Deck 11: Sources of Prejudice

Question 1

According to the text, married women who keep their own surname are seen as

A) selfish.
B) non-committal.
C) assertive and ambitious.
D) arrogant and egotistic.

Answer 1

assertive and ambitious.

Question 2

Prejudice is defined as

A) an inaccurate idea about a group based on insufficient information.
B) a negative attitude toward a group and its individual members.
C) an intentional or unintentional policy of discriminating against outgroups.
D) a cognitive categorization based on overgeneralizations.

Answer 2

a negative attitude toward a group and its individual members.

Question 3

Prejudice is to _______________ as discrimination is to _______________.

A) belief; feeling
B) generalization; practice
C) attitude; behaviour
D) stereotype; practice

Answer 3

attitude; behaviour

Question 4

James is a high-powered CEO and is known at his company to be biased against the advancement of women as executives. However, when he is directly asked, he denies such biases. The best way to evaluate James' prejudice is to

A) give him a paper-and-pencil questionnaire that asks him his feelings towards women.
B) assess his behaviour, especially when other motives seem available to hide behind.
C) ask him overt questions about women in high-powered positions.
D) show him images of women in business suits and ask him to rate them as good or bad.

Question 5

A state police force has set a height requirement of 5 feet 10 inches for all officers. This requirement is irrelevant to job effectiveness but generally excludes Hispanics, Asians, and women from the force. Such a requirement most clearly reflects

A) racism and sexism.
B) scapegoating and ingroup bias.
C) stereotyping and prejudice.
D) Gause's law and realistic conflict theory.

Question 6

Sarah, who is British, believes that German people are hard-working. Gunther, who is German, dislikes Sarah because she is British. Sarah is displaying _______________, while Gunther is displaying _______________.

A) a prejudiced attitude; a faulty overgeneralization
B) a positive attitude; a negative attitude
C) a stereotypical belief; a prejudiced attitude
D) prejudice; prejudice

Question 7

Stereotypes are to _______________ as beliefs are to _________________.

A) categories; feeling
B) attitudes; actions
C) emotions; practice
D) discrimination; behaviour

Question 8

Some straightforward questions such as "Is it true that blacks have gotten more economically than they deserve?" can be used to measure _______________ attitudes.

A) prejudicial
B) stereotypical
C) discriminatory
D) racist

Question 9

A belief about the personal attributes about a group of people is

A) prejudice.
B) a stereotype.
C) discrimination.
D) racism.

Question 10

John's belief that women are emotional is an example of _______________. His refusal to rent an apartment to a woman is an example of _______________.

A) a stereotype; sexism
B) discrimination; prejudice
C) a stereotype; discrimination
D) racism; prejudice

Question 11

Jimmy often expresses his dislike of Native people, believing them to be shiftless and untrustworthy. As long as he can get away with it, he never hires them to work for his company. Jimmy is

A) displaying stereotype threat.
B) probably a victim of realistic group conflict theory.
C) best characterized as prejudiced.
D) best characterized as racist.

Question 12

Prejudice biases us against an individual based solely on

A) the person's appearance and behaviour.
B) our past experience with similar persons.
C) the person's identification with a particular group.
D) our present emotional state.

Question 13

Racism refers to

A) institutional practices that subordinate people of a given race.
B) individuals' prejudicial attitudes toward people of a given race.
C) individuals' discriminatory behaviour toward people of a given race.
D) All of these choices.

Question 14

Which of the following clearly meets the definition of a stereotype?

A) Mary believes she is underpaid as an administrative secretary.
B) Gretchen believes the British are cool and unexcitable.
C) Kershon believes sport utility vehicles are safe.
D) All of these choices.

Question 15

According to research on modern prejudice, we can have differing conscious and automatic attitudes towards the same target. This dynamic defines the

A) discrimination principle.
B) dual attitude system.
C) the foot-in-the door phenomenon.
D) none of these choices.

Question 16

According to Lee Jussim and colleagues, stereotypes may be

A) positive.
B) accurate.
C) inaccurate.
D) all of these choices.

Question 17

According to the text, even though Canadians seem genuinely motivated to develop a truly multicultural society, it may be that

A) overt expression of prejudice has become acceptable.
B) prejudice is no longer a serious social problem.
C) prejudice may have gone underground.
D) new forms of prejudice have been created.

Question 18

Racism and sexism are institutional practices that discriminate ___________________.

A) even when there is no prejudicial intent
B) only when there is prejudicial intent
C) both A and B are correct.
D) none of these choices.

Question 19

The belief that Italians are passionate is an example of _______________; the refusal to hire Hispanics is an example of _______________.

A) a stereotype; discrimination
B) a stereotype; prejudice
C) racism; prejudice
D) discrimination; racism

Question 20

According to the text, a problem with stereotypes arises when they are

A) overgeneralized.
B) plain wrong.
C) both A andB.
D) none of these choices.

