Deck 17: Health,population,and Environment

Question 1

Which sociologist developed the concept of the sick role?

A)Émile Durkheim
B)Eliot Freidson
C)Karl Marx
D)Talcott Parsons

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Talcott Parsons believed physicians function as ________ for the sick role by verifying a patient's condition as illness or designating the patient as recovered.

A)functionalists
B)gatekeepers
C)negotiators
D)ambassadors

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which sociological perspective suggests that the term medicalization of society refers to the growing role of medicine as a major institution of social control?

A)functionalist perspective
B)conflict perspective
C)interactionist perspective
D)labeling perspective

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The concept of the sick role is associated with which perspective?

A)functionalist perspective
B)conflict perspective
C)interactionist perspective
D)global perspective

Question 5

In examining health,illness,and medicine as a social institution,which sociological perspective generally focuses on micro-level study of the roles played by health care professionals and patients?

A)functionalist perspective
B)conflict perspective
C)interactionist perspective
D)global perspective

Question 6

Which theoretical perspective views medicine as a form of social control?

A)functionalist perspective
B)conflict perspective
C)interactionist perspective
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 7

Just as police and judges can define certain people as criminal,so can health care professionals define who is "sick." This power is described by

A)the sick role.
B)medicalization.
C)labeling theory.
D)None of these answers is correct.

Question 8

The infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of infants under 1 year old per ________ live births in a given year.

A)100
B)1,000
C)10,000
D)100,000

Question 9

Your textbook refers to "a state of complete physical,mental,and social well-being,and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity" as

A)euphoria.
B)health.
C)happiness.
D)well-being.

Question 10

Out of the following nations,which has the highest infant mortality rate?

A)Canada
B)Japan
C)Sweden
D)United States

Question 11

Which of the following is a way in which medicine manifests its social control?

A)through a greatly expanded domain of expertise
B)by retaining absolute jurisdiction over many health care procedures
C)by spending more,comparably,on advertising
D)both through a greatly expanded domain of expertise and by retaining absolute jurisdiction over many health care procedures

Question 12

Social epidemiology is defined as the

A)total number of cases of a specific disorder that exist at a given time.
B)total number of communicable diseases that exist at a given time.
C)study of the distribution of disease,impairment,and general health status across a population.
D)total number of cases of infant deaths for a given population during a specific period of time.

Question 13

What term refers to the process of medical experts becoming influential in proposing and assessing relevant public policies?

A)medical matrix
B)medical model
C)medical maze
D)medical monolith

Question 14

Sociologist Talcott Parsons suggests that the doctor-patient relationship is somewhat like that between

A)parent and child.
B)peers.
C)teacher and students.
D)nurse and patient.

Question 15

Morbidity rates are the

A)incidence of diseases in a given population.
B)number of new cases of a specific disorder occurring within a given population during a stated period of time.
C)incidence of death in a given population.
D)total number of cases of a specific disorder that exist at a given time.

Question 16

Which sociological perspective would emphasize how inequalities in health care have clear life-and-death consequences for some due to the unequal distribution of resources?

A)functionalist perspective
B)conflict perspective
C)interactionist perspective
D)global perspective

Question 17

The medicalization of society refers to the

A)growing role of medicine as a major institution of social control.
B)dominance of hospitals by boards of directors with medical backgrounds.
C)election of medical specialists to high offices in government.
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 18

The immigration to the U.S.of skilled workers,professionals,and technicians who are desperately needed in their home countries is referred to as

A)medicalization.
B)techno-flow.
C)brain drain.
D)golden opportunity.

Question 19

An individual determines whether or not he or she is healthy based on

A)objective and agreed-upon criteria established by the medical community.
B)criteria established by themselves;their relatives,friends,and coworkers;and medical practitioners.
C)criteria established by the World Health Organization.
D)body temperature.

Question 20

Which sociologist has likened the position of medicine to that of state religions of yesterday,in that it has an officially approved monopoly of the right to define health and illness and to treat illness?

