low volume;dilute and light in color
E) a normal volume;a normal color (neither very light nor very dark)

Question 41

You have many glands throughout your body that function to regulate your anatomical functions.The glands are ______ that make up a(n)______.

A) organs;organ system
B) cells;tissue type
C) tissues;organ
D) cells;organ
E) cells;organ system

Question 42

A structure in your body consists of epithelial cells that absorb nutrients,muscle cells that contract to move materials through the structure,nerve cells to coordinate the structure's activities,and connective tissue holding everything together.This structure is a(n)

A) cell.
B) tissue.
C) organ.
D) organ system.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 43

Vasoconstriction is constriction of

A) nasal passages.
B) skeletal muscle.
C) smooth muscle.
D) blood vessels.
E) lymph nodes.

Question 44

Which of the following lists the levels of organization of the human body in the correct order,beginning with the simplest and ending with the most complex?

A) cells,organs,tissues,organ systems.
B) tissues,cells,organs,organ systems.
C) organs,organ systems,tissues,cells
D) organ systems,organs,tissues,cells
E) cells,tissues,organs,organ systems

Question 45

There are ____ types of animal tissue.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 46

A ______ feedback loop tends to _______ physiological response and is common in physiology.

A) negative;amplify a
B) positive;amplify a
C) negative;decrease a
D) positive;maintain a constant
E) negative;maintain a constant

Question 47

When blood sugar rises after a meal,the pancreas releases insulin.This causes cells to take up excess glucose.When blood sugar falls,glucagon is released from the pancreas.This causes cells to break down glycogen into glucose,which is then released into the blood.Which of the following aspects of this system best explains why it is an example of homeostasis?

A) The release of insulin causes blood sugar levels to fall.
B) The release of glucagon causes blood sugar levels to rise.
C) The pancreas and liver work together as an organ system.
D) The system works to keep blood sugar levels within a narrow range.
E) Insulin and glucagon are enzymes that only work within a narrow range of temperatures.

Question 48

The study of the way a living organism's physical parts function is known as

A) psychology.
B) physiology.
C) paraphysiology.
D) oncology.
E) metabiology.

Question 49

A group of different types of cells working together to perform a common function is a(n)

A) cell.
B) tissue.
C) organ.
D) organ system.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 50

Vasoconstriction

A) lowers body temperature.
B) increases heart rate.
C) stimulates skeletal muscle activity.
D) stimulates brain activity.
E) conserves body heat.

Question 51

Comparing temperature regulation between giraffes and humans is an example of ______;comparing the parts of an octopus's eye to a human eye would be an example of ______.

A) anatomy;physiology
B) physiology;anatomy
C) thermoregulation;homeostasis
D) homeostasis;physiology
E) physiology;homeostasis

Question 52

The regulation of which of the following is NOT part of maintaining homeostasis?

A) blood-glucose levels
B) salt concentration of body fluids
C) blood pressure
D) body temperature
E) room temperature

Question 53

An increased concentration of red blood cells in the blood in response to high altitude is an example of

A) homeostasis.
B) acclimatization.
C) thermoregulation.
D) osmoregulation.
E) vasodilation.

Question 54

Because of ________,hands,feet,and noses get cold before the rest of the body does.

A) vasoconcentration
B) vasoconstriction
C) vasodilation
D) pH regulation
E) insulin

Question 55

The stomach is composed of ___ types of tissues.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 56

Thermoregulation maintains the human body at about

A) 98.6°F.
B) 200°F.
C) 100°F.
D) 102°F.
E) 87°F.

Question 57

Homeostasis is best defined as

A) maintaining constant blood pressure.
B) maintaining constant body temperature.
C) maintaining constant blood-glucose levels.
D) maintaining a constant internal environment.
E) maintaining a constant internal environment in spite of a changing external environment.

Question 58

_____ is the maintenance of a relatively stable internal body temperature.

A) Physiology
B) Homeoregulation
C) Thermoregulation
D) Metabolism
E) Homeostasis

Question 59

Which of the following is NOT a factor for which the body has a set point,or narrow range within which it must be maintained?

A) blood pressure
B) body temperature
C) blood-glucose concentration
D) blood pH
E) All of the answers are factors for which the body has a set point.