Question 21

A motivation to have one's group be dominant over other social groups defines

A) prejudice.
B) stereotyping.
C) social dominance orientation.
D) none of these choices.

Question 22

Contemporary studies of right-wing authoritarians by Bob Altemeyer at the University of Manitoba confirm that there are individuals whose fears and hostilities surface as _______________.

A) discrimination
B) prejudice
C) enthocentrism
D) none of these choices

Question 23

Gordon Allport concluded, "The role of ______________ is paradoxical. It makes prejudice and it unmakes prejudice."

A) power
B) religion
C) self-esteem
D) education

Question 24

According to the social dominance orientation, individuals high in this orientation often ___________ policies that maintain hierarchies (i.e., tax cuts for the well-off) and ___________ policies that undermine the hierarchy (i.e., affirmative action).

A) support; support
B) support; oppose
C) oppose; oppose
D) oppose; support

Question 25

According to the text, when the cause of our frustration is intimidating or vague,

A) we go inward.
B) we often redirect our hostility.
C) we conform.
D) none of these choices.

Question 26

Greenwald and colleagues (2000) showed that 9 in 10 people took longer to identify pleasant words (e.g., love, peace, joy) as good when associated with Black rather than White faces. These results illustrate

A) automatic prejudice.
B) automatic stereotyping.
C) explicit stereotyping.
D) both A and B.

Question 27

The text indicates that, until recently, prejudice was greatest in regions where slavery was practised. This fact is clearly consistent with the principle that __________ breeds prejudice.

A) frustration
B) unequal status
C) conformity
D) authoritarianism

Question 28

Individuals with authoritarian tendencies have

A) an intolerance for weakness.
B) a punitive attitude.
C) a submissive respect for ingroup authority.
D) all of these choices.

Question 29

Researchers suspect that the _______________ prominence given to the faces of men and the bodies of women both reflects and perpetuates _______________.

A) visual; gender bias
B) visual; prejudice
C) tactile; discrimination
D) tactile; prejudice

Question 30

Believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups defines which of the following concepts?

A) ethnocentric
B) socialization.
C) prejudice
D) discrimination

Question 31

According to the text, which of the following is a true statement?

A) If we define religiousness as church membership, then the more religious people are the more racially prejudiced.
B) Bigots often rationalize bigotry with religion.
C) If we assess depth of religious commitment with criteria other than church membership, the very devout are less prejudiced.
D) All of these choices.

Question 32

Realistic group conflict theory suggests that prejudice arises

A) whenever people try to live together.
B) when a new group moves into an area.
C) between groups who fail to communicate clearly with each other.
D) when groups compete for scarce resources.

Question 33

Conformity

A) maintains gender prejudice.
B) maintains stereotypes.
C) cultural attitudes.
D) none of these choices.

Question 34

According to the text,

A) religion causes prejudice.
B) prejudice causes religion.
C) religion and prejudice are correlated.
D) the relationship between religion and prejudice depends on how we ask the question.

Question 35

Which of the following does the text cite as a social source of prejudice?

A) scapegoating
B) authoritarianism
C) just-world phenomenon
D) unequal status

Question 36

According to the correlations found between religion and prejudice, which of the following individuals is likely to be the most prejudiced?

A) Sarah, a member of a small fundamentalist Christian church
B) Jesse, who thinks that religion is an end in itself and has strong religious values
C) Martin, who scores high on Gallup's "spiritual commitment" index
D) Erin, who is a minister in a Protestant church.

Question 37

The "we" aspect of our self-concept is

A) social competence.
B) social identity.
C) ingroup bias.
D) ethnicity.

Question 38

According to the text, we _______________ the competence of those high in status and _______________ those who agreeably accept a lower status.

A) like; respect
B) respect; like
C) respect; respect
D) like; like

Question 39

Schools reinforce

A) dominant cultural attitudes.
B) cultural intuitions.
C) attitudes.
D) prejudice.

Question 40

_______________ help(s) us rationalize unequal status; _______________ help(s) justify the economic and social superiority of those who have wealth and power.

A) Prejudice; stereotypes
B) Stereotypes; prejudice
C) Unequal status; prejudice
D) Prejudice; unequal status

Question 41

Betsy and Tina, both third-graders in the same classroom, are assigned by their teacher to different groups that will compete in a spelling bee. Betsy and Tina each believe that their own group is composed of the better spellers. The girls' beliefs best illustrate

A) the just-world phenomenon.
B) ingroup bias.
C) the fundamental attribution error.
D) authoritarianism.

Question 42

Ingroup bias will result when the groups formed

A) share at least one demographic characteristic (e.g., racial identity).
B) share a birthday.
C) share the last digit in their social insurance number.
D) all of these choices.

