Deck 11: Responding to and Reducing Prejudice

Question 1

When Jada interacts with white individuals,she suspects that their perceptions of her are based solely on her being African American.Jada is probably high in:

A)disidentification.
B)self-objectification.
C)stereotype threat.
D)stigma consciousness.

Answer 1

stigma consciousness.

Question 2

Sinclair and colleagues conducted a study where women had a casual conversation with a male student whom they believed had sexist or nonsexist views about women.The results found that:

A)women who were high in affiliative motivation acted more stereotypically feminine during a conversation with a man they believed held sexist views of women.
B)women who were high in affiliative motivation acted less stereotypically feminine during a conversation with a man they believed held sexist views of women.
C)women who were high in affiliative motivation acted more stereotypically feminine during a conversation with a man they believed held nonsexist views of women.
D)women who were high in affiliative motivation acted less stereotypically feminine during a conversation with a man they believed held nonsexist views of women.

Answer 2

women who were high in affiliative motivation acted more stereotypically feminine during a conversation with a man they believed held sexist views of women.

Question 3

Women who report being frequent targets of sexism:

A)show a greater physiological response when they believe they have not personally been targeted by bias.
B)show a greater physiological response when they believe they have been personally targeted by bias.
C)report an indifference toward bias.
D)show a greater psychological response but not physiological response when they believe they have been targeted by bias.

Answer 3

show a greater physiological response when they believe they have been personally targeted by bias.

Question 4

When asked to describe themselves,students from an ethnic minority are:

A)equally likely to mention their group identity as students from the ethnic majority.
B)less likely to mention their group identity than students from the ethnic majority.
C)more likely to mention their group identity than students from the ethnic majority.
D)unlikely to mention any group membership.

Question 5

All of the following are true EXCEPT which statement?

A)Stereotypes are schemas that help social interactions run smoothly.
B)Social interactions tend to be better when individuals confirm each other's expectations.
C)People want to interact with others who self-stereotype.
D)People are less motivated to get along with someone who stereotypes them.

Question 6

When people are conscious of being stigmatized,they:

A)become less vigilant to signs of prejudice.
B)become more vigilant to signs of prejudice.
C)are less willing to cooperate with others.
D)are more willing to cooperate with others.

Question 7

All of the following are true about self-objectification EXCEPT which statement?

A)Idealized images of women's bodies promote self-objectification.
B)Self-objectification increases self-disgust.
C)Self-objectification can interfere with cognitive performance.
D)Self-objectification only affects white women.

Question 8

Studies on the effects of stereotypic expectations have shown that teachers' stereotypic expectations of their students:

A)had no effect on actual student performance.
B)changed student behavior such that students performed in line with stereotypes.
C)changed student behavior such that students performed counter to stereotypes.
D)changed student behavior such that all students performed more poorly.

Question 9

Michelle Obama has stated that when she was a student at Princeton she felt as if white students assessed her first as being black and second as a student.This is an example of:

A)master status.
B)stereotype threat.
C)person-group discrepancy.
D)disidentification.

Question 10

A research study found that women expecting to interact with sexist men were:

A)quicker to detect sexism-related words during a computer task.
B)slower to detect sexism-related words during a computer task.
C)unable to detect sexism-related words during a computer task.
D)less likely to judge ambiguous facial expressions as showing criticism.

Question 11

The tendency for people to estimate that they personally experience less discrimination than is faced by the average member of their group is called:

A)stereotype threat.
B)disidentification.
C)common ingroup identity.
D)person-group discrimination discrepancy.

Question 12

Lisa believes that her most defining attributes relate to her physical attractiveness.Lisa is high in:

A)stereotype threat.
B)ingroup bias.
C)disidentification.
D)self-objectification.

Question 13

Experiencing prejudice is especially likely to lead to negative psychological effects such as depression when people:

A)blame themselves for their stigma.
B)blame others for their stigma.
C)are unaware that they are being stigmatized.
D)do not perceive negative outcomes as being the result of prejudice.

Question 14

All of the following are true about prejudice EXCEPT which statement?

