Deck 9: Group Processes

Question 1

Majed is playing a "game" against Rejan,and he has to choose an option without knowing what Rejan will choose.Majed must choose how much money he will contribute to a common pot instead of putting it in his own account,when having X amount in the common pot will benefit both him and Rejan.This situation is called a(n):

A)commons dilemma.
B)Prisoner's Dilemma.
C)risky shift.
D)ultimatum game.

Answer 1

Prisoner's Dilemma.

Question 2

_____ is the degree to which a collection of people feels like a cohesive group.

A)Entitativity
B)Ingroup bias
C)Social facilitation
D)Social identity

Answer 2

Entitativity

Question 3

Ingroup bias is:

A)a tendency to self-enhance on traits associated with our group identity.
B)the need to reduce uncertainty.
C)the efforts groups use to resist change.
D)a tendency to favor groups we belong to over those we don't.

Answer 3

a tendency to favor groups we belong to over those we don't.

Question 4

According to the evolutionary perspective,people belong to groups because:

A)groups increase self-esteem.
B)groups provide feelings of certainty.
C)groups are central to the development and survival of our species.
D)groups promote entitativity.

Question 5

Social dilemmas result when people have to:

A)weigh their own self-interest against a larger goal.
B)choose between two groups.
C)choose between two uncertain goals.
D)decide between their own self-interest and the self-interest of their partner.

Question 6

Yusef is a soccer player who tends to want to be around other soccer players.He would much rather be around others who play soccer than others who play a different sport.This is an example of:

A)ingroup bias.
B)outgroup homogeneity.
C)entitativity.
D)uncertainty-identity theory.

Question 7

Research indicating that feelings of uncertainty increase identification with groups high in entitativity supports:

A)social dominance theory.
B)terror management theory.
C)system justification theory.
D)uncertainty-identity theory.

Question 8

When people are reminded of their mortality,they exhibit:

A)higher entitativity.
B)lower entitativity.
C)higher self-esteem.
D)lower self-esteem.

Question 9

A shared threat:

A)decreases perception of a common identity.
B)increases perception of a common identity.
C)has no influence on perception of a common identity.
D)decreases perceptions of a common bond.

Question 10

All of the members of a baseball team feel like the team is a very cohesive group.The baseball team is:

A)not a real group.
B)low in ingroup bias.
C)low in entitativity.
D)high in entitativity.

Question 11

People who are reminded of their death tend to do all of the following EXCEPT which one?

A)view the ingroup more favorably
B)view religious organizations more positively
C)view the ingroup as higher in cohesion
D)view the ingroup as lower in cohesion

Question 12

The _____ theory proposes that group identities are an important part of self-definition and self-esteem.

A)social dominance
B)system justification
C)social identity
D)ingroup bias

Question 13

Belonging to a group reduces uncertainty in all of the following ways EXCEPT which one?

A)reinforcing people's faith in their cultural worldview
B)prescribing norms
C)prescribing laws
D)providing roles

Question 14

The Prisoner's Dilemma is an example of:

A)an uncertainty threat.
B)system justification.
C)ingroup bias.
D)a social dilemma.

Question 15

Chen feels unclear about his future.According to _____,this feeling of ambiguity might increase Chen's identification with a group.

A)uncertainty-identity theory
B)terror management theory
C)system justification theory
D)social dominance theory

Question 16

All of the following are true about the evolutionary value of groups EXCEPT which statement?

A)Being in a group is crucial to survival of humans as a species.
B)People strongly identify with the family and cultural groups they were raised in.
C)People accomplish goals when working in groups that they might not be able to accomplish alone.
D)Through natural selection people have a learned desire to belong to a group.

Question 17

Sharing the same gender or race contributes to:

A)a common bond.
B)a common identity.
C)a collective.
D)communal sharing.

Question 18

_____ and _____ are features of groups that make them seem more cohesive.

A)Entitativity;common bond
B)Common bond;common identity
C)Entitativity;common identity
D)Uncertainty;common identity

Question 19

At the center of the Prisoner's Dilemma is:

A)trust.
B)self-esteem.
C)fear of death.
D)ingroup bias.