Question 43

Patricia Devine suggests that even for the low-prejudice person, overcoming prejudice is like learning to

A) break a bad habit.
B) play a musical instrument.
C) write a novel.
D) walk a tightrope.

Question 44

A group that is perceived as distinctive from one's own group is generally called

A) an outgroup.
B) a low-status group.
C) a minimal group.
D) ingroup favouritism.

Question 45

Rich and Steve find out that they share the same birthday. Steve and Bill discover they're from the same hometown. Bill and Bob are both men. Which of these similarities is a sufficient basis for promoting ingroup bias?

A) sharing the same hometown
B) being of the same sex
C) none of them are sufficient to promote ingroup bias
D) all of them are sufficient for promoting ingroup bias

Question 46

The scapegoat theory is to the social identity theory as _____________________ is/are to ______________________.

A) feeling superior to others; frustration and aggression
B) frustration and aggression; feeling superior to others
C) prejudice; discrimination
D) discrimination; stereotypes

Question 47

The just-world assumption

A) takes into account uncontrollable factors and prevents discrimination.
B) discounts the uncontrollable factors that can derail one's efforts.
C) has nothing to do with discrimination.
D) has nothing to do with people's negative evaluations of others.

Question 48

Ingroup bias can be promoted

A) by the mere experience of people's being formed into groups.
B) only by the consistent lesson that other groups are inferior.
C) only by the repeated experience that one's ingroup is superior.
D) only by direct competition between ingroup and outgroups.

Question 49

The tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get is called

A) the justification effect.
B) the just-world phenomenon.
C) the peace phenomenon.
D) the fundamental attribution error.

Question 50

Olivia and Joanne are in a psychology experiment. The researcher divides the girls and the other participants into two groups, Team Y and Team Z, by the flip of a coin. Research suggest that dividing groups in the two teams with no logical basis will

A) produce strong ingroup bias and resulting overt between-group prejudice.
B) produce some ingroup bias as people define "us" versus "them" groups
C) not produce bias as there is no basis for the division.
D) not produce any prejudice at all.

Question 51

In ______________, prejudice is often greater among those low or slipping on the socioeconomic ladder and among those whose positive self-image is being threatened.

A) Europe
B) North America
C) Africa
D) Both A and B

Question 52

Which of 14-year-old Katya's following statements clearly reflects an aspect of her social identity?

A) "I am fun-loving."
B) "I want to be a social worker."
C) "I am Canadian."
D) all of these choices.

Question 53

According to Mikulincer and Shaver (2001), when the need to belong is met,

A) people are just as aggressive.
B) people are just as discriminating.
C) people become more accepting of outgroups.
D) Both A and B are correct.

Question 54

According to the text,

A) outgroup stereotypes prosper when people keenly feel their ingroup identity.
B) at a club meeting we sense most strongly our differences from those in another club.
C) when anticipating bias against our group we more strongly disparage the outgroup
D) all of these choices.

Question 55

According to social identity theory, people readily

A) categorize themselves and others.
B) identify with certain groups.
C) compare their group with other groups.
D) all of these choices.

Question 56

Women who are victims of sexual assault are often perceived as "to blame" in some way for what happened to them. This type of thinking reflects how our impressions can be shaped by

A) the just-world phenomenon.
B) the justification effect.
C) impression management theory.
D) antagonism management.

Question 57

Research suggests that we are most prone to ingroup bias when

A) the ingroup is lower in status than the outgroup.
B) one's self-esteem has just been threatened.
C) we identify very strongly with the ingroup.
D) all of these choices.

Question 58

Team spirit for the Edmonton Oilers is never as high as it is when they play their top rivals the Calgary Flames. According to your text, this type of ingroup bias most likely results because

A) we have a need to perceive our own group as good.
B) the fans are conflicted between good hockey and team loyalty.
C) the fans are conforming to group norms.
D) perception of a common enemy unites a group.

Question 59

According to researchers who study stereotyping, prejudicial reactions

A) are inevitable.
B) are not inevitable.
C) correlate with fatigue.
D) none of these choices.

Question 60

Meindl and Lerner found that ______________ provoked English-speaking Canadian students to express increased hostility toward French-speaking Canadians.

A) a happy event
B) an unhappy event
C) a humiliating experience
D) an uplifting experience

Question 61

According to the text, which of the following statements is true?

A) People always perceive differences among faces of those of another race.
B) People often attend to individual features when first looking at a face.
C) People are more attentive to individual details when looking at a face from their own racial group.
D) People are less attentive to individual details when looking at a face from their own racial group.

Question 62

According to the textbook, ______________ people assume that human traits are fixed dispositions, ______________.