A)Members of a minority group are sensitive to perceiving bias.
B)Minority group members may have a perception that they are only seen in terms of a stigmatizing attribute.
C)Minority group members may have an expectation of being perceived by others in terms of their group membership.
D)People may become vigilant to signs of prejudice when they are aware of being stigmatized.

Question 15

_____ is a phenomenon whereby intense cultural scrutiny of the female body leads many girls and women to view themselves as objects to be looked at and judged.

A)Self-objectification
B)Stereotype threat
C)Stigma consciousness
D)Disidentification

Question 16

It is common for people to estimate that they personally experience:

A)little to no discrimination.
B)less discrimination than the average member of their group.
C)more discrimination than the average member of their group.
D)an unbearable amount of discrimination.

Question 17

Research shows that when Native American children and young adults are primed with Native American-themed sports mascot images:

A)their self-esteem increases.
B)their self-esteem decreases.
C)they feel better about their community.
D)they imagine themselves achieving more in the future.

Question 18

_____ is the expectation of being perceived by other people,particularly those in the majority group,in terms of one's group membership.

A)Stereotype threat
B)Disidentification
C)Stigma consciousness
D)Master status

Question 19

Amuchu scores high in _____,so we can conclude that his interactions with others will go poorly.

A)stereotype threat
B)disidentification
C)stigma consciousness
D)master status

Question 20

_____ is the perception that a person will be seen only in terms of a stigmatizing attribute rather than as the total self.

A)Master status
B)Stereotype threat
C)Stigma consciousness
D)Disidentification

Question 21

Sarina is the only woman in an advanced college math class.If a negative stereotype about women's math ability is made salient during an exam,Sarina's performance could be influenced by:

A)self-objectification.
B)stereotype threat.
C)disidentification.
D)ingroup bias.

Question 22

_____ is the concern that one might do something to confirm a negative stereotype about one's group,either in one's own eyes or in the eyes of someone else.

A)Master status
B)Stereotype threat
C)Stigma consciousness
D)Disidentification

Question 23

Stereotype threat has been studied primarily as an explanation for long-standing group differences in:

A)personality.
B)motivation.
C)performance.
D)intelligence.

Question 24

All of the following are ways to cope with stereotype threat and social identity threat EXCEPT which option?

A)accept the stereotype and work hard to overcome it
B)reappraise the anxiety resulting from the stereotype
C)identify with positive role models
D)self-affirmation

Question 25

Stereotype threat is felt most acutely among those who:

A)are not part of a stigmatized group.
B)are not aware of a stereotype about their group.
C)care the most about being successful.
D)do not perceive the task as a diagnostic measure.

Question 26

Which of the following is a way to change or reduce stereotypes?

A)behaving in ways that confirm the stereotype
B)ignoring the stereotype
C)making jokes about stereotypes
D)providing role models that do not support the stereotype

Question 27

_____ is the process of disinvesting in any area in which one's group traditionally has been underrepresented or negatively stereotyped.

A)Stereotype threat
B)Disidentification
C)Social identity threat
D)Stereotype lift

Question 28

Research on identification with role models suggests that having a female calculus professor can:

A)increase the confidence of female students.
B)decrease the confidence of female students.
C)increase the confidence of male students.
D)decrease the confidence of male students.

Question 29

Jenny always enjoyed computer programming,but she has decided that she does not want to be a computer scientist because she feels she would not fit in with other computer scientists.Jenny's decision to opt out of pursuing her interest in computer science is an example of:

A)self-objectification.
B)stereotype lift.
C)disidentification.
D)ingroup bias.

Question 30

Instructing people to reappraise anxiety as a normal part of test-taking:

A)increases the effects of stereotype threat.
B)leads to disidentifying with academics.
C)decreases the effects of stereotype threat.
D)increases test anxiety.

Question 31

_____ is the feeling that your group simply is not valued in a domain and that you do not belong in that domain.

A)Stereotype threat
B)Stereotype confirmation
C)Social identity threat
D)Stereotype lift

Question 32

Stereotype threat:

A)depletes cognitive resources.
B)increases self-esteem.
C)typically improves performance.
D)has not been tested experimentally.