A)Émile Durkheim
B)Eliot Freidson
C)Karl Marx
D)Talcott Parsons

Question 21

In what year did the U.S.government enact both Medicare and Medicaid-two national health care programs receiving federal funding?

A)1945
B)1955
C)1965
D)1975

Question 22

Sociologist Howard Waitzkin suggested that racial tensions helped explain which of the following?

A)breast cancer
B)diabetes
C)hypertension
D)lung disease

Question 23

Which of the following influences fertility rates?

A)age of entry into sexual unions
B)use of contraception
C)religious values
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 24

Research in the United States and other countries has consistently shown that people in the lower classes have

A)lower mortality rates.
B)higher rates of mortality and disability.
C)lower rates of cancer and heart disease.
D)both higher rates of mortality and disability and lower rates of cancer and heart disease.

Question 25

In the view of which theorist do capitalist societies such as that of the United States care more about maximizing profits than they do about the health and safety of industrial workers?

A)Harold Garfinkel
B)Leonard Stein
C)Talcott Parsons
D)Karl Marx

Question 26

What organization,founded in 1848,began by attacking "lay" doctors and institutionalized its authority through standardized programs of education and licensing?

A)American Hospital Association (AHA)
B)American Medical Association (AMA)
C)American Association of Retired People (AARP)
D)Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)

Question 27

Which of the following is true of public perceptions about mental illness in the U.S.since 1950?

A)People have become less likely to associate "violence" with "mental illness."
B)The general public has become less sophisticated about mental illness.
C)People have turned more often to holistic remedies for mental illnesses.
D)The general public has become more open to disclosure,recognition,and response to mental health problems.

Question 28

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

A)has not changed to reflect changing attitudes toward mental illness.
B)is merely academic and does not influence treatment decisions.
C)is used to determine coverage for many mental health services.
D)is an objective and uncontroversial listing of diagnostic criteria.

Question 29

Mexican Americans may interpret their illnesses according to traditional practices and seek treatment in the form of curanderismo,which refers to

A)sweat lodges.
B)euthanasia.
C)folk medicine.
D)prayer.

Question 30

Mortality rates are the

A)incidence of diseases in a given population.
B)number of new cases of a specific disorder occurring within a given population during a stated period of time.
C)incidence of death in a given population.
D)total number of cases of a specific disorder that exist at a given time.

Question 31

Which psychiatrist stated that nurses are to perform their duties without challenging the authority of male doctors,a process referred to as the doctor-nurse game?

A)Sigmund Freud
B)Leonard Stein
C)Alfred Adler
D)William Glasser

Question 32

Which of the following has been a barrier for research on women's health?

A)Women do not want to be researched.
B)Women have often been excluded from medical studies.
C)Medical research is difficult to do on women.
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 33

As a result of a dramatic increase in Medicare costs,what did the federal government do in 1983?

A)introduced a price-control system
B)changed enrollment eligibility standards
C)ceased funding new patients
D)terminated payments to private hospitals

Question 34

Which type of medicine refers to therapies in which the health care practitioner considers the person's physical,mental,emotional,and spiritual characteristics?

A)traditional
B)Ayurveda
C)holistic
D)homeopathy

Question 35

What theoretical approach takes the stance that mental illness is rooted in biological causes?

A)interactionist perspective
B)conflict perspective
C)labeling theory
D)medical model

Question 36

In the United States,the fear of contracting AIDS has likely led to changes in sexual behavior among both homosexuals and heterosexuals.Which sociological perspective would focus on these changes in sexual relationships?

A)functionalist perspective
B)conflict perspective
C)interactionist perspective
D)feminist perspective

Question 37

The Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act of 2008

A)established the first federal role in treating mental illness.
B)established standard criteria for diagnosing mental disorders.
C)established government-sponsored community-based mental health centers.
D)required insurers to extend comparable benefits for mental and physical health care.

Question 38

What perspective maintains that the determination of mental illness is a distinctively social process whether or not there are medical or other issues involved?