Question 60

Thermoregulation maintains the human body at about

A) 98.6°C.
B) 22°C.
C) 25°C.
D) 37°C.
E) 52.4°C.

Question 61

You observe a butterfly sitting on a sunny leaf and realize that it is sunning itself.You conclude that butterflies

A) are endotherms.
B) are ectotherms.
C) use nonshivering thermogenesis.
D) are ectotherms and use nonshivering thermogenesis.
E) experience acclimatization and not homeostasis.

Question 62

Which of the following is most similar in function to whale blubber?

A) a bird's feathers
B) a snake's scales
C) a bat's brown fat
D) a bat's white fat
E) a human's muscles

Question 63

Select the TWO answers that apply.In general,the human body responds to cold by

A) sleeping.
B) wearing specialized clothing.
C) generating additional heat.
D) conserving whatever heat is being generated.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 64

The hypothalamus is a(n)________ and a(n)_______.

A) sensor;effector
B) region of the brain;hormone
C) part of the nervous system;part of the endocrine system
D) gland;thermoreceptor
E) organ;tissue

Question 65

The ideal temperature for the function of most human enzymes is about ______ degrees Fahrenheit.

A) 68.9°F.
B) 200°F.
C) 110°F.
D) 120°F.
E) 98.6°F.

Question 66

The body's thermostat is

A) the liver.
B) the hypothalamus.
C) the lymph system.
D) the endocrine system.
E) the kidney.

Question 67

Based on what you know about mechanisms for generating additional heat,you would expect someone living in a very cold environment to

A) require many more Calories than someone living in a moderate environment.
B) require many fewer Calories than someone living in a moderate environment.
C) require the same number of Calories than someone living in a moderate environment.
D) require at least three times as much protein as someone living in a moderate environment.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 68

All of the following are involved in thermoregulation,EXCEPT

A) brown fat.
B) the pancreas.
C) the hypothalamus.
D) thermoreceptors.
E) blubber.

Question 69

When the body is overheated,

A) blood vessels near the skin surface will dilate.
B) lymph nodes will shrink.
C) the body will produce more blood to cool itself.
D) the heart will pause every few beats to reduce blood flow.
E) the body will begin to shiver.

Question 70

A typical response of the human body to cold is for blood vessels ______ to ______.

A) near the skin's surface;dilate
B) in the body's core;dilate
C) near the skin's surface;constrict
D) in the body's core;constrict
E) near the skin's surface;shiver

Question 71

Energy is stored in the body as

A) glucose.
B) glycogen.
C) glucose and glycogen.
D) glycogen and fat.
E) glucose and fat.

Question 72

Thermoregulation in the human body directly involves all of the following organ systems,EXCEPT the ________ system.

A) endocrine
B) muscular
C) nervous
D) urinary
E) integumentary

Question 73

All of these serve to increase body temperature in humans,EXCEPT

A) vasodilation.
B) vasoconstriction.
C) shivering.
D) cellular metabolism.
E) a negative feedback loop.

Question 74

The ideal temperature for the function of most human enzymes is about

A) 98.6°C.
B) 37°C.
C) 25°C.
D) 20°C.
E) 52.4°C.

Question 75

The hypothalamus is

A) the size of a lemon.
B) located in the throat.
C) in the frontal lobe of the brain.
D) located at the base of the brain.
E) part of the liver.

Question 76

Each of the following are considered warning signs of hypothermia,EXCEPT

A) stumbles.
B) rumbles.
C) mumbles.
D) fumbles.
E) grumbles.

Question 77

A _________ is an example of an endotherm,and a ________ is an example of an ectotherm.

A) whale;bat
B) bat;whale
C) lizard;fish
D) fish;human
E) human;fish

Question 78

Heat conservation by the body can actually lead to frostbite because

A) shivering in the extremities uses up too much glycogen and energy-starved tissues are damaged.
B) vasoconstriction reduces blood flow to the extremities and lets them cool down too much.
C) vasodilation allows too much heat to be lost from the extremities,and they are damaged.
D) the body will eventually begin to sweat,which causes more heat loss from the extremities.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 79

One way to generate heat is through

A) vasoconstriction.
B) vasodilation.
C) shivering.
D) sleeping.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 80

One way to conserve heat is through

A) vasoconstriction.
B) vasodilation.
C) shivering.
D) sleeping.
E) All of the answers are correct.