Question 33

_____ is a performance boost that is the result of being reminded of a positive stereotype about oneself.

A)Stereotype threat
B)Stereotype confirmation
C)Empowerment
D)Stereotype lift

Question 34

Teaching people that test anxiety is normal for everyone:

A)improves performance on tests.
B)leads to more anxiety.
C)has no effect on test performance.
D)decreases self-esteem.

Question 35

Tony is an African American who has decided that school is not that important,as a result of repeatedly experiencing stereotype threat.This is an example of:

A)self-objectification.
B)stereotype threat.
C)disidentification.
D)ingroup bias.

Question 36

Stereotype threat is most likely to impair performance under all the following EXCEPT which condition?

A)The stigmatized identity is made salient in the situation.
B)The task is described as a diagnostic measure of ability.
C)Individuals are implicitly reminded of the stereotype.
D)Individuals are led to believe there will be a comparative factor with regard to the task.

Question 37

Cohen and colleagues had students write about either a personally cherished value or a value that some might care about but was not central to them.Grades were then tracked.The researchers found that:

A)white students were less likely to earn low grades when they affirmed their values.
B)white students were more likely to earn low grades when they affirmed their values.
C)black students were less likely to earn low grades when they affirmed their values.
D)black students were more likely to earn low grades when they affirmed their values.

Question 38

Research on stereotype threat found that:

A)white students performed significantly worse on verbal problems when those problems were described as being diagnostic of intelligence.
B)Asian students performed significantly worse on verbal problems when those problems were described as being diagnostic of intelligence.
C)black students performed significantly worse on verbal problems when those problems were described as being diagnostic of intelligence.
D)there was no differences between students on verbal problems when those problems were described as being diagnostic of intelligence.

Question 39

Janell is a minority student at the university.Her classmates accuse her of "acting white." This is an example of the effects of:

A)social identity threat.
B)stereotype lift.
C)empowerment.
D)stereotype threat.

Question 40

People who confront prejudice are often viewed by others:

A)as helpful.
B)positively.
C)negatively.
D)as honest.

Question 41

All of the following are true about being in a racist or sexist situation EXCEPT which statement?

A)People typically get a boost in self-esteem when they confront someone being racist or sexist.
B)People who confront someone being racist or sexist often face anger and dislike from others.
C)Those who do the confronting are often viewed negatively.
D)Expressions of prejudice can rub off on the observer.

Question 42

When there is a change in behavior it can also lead to a change in attitude.This is the basic premise of:

A)self-affirmation theory.
B)attributional ambiguity.
C)social identity threat.
D)cognitive dissonance theory.

Question 43

Claire was passed over for a promotion at work but is unsure if this was the result of discrimination or if she was simply not the best candidate for the job.Claire's uncertainty is the result of:

A)self-objectification.
B)attributional ambiguity.
C)self-affirmation.
D)disidentification.

Question 44

The more interaction and civil behavior there is toward outgroups,the more attitudes tend to change and fall in line with the behavior.This is consistent with:

A)self-affirmation theory.
B)attributional ambiguity.
C)social identity threat.
D)cognitive dissonance theory.

Question 45

Research found that _____ can make white American participants more empathetic to concerns about prejudice voiced by Arab Americans.

A)mortality salience
B)self-affirmation
C)stereotype threat
D)ingroup bias

Question 46

Research found that the majority of women put in a situation where male group members are making sexist remarks:

A)confront the male making the remark.
B)talk to a male in the group they believe will be empathetic to them.
C)talk to an assertive female in the group about what to do.
D)do nothing at all.

Question 47

Research found that when black college freshmen expected others to have racial biases against them,they:

A)disclosed more information about themselves to their white dormitory roommates.
B)disclosed less information about themselves to their white dormitory roommates.
C)refused to interact with members of another race.
D)became confrontational toward members of another race.

Question 48

_____ represents the idea that people can offset the negative consequences of being targeted by discrimination by feeling a strong sense of identification with their stigmatized group.