Question 20

_____ is at the heart of making cooperation succeed.

A)Success
B)Trust
C)Healthy completion
D)Risky behavior

Question 21

Hina says that she is just using a little water for her lawn and it won't violate the drought ban too much.This is an example of the:

A)Prisoner's Dilemma.
B)public goods dilemma.
C)distribution games.
D)commons dilemma.

Question 22

Jen is a professional ballet dancer.Having an audience watch her dance is most likely to:

A)enhance her performance.
B)impair her performance if the audience is small.
C)have no effect on her performance.
D)impair her performance if the audience is large.

Question 23

According to social facilitation theory,the presence of others will _____ performance on difficult tasks and _____ performance on simple tasks.

A)improve;impair
B)impair;improve
C)improve;not effect
D)not effect;improve

Question 24

Zajonc and his colleagues used cockroaches to study social facilitation.When other roaches were present the roaches would run faster down a straightaway to escape a bright light.They took longer in the presence of other roaches when they had to run a maze to escape light.This research supports the idea that:

A)the roaches experienced evaluation apprehension.
B)the presence of other same-species individuals elicits arousal.
C)the presence of others impedes the dominant response.
D)the presence of others enhances the nondominant response.

Question 25

When interacting with friends,people from collectivist cultures:

A)cooperate more than people from individualistic cultures.
B)cooperate less than people from individualistic cultures.
C)cooperate about the same as people from individualistic cultures.
D)do not cooperate at all.

Question 26

The personality trait that most consistently predicts cooperative and fair decisions is:

A)conscientiousness.
B)openness.
C)agreeableness.
D)introversion.

Question 27

According to _____,the presence of others will improve performance on simple tasks.

A)social facilitation theory
B)system justification theory
C)social identity theory
D)relative depravation theory

Question 28

_____ is the theory that the presence of others increases a person's dominant response in a performance situation.

A)System justification theory
B)Social facilitation theory
C)Social identity theory
D)Terror management theory

Question 29

Perceiving more trust coming from others:

A)increases activation in the anterior insula.
B)decreases activation in the anterior insula.
C)increases oxytocin.
D)decreases oxytocin.

Question 30

Research found that when Chinese Americans were primed to think about their Chinese identity,they became:

A)more cooperative when playing with friends and strangers.
B)more cooperative when playing with strangers but not with friends.
C)more cooperative when playing with friends but not with strangers.
D)less cooperative when playing with friends.

Question 31

Social loafing is a tendency to:

A)cooperate with others on shared goals.
B)exert more effort when performing as part of a group.
C)exert less effort when performing as part of a group.
D)compete with others on shared goals.

Question 32

The dominant response is the response that:

A)occurs when people cooperate.
B)occurs when people compete.
C)is most likely when people are rewarded for competition.
D)is most likely for a person in a particular task.

Question 33

All of the following are true about the fairness norm EXCEPT which statement?

A)The norm for fairness is evident in primates.
B)Fair treatment has evolutionary value.
C)Agrarian cultures where interactions are face to face are the most cooperative.
D)Large societies rely on the norm of fairness more than small-scale societies.

Question 34

The presence of other people will increase performance for:

A)Alisha on her first day on the job,when learning a task in front of her team.
B)Tom,who is washing his bike in front of his neighbors.
C)Lola Bea,who is learning new dance moves as her team watches.
D)Alan,who is learning a difficult basketball maneuver with his team.

Question 35

Assume that you are learning a new computer program and several of your classmates gather round to watch you figure out the program.If you are _____ computer programmer,you would ____ because of the arousing effects of them watching.

A)an excellent;complete the task quickly
B)an excellent;perform poorly on the task
C)mediocre;complete the task quickly
D)poor;increase your performance

Question 36

In the _____ game Jax is assigned the role of the decider.He has a sum of money that he can decide either to keep to himself or to divide with another person.

A)ultimatum
B)public goods
C)dictator
D)commons

Question 37

The commons dilemma involves:

A)trust of partners.
B)success of both partners.
C)competition for scarce resources.
D)equity of scarce resources.

Question 38

Ariel is engaging in a task while her teammates watch.Her heart rate is increasing and her arteries are constricting.From this profile we can infer that Ariel's task is:

A)well practiced.
B)neither easy or difficult.
C)easy.
D)difficult.

Question 39

In distribution games,people tend to:

A)give more money away than they keep.
B)keep more money than they give away.
C)keep all the money.
D)distribute money equally.