A)interactionist perspective
B)conflict perspective
C)labeling perspective
D)medical perspective

Question 39

Which sociological perspective would be most likely to argue that policymakers have been slow to respond to the AIDS crisis because those in high-risk groups,such as gay men and intravenous drug users,are comparatively powerless?

A)functionalist perspective
B)conflict perspective
C)interactionist perspective
D)global perspective

Question 40

Which of the following is true about the health care Latinos receive?

A)Health care is poor due to cultural differences.
B)Latinos receive more preventive care from primary physicians.
C)Latinos are more likely to seek treatment in clinics and emergency rooms.
D)It is a myth that Latinos' cultural beliefs affect their use of the health care system.

Question 41

Who among the following suggested a capitalist system creates a "treadmill of production" because of its inherent need to build ever-expanding profits?

A)Karl Marx
B)Allan Schnaiberg
C)Rachel Carson
D)Paul Ehrlich

Question 42

Erin Brockovich,a movie that features Julia Roberts,examines a true-life event that revolved around environmental pollution in a working-class community by a major utility corporation that was apparently unconcerned about the long-term effects of the pollution on community residents.This movie illustrates which sociological concept?

A)environmental racism
B)environmental justice
C)demographic transition
D)demographic intransigence

Question 43

Who argued that the world's population was growing faster than its food supply and that a gap between food supply and population would continue to grow until it was insufficient to meet the needs of an expanding world population?

A)Thomas Malthus
B)Leonard Stein
C)Talcott Parsons
D)Thomas Szasz

Question 44

According to Marx,what was the main cause of society's social ills?

A)population growth
B)capitalism
C)urban crowding
D)socialism

Question 45

A legal strategy based on claims that racial minorities are subjected disproportionately to environmental hazards is referred to as

A)environmental prejudice.
B)treadmill production.
C)principled injustice.
D)environmental justice.

Question 46

Which environmentalist suggests the primary cause of environmental ills is the increasing use of technological innovations?

A)Karl Marx
B)Barry Commoner
C)Rachel Carson
D)Paul Ehrlich

Question 47

The view espoused by Paul Ehrlich and other like-minded theorists,that birth control and sensible use of resources are necessary to curb the rising world population,is best described as

A)Malthusian.
B)neo-Malthusian.
C)Marxist.
D)neo-Marxist.

Question 48

What was the cause of the baby boom in the United States after World War II?

A)soldiers returning home to spouses they hadn't seen in a long time
B)societal pressure on women to become mothers
C)high wages and prosperity
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 49

Which of the following is characteristic of a society with a stable population growth?

A)a smaller proportion of older people
B)a more volatile economy because of a loss of workforce
C)more married women in the workforce
D)a low median age,somewhere in the mid-30s

Question 50

Which critic of environmental policies notes that capitalist societies have increasing demands for products,for obtaining natural resources at minimal costs,and for manufacturing products as quickly and cheaply as possible-no matter what the long-term environmental consequences will be?

A)Karl Marx
B)Allan Schnaiberg
C)Rachel Carson
D)Paul Ehrlich

Question 51

What approach to the environment focuses on the alignment of environmentally favorable practices with economic self-interest through constant adaptation and restructuring?

A)human ecological model
B)conflict perspective
C)ecological modernization
D)environmental justice

Question 52

Which area of study is concerned with the interrelationships among people in their spatial setting and physical environment?

A)human relations approach
B)human ecology
C)activity theory
D)humanism

Question 53

Currently,which of the following accounts for more than half of the population growth in the United States?

A)legal immigration
B)high fertility rates
C)illegal immigration
D)increased life expectancy

Question 54

The scientific study of population is

A)morbidity.
B)demography.
C)mortality.
D)fertility.

Question 55

A nation's level of nutrition,its acceptance of immunization and sanitation,and its general commitment to health care and education are major factors in its

A)migration rate.
B)fertility rate.
C)mortality rate.
D)birthrate.