A)Rejection identification theory
B)Disidentification
C)Ingroup bias
D)Self-affirmation theory

Question 49

To reduce the negative psychological effects of negative stereotypes,individuals can do all of the following EXCEPT which action?

A)devalue the domain where they have experienced discrimination
B)create a group identity opposite to that of the majority group
C)blame the bias and not the self
D)compensate

Question 50

A benefit of attributional ambiguity is that it:

A)shifts the focus of negative feelings onto the biases of others.
B)is self-affirming.
C)demonstrates that discrimination rarely happens.
D)affirms our own biases.

Question 51

An oppositional culture results when members of a:

A)majority group strive to make their group exclusive.
B)minority group disidentify with their own group.
C)minority group create a group identity that opposes the majority group.
D)majority group oppose prejudice.

Question 52

Which of the following examples best represents an oppositional culture?

A)women nursing students who identify as "helpers"
B)men who identify as computer "geeks"
C)black students who perceive doing well in school as "acting white"
D)black students who identify as athletes

Question 53

_____ is a model suggesting that targets of bias can employ strategies that deflect discrimination,as long as those methods aren't perceived as confrontational.

A)Terror management theory
B)The social identity model
C)Stereotype threat
D)The target empowerment model

Question 54

One of the great challenges in reducing prejudice lies in changing the:

A)norms of a culture.
B)self-esteem of individuals.
C)personality of individuals.
D)feelings of the targets of prejudice.

Question 55

All of the following are difficulties of combating prejudice EXCEPT which statement?

A)People may not even be aware that they have prejudices.
B)People worry that others will think negatively of them if they change their views.
C)Prejudice allows people to displace their hostility.
D)Prejudice is part of people's psychological security.

Question 56

All of the following are described in the text as ways people minimize their experience of prejudice in social interactions EXCEPT which one?

A)concealment
B)compensation
C)social support
D)avoidance

Question 57

Which of the following theories helps explain why members of a stigmatized group often band together?

A)self-objectification theory
B)rejection identification theory
C)terror management theory
D)self-affirmation theory

Question 58

Research shows that when people try to compensate for negative stereotypes,all of the following may be experienced EXCEPT which option?

A)an increase in cognitive load leaving them cognitively exhausted
B)feeling inauthentic
C)feeling embarrassed for compensating
D)a disruption in the flow of social interactions

Question 59

_____ is a phenomenon whereby members of stigmatized groups often can be uncertain whether negative experiences are based on their own actions or abilities or are the result of prejudice.

A)Disidentification
B)Ingroup bias
C)Self-objectification
D)Attributional ambiguity

Question 60

Jaylen is a gay youth who strongly identifies with other gay individuals and works with other gay youth at a food pantry for individuals suffering from HIV.According to _____ theory,Jaylen is offsetting the negative consequences of being discriminated against for being gay.

A)terror management
B)self-objectification
C)self-affirmation
D)rejection identification

Question 61

All of the following are true about prejudice EXCEPT which statement?

A)It is often reinforced by a long history of socialization.
B)It can come to mind easily.
C)An awareness of biases needs to exist to help control prejudice.
D)External motivation is better than internal for reducing prejudice.

Question 62

According to the dual process approach to prejudice:

A)people first employ a reflective strategy to call their attitudes to mind.
B)people first work hard to call their biases to mind.
C)people bring to mind biased attitudes automatically.
D)people think about their past behaviors.

Question 63

In the dual process approach,people's biased attitudes are brought to mind through a(n)_____ process,and then people employ a(n)_____ process to regulate how the thoughts affect behavior.

A)cognitive;experiential
B)experiential;cognitive
C)reflective;experiential
D)reflective;cognitive

Question 64

Bartholow and colleagues examined electrical signals emitted from the brain,indicating cognitive control.Their study found:

A)white participants presented with pictures of black targets had more of these signals and lower accessibility of stereotypic thoughts.
B)white participants presented with pictures of black targets had less of these signals and lower accessibility of stereotypic thoughts.
C)white participants presented with pictures of black targets had more of these signals and higher accessibility of stereotypic thoughts.
D)white participants presented with pictures of black targets had less of these signals and higher accessibility of stereotypic thoughts.