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT a reason why other people create arousal in us?

A)distraction
B)personality
C)mere presence
D)narcissism

Question 41

Which of the following variables has been shown to promote deindividuation?

A)high self-awareness
B)high self-monitoring
C)high cognitive load
D)high self-regulation

Question 42

When assigning group projects,teachers should be sure to monitor individual performance as a way to:

A)decrease social loafing.
B)increase social loafing.
C)decrease ingroup bias.
D)decrease cooperation.

Question 43

_____ is a tendency for group discussion to shift group members toward an extreme position.

A)Social facilitation
B)Group polarization
C)Ingroup bias
D)Social loafing

Question 44

All of the following are true about deindividuation EXCEPT which statement?

A)Overstimulation can contribute to deindividuation.
B)When physically aroused,people are more likely to experience deindividuation.
C)Deindividuation always leads to negative behaviors.
D)Feelings of anonymity contribute to deindividuation.

Question 45

Stoner conducted an experiment where participants read scenarios describing people making decisions.One scenario described a man deciding between taking a new high-paying job with the possibility of it not lasting long (risky condition)or keeping his current low-paying but stable job (conservative condition).After reading the scenario,participants were asked how they personally would decide and then asked to discuss the scenarios in a group and come to a joint decision.The results indicated:

A)the group made a riskier decision.
B)the group made a more conservative decision.
C)the group failed to reach a decision.
D)social loafing occurred and no decision was reached.

Question 46

The opposite of heightened self-awareness is:

A)ingroup bias.
B)social facilitation.
C)social loafing.
D)deindividuation.

Question 47

_____ most applies when people are performing in front of others and _____ most applies when people are performing with others.

A)Social loafing;social facilitation
B)Social facilitation;social loafing
C)Social loafing;social bias
D)Social bias;social facilitation

Question 48

Research has shown that if all things are equal,_____ from _____ cultures are the most likely to socially loaf.

A)men;Western
B)women;Western
C)men;East Asian
D)women;East Asian

Question 49

Adair feels like her efforts will not significantly impact the outcome of her group task.Adair is:

A)less likely to engage in social loafing.
B)less likely to cooperate.
C)more likely to engage in social loafing.
D)more likely to cooperate.

Question 50

All of the following are reasons for social loafing EXCEPT which one?

A)arousal due to the presence of others
B)not feeling their efforts are important for group outcomes
C)feeling less accountable
D)belief that others will hold back their efforts

Question 51

Two processes that detract from the quality of group decision-making are:

A)social loafing and groupthink.
B)social loafing and social facilitation.
C)deindividuation and group polarization.
D)group polarization and groupthink.

Question 52

_____ is the tendency to lose one's sense of individuality when in a group or crowd.

A)Ingroup bias
B)Social facilitation
C)Social loafing
D)Deindividuation

Question 53

Research shows that killing and torturing captives is more common in cultures in which warriors tend to hide their identities.This research provides support for the idea of:

A)ingroup bias.
B)social facilitation.
C)social loafing.
D)deindividuation.

Question 54

The number one reason that people engage in social loafing is:

A)arousal due to the presence of others.
B)not feeling their efforts are important for group outcomes.
C)feeling less accountable.
D)belief that others will hold back their efforts.

Question 55

If you know that others in your group are going to try hard,then that should:

A)decrease your social loafing.
B)increase your social loafing.
C)increase competition.
D)have no effect on group behavior.

Question 56

When group tasks are _____,the _____ skilled members of the group make the greatest effort.

A)conjunctive;least
B)disjunctive;least
C)conjunctive;most
D)unfair;least

Question 57

All of the following decrease social loafing EXCEPT which one?

A)feeling personally accountable
B)knowing others are going to put forth a lot of effort
C)feeling like the task is personally meaningless
D)feeling indispensable

Question 58

In _____ tasks,the most skilled members of the group determine the outcome.

A)competitive
B)cooperative
C)disjunctive
D)conjunctive

Question 59

Shi is moderately religious,but when she spent time discussing religion with other moderately religious people,her religious beliefs intensified.This example illustrates:

A)social loafing.
B)social facilitation.
C)deindividuation.
D)group polarization.