Question 56

The industrialized nations of North America and Europe account for only 12 percent of the world's population but are responsible for what percentage of the world's consumption?

A)30 percent
B)40 percent
C)50 percent
D)60 percent

Question 57

The changes in birthrates and death rates that occur during a nation's development are described as a

A)demographic transition.
B)population explosion.
C)population pyramid.
D)baby boom.

Question 58

Which of the following shows how a growing share of the human and natural resources of developing countries is being redistributed to the core industrialized nations?

A)interactionist perspective
B)human ecology
C)environmental justice
D)world systems analysis

Question 59

Who theorized that overpopulation was linked to the unequal distribution of resources?

A)Thomas Malthus
B)Allan Schnaiberg
C)Talcott Parsons
D)Karl Marx

Question 60

The primary mechanism of collecting population information is

A)the growth rate.
B)the total fertility rate.
C)the census.
D)vital statistics.

Question 61

The medical model of mental illness suggests that some behaviors that are viewed as mental illnesses may not really be illnesses.

Question 62

Despite the stigmatization of mental illness,more people are seeking mental health care and professional assistance than in the past.

Question 63

Which of the following describes an impact of globalization on the environment?

A)Globalization can create a race to the bottom,as polluting countries relocate to places without strict environmental standards.
B)As international barriers fall,multinational corporations have an incentive to consider the cost of natural resources.
C)Globalization allows multinationals to reap the resources of developing countries for short-term profit.
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 64

The morbidity rate is the rate of death in a given population.

Question 65

The acronym NIMBY stands for

A)"never intervening maliciously before yesterday."
B)"nuclear interests may bury you."
C)"not in my backyard."
D)None of these answers is correct.

Question 66

Which perspective would place a priority on the fact that many major environmental organizations accept funding from oil companies and chemical giants and as a result emphasize limited reform rather than profound structural change?

A)functionalist perspective
B)conflict perspective
C)interactionist perspective
D)feminist perspective

Question 67

Women have shorter life spans due to their lifestyle choices.

Question 68

Because of its accuracy in explaining population growth,the demographic transition should be regarded as the "law of population growth."

Question 69

Which group makes up 43% of the people in the U.S.who live within one mile of dangerous waste treatment,storage,and disposal facilities?

A)welfare recipients
B)African Americans
C)Latinos
D)non-Whites and Latinos

Question 70

The Exxon Valdez incident in 1989 illustrates the nature of

A)air pollution.
B)water pollution.
C)nuclear contamination.
D)land pollution.

Question 71

Which of the following most specifically describes the significant rise in the earth's surface temperature as a result of industrial gases?

A)global warming
B)climate change
C)greenhouse gasses
D)human ecology

Question 72

Younger people are more likely to be hospitalized than elderly people,due to the lifestyles and risks taken more often by young people compared to older people.

Question 73

Proponents of the labeling perspective maintain that mental illness is a distinctively social process.

Question 74

The irony of midwives is that they first brought professionalism to child delivery,yet today they are portrayed as invading the legitimate field of obstetrics.

Question 75

Medicine serves as an agent of social control by retaining absolute jurisdiction over many health care procedures.

Question 76

Culture contributes to differences in medical care and even how health is defined.

Question 77

What reason do skeptics of conflict-based explanations give for why 43 percent of the people who live within 1 mile of hazardous waste treatment facilities in the U.S.do so?

A)Racial and ethnic minorities possess less power than others.
B)Economics and discriminatory forces push them to live in these places.
C)They like to live there due to low housing prices.
D)They choose to live in these ecological oases.

Question 78

Patients' judgments regarding their own state of health may be related to their gender,age,social class,race,and ethnicity.

Question 79

To date,191 countries-not including the U.S.-are party to which agreement intended to reduce global emissions of heat-trapped gases?

A)NAFTA
B)IMF Relief Fund
C)Kyoto Protocol
D)Warsaw Pact

Question 80

Traditional medicine refers to therapies in which the health care practitioner considers the person's physical,mental,emotional,and spiritual characteristics.