Question 65

If a group is associated less with negative outcomes for that group,which of the following is true?

A)The group is thought about even less.
B)The group's self-esteem is even lower.
C)The group gets evaluated more positively.
D)There is no change in the views of others.

Question 66

If people believe that people in general will disapprove of their biases:

A)they are less likely to express their prejudices publicly.
B)they are more likely to challenge others.
C)they are more likely to confront others.
D)they are more likely to change both their public and private views.

Question 67

A field experiment in Rwanda exposed people to one of two radio shows over a year.People listened to either a soap opera with health messages or a soap opera with themes of reducing intergroup prejudice.The results indicated:

A)the type of show made no difference in attitudes toward interracial marriage.
B)those exposed to the show with health messages showed negative attitudes toward interracial marriage.
C)those exposed to the show with health messages showed more positive attitudes toward interracial marriage.
D)those exposed to the show about reducing prejudice showed more positive attitudes toward interracial marriage.

Question 68

White individuals taking the implicit association test,who associated "black American" with "bad," showed _____ when looking at black faces for 30 milliseconds.

A)lower activation of the amygdala
B)higher activation of the amygdala
C)increased DLPFC activation
D)decreased DLPFC activation

Question 69

White individuals taking the implicit association test,who associated "black American" with "bad," showed _____ when looking at black faces for 250 milliseconds.

A)lower activation of the amygdala
B)higher activation of the amygdala
C)increased DLPFC activation
D)decreased DLPFC activation

Question 70

According to the dual process approach to prejudice,Process 1 happens:

A)after thoughtful deliberation.
B)when people are with members of their own group.
C)quickly and automatically.
D)when people disidentify with their groups.

Question 71

According to the dual process approach to prejudice,Process 1 involves:

A)reflexive processes.
B)reflective processes.
C)coordinated processes.
D)physiological processes.

Question 72

Who is more likely to keep their biases from influencing their judgments and decisions?

A)Chu,who worries about being politically correct
B)Majed,who wants to avoid making others angry
C)Rejan,who wants to be a good person
D)Jaylen,who wants to make his new boss happy

Question 73

The _____ states that biased attitudes are quickly and automatically brought to mind,and then people use a reflective process to control how these thoughts affect their behavior.

A)self-perception theory
B)self-affirmation theory
C)cognitive dissonance theory
D)dual-process approach

Question 74

All of the following are true about controlling biases EXCEPT which statement?

A)Controlling biases requires an awareness that a person has biases.
B)Individuals must be motivated to control biases.
C)Motivation to control biases can stem from different goals.
D)Motivation to control biases stems from external pressures.

Question 75

Research indicates that alcohol makes people:

A)more prejudiced.
B)have lower self-esteem.
C)more able to control stereotypic thinking.
D)less able to control stereotypic thinking.

Question 76

It is possible to increase intrinsic motivation to control prejudice by:

A)stressing the need for cooperation.
B)stressing the need for competition.
C)helping people increase their self-esteem.
D)teaching people how to refocus their attributions.

Question 77

When a person consumed alcohol,_____ electrical signals were emitted from the brain,indicating cognitive control.

A)fewer
B)more
C)higher wavelength
D)lower wavelength

Question 78

All of the following are limitations people face when trying to control their biases EXCEPT which statement?

A)They are upset.
B)They are low in self-esteem.
C)They are tired.
D)They are cognitively busy.

Question 79

In situations in which people are aroused or upset:

A)cognitive control is impaired.
B)cognitive control is improved.
C)self-esteem is decreased.
D)self-esteem is increased.

Question 80

Research shows that the more people are exposed to counterstereotypic fictional examples of minority groups:

A)the less automatic the activation of stereotyped associations.
B)the greater the prime for stereotypical feelings.
C)the more easily they can disregard the counterstereotypic examples.
D)the more they engage in subtle prejudice.