Question 60

Phil does not work as hard as he could when he is working with others.Phil might be engaging in:

A)social loafing.
B)terror management.
C)social facilitation.
D)ingroup bias.

Question 61

All of the following strategies help improve group decision-making EXCEPT which one?

A)increasing group diversity
B)decreasing group diversity
C)decreasing the emphasis on group cohesiveness
D)encouraging individuality

Question 62

Designating a group member to play "devil's advocate" or to seek out flaws in the group's reasoning would:

A)decrease groupthink.
B)increase groupthink.
C)increase social loafing.
D)decrease social loafing.

Question 63

Groupthink is more likely to happen when a group is highly:

A)cohesive.
B)task-oriented.
C)performance-oriented.
D)motivated.

Question 64

A college's board of trustees has tentatively been considering a tuition increase.Following their last meeting,they are now strongly in favor of raising tuition.This is an example of:

A)deindividuation.
B)group polarization.
C)groupthink.
D)social loafing.

Question 65

Research suggests that when group members think about themselves as individuals prior to group discussions:

A)group polarization is increased.
B)group polarization is decreased.
C)groupthink is increased.
D)ingroup bias is increased.

Question 66

Groupthink affects decision-making by:

A)increasing the likelihood of social loafing.
B)increasing the likelihood that the group will not consider alternative perspectives.
C)decreasing the fear of death.
D)decreasing the likelihood that the group will forget about the risks of their actions.

Question 67

_____ explains group polarization as being the result of normative social influence.

A)Social facilitation theory
B)Social comparison theory
C)Persuasive arguments theory
D)Social loafing theory

Question 68

Group discussion is more likely to result in polarized positions when group members are highly motivated to present themselves positively to other group members.This phenomenon is explained by:

A)terror management theory.
B)social comparison theory.
C)social identity theory.
D)system justification theory.

Question 69

Derrian is a leader who is more concerned with getting the job done than with the feelings of the workers.Derrian is a _____ leader.

A)task-oriented
B)relationship-oriented
C)charismatic
D)transactional

Question 70

When groupthink happens,people may hold dissenting views but not speak up.This creates the:

A)illusion of invulnerability.
B)illusion of unanimity.
C)illusion of infallibility.
D)consensus.

Question 71

Making individuals feel personally responsible for any decision a group makes:

A)increases ingroup bias.
B)decreases system justification.
C)decreases groupthink.
D)increases uncertainty.

Question 72

Better group decisions are made when:

A)the group becomes highly cohesive.
B)the group is composed primarily of like-minded individuals.
C)group members share constructive criticism.
D)group members focus on maintaining group harmony.

Question 73

Mitch is primarily concerned with his workers' feelings and their relationships with one another.Mitch is a _____ leader.

A)task-oriented
B)relationship-oriented
C)charismatic
D)transactional

Question 74

The persuasive arguments theory explains group polarization via the concept of _____,while social comparison theory explains group polarization via the concept of _____.

A)deindividuation;ingroup bias
B)informational influence;normative social influence
C)normative social influence;informational social influence
D)ingroup bias;deindividuation

Question 75

Limited research shows that effective leaders tend to be high in all of the following traits EXCEPT which one?

A)openness to new experiences
B)conscientiousness
C)agreeableness
D)extraversion

Question 76

Kumar,sitting on a university committee deliberating over a proposed tuition increase,has made up his mind about the issue.However,during the discussion Kumar thinks that he will see how others feel,because he doesn't want them to think he is too radical.Kumar best illustrates the _____ interpretation of group polarization.

A)persuasive arguments
B)risky shift
C)social comparison
D)social loafing

Question 77

_____ is the tendency toward flawed group decision-making when group members are so intent on preserving group harmony that they fail to analyze a problem completely.

A)Social identity
B)Ingroup bias
C)System justification
D)Groupthink

Question 78

In the social comparison interpretation,group polarization happens because people can present themselves more _____ by taking a slightly more _____ position.

A)positively;cautious
B)negatively;risky
C)positively;extreme
D)negatively;conservative

Question 79

The most effective leaders:

A)are high in extraversion and conscientiousness.
B)focus on equity and fairness.
C)focus on the group goals.
D)focus on the needs of group members.

Question 80

The Bay of Pigs invasion and the Challenger disaster are examples of:

A)group polarization
B)deindividuation
C)groupthink
D)social loafing