A) the more; the stronger are their stereotypes.
B) the less; the stronger are their stereotypes.
C) the more; the stronger are their group-serving bias.
D) the less; the stronger are their linguistic intergroup bias.

Question 63

Distinctive people and vivid occurrences

A) fail to capture our attention and do not affect our judgment.
B) often capture our attention and distort judgments.
C) are not responsible for stereotyping.
D) both A and C.

Question 64

The proportion of Muslims in Canada demonstrates

A) how those in numerical minority are often overestimated by the majority.
B) how those in numerical minority are often underestimated by the majority.
C) how those in numerical majority are often overestimated by the majority.
D) None of the above choices.

Question 65

Although most suspects in cases of incest, child molestation, and sexual abuse are heterosexual males, the local newspaper omits the word "heterosexual" in any related headline. In contrast, whenever a self-described gay male is arrested for a crime, the headline proclaims "homosexual arrested" in the case. The resulting prejudice that gay males are more likely to commit violent crimes can in part be blamed on

A) illusory correlation.
B) ingroup bias.
C) outgroup homogeneity effects.
D) group-serving bias.

Question 66

The tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race is called

A) outward bias.
B) illusory correlation.
C) self-serving bias.
D) own-race bias.

Question 67

Langer and Imber found that

A) the extra attention we pay to distinctive people creates an illusion that they differ more from others than they really do.
B) the extra attention we pay to distinctive people breeds disliking.
C) the extra attention we pay to distinctive people breeds stereotyping.
D) both B and C.

Question 68

In general, the greater our familiarity with a social group, the more we see its

A) members as similar.
B) flaws rather than its strengths.
C) diversity.
D) strengths rather than its flaws.

Question 69

According to research by Blascovich and his colleagues (1997), racially prejudiced people categorize people by race ______________ non-prejudiced people.

A) faster than.
B) slower than.
C) at the same rate as.
D) None of these choices.

Question 70

Ed is talking to his friend about a girl he met, and describes her as sweet, caring, a hairdresser, and that she owns a tarantula. Which characteristic is Ed's friend most likely to remember about the girl?

A) how sweet she is
B) her caring personality
C) that she is a hairdresser
D) that she has a tarantula as a pet.

Question 71

The perception of outgroup members as more similar to one another than are ingroup members is called

A) self-perception.
B) racial categorization.
C) outgroup homogeneity effect.
D) homogeneity of variance.

Question 72

Wright and colleagues (2001) found that

A) we cannot perceive differences among faces of another race.
B) when looking at a face from another racial group, we often attend first to race rather than to individual features.
C) we are more race conscious and less attentive to individual details when viewing someone of our own race.
D) None of the above choices.

Question 73

Nelson and Miller found that if you tell people that someone is a skydiver and a tennis player, they are likely to think of that person as a

A) tennis player and a skydiver.
B) tennis player.
C) skydiver.
D) a distinctive individual.

Question 74

Stereotyping is more likely to occur when

A) we are not preoccupied.
B) we are not pressed for time.
C) we are tired.
D) we are not emotionally aroused.

Question 75

Hamilton and Rose's (1980) research in which students read sentences describing accountants, doctors, and salespeople reveals that

A) pre-existing stereotypes lead us to "see" correlations that do not exist.
B) vivid information is irrelevant to occupational stereotypes.
C) positive information is better remembered if it describes doctors.
D) distinctive information is ignored in forming impressions.

Question 76

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Stereotyped beliefs and prejudiced attitudes exist because of social conditioning.
B) Stereotyped beliefs and prejudiced attitudes exist because they enable people to displace hostilities.
C) Stereotyped beliefs and prejudiced attitudes exist as by-products of normal thinking processes.
D) All of these choices.

Question 77

In one study, students were told that various members of "Group A" or "Group B" did either something desirable or something undesirable. While many more statements described members of Group A than Group B, both groups were associated with nine desirable behaviours for every four undesirable behaviours. Results indicated

A) that students perceived members of Group B more negatively.
B) that students perceived members of Group A more negatively.
C) no differences in the students' perceptions of the groups.
D) that authoritarian students viewed Group A more negatively.

Question 78

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Categorization can provide useful information about people with minimum effort.
B) It is difficult to resist categorizing people into groups.
C) Categorization provides a cognitive foundation for prejudice.
D) All of these choices.

Question 79

Because we are sensitive to distinctive events, the simultaneous occurrence of two such events is especially noticeable. Our attentiveness to unusual occurrences can create

A) the group-serving bias.
B) authoritarianism.
C) the outgroup homogeneity effect.
D) illusory correlations.

Question 80

Some research suggests that people who are indifferent to social injustice are so because

A) they don't see injustice.
B) they have no concern for justice.
C) they don't see injustice and they have no concern for justice.
D) none of these choices.