Deck 14: The Architects of Change: Reconstructing Society

Question 1

A steady rise in Earth's average temperature as a result of increasing amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is called

A)global climate change.
B)environmental subterfuge.
C)toxic pollution.
D)natural selection.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Societies with economies based on information,knowledge,and service industries rather than agriculture or manufacturing,are known as

A)agrarian societies.
B)industrial societies.
C)postindustrial societies.
D)subterrial societies.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

According to resource mobilization theory,the element that is most important to the success of a social movement is

A)large amounts of money.
B)celebrity endorsement.
C)effective organization.
D)affiliation with political figures.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Young children in the United States are now encouraged to specialize in a particular sport-like baseball-early on.One result of specialization is

A)children are more prone to injury.
B)children become obese.
C)children's athletic and physical abilities are,generally,more well-rounded.
D)children's grades in physical education classes or gym fall.

Question 5

Which of the following terms best describes the United States and other technologically advanced nations?

A)industrial
B)pastoral
C)postindustrial
D)preindustrial

Question 6

Conservative countermovements of the 1980s blamed the women's movements of the 1960s and 1970s for

A)increases in divorce rates.
B)the weakening of families.
C)the unhappiness of women.
D)All of the above

Question 7

Gestational mother,social mother,and genetic mother are roles involved in which childbearing arrangement?

A)adoption
B)in vitro fertilization
C)genetic engineering
D)surrogacy

Question 8

The U.S.women's movement in the 1970s is an example of a

A)reform movement.
B)countermovement.
C)revolutionary movement.
D)political opportunity structure.

Question 9

What is the sociological message of the Jonathan Simms case?

A)Individuals can overcome bureaucratic obstacles.
B)Rapid change or traumatic events disrupt social norms.
C)Poor parenting can have detrimental consequences for children in our society.
D)Bureaucracies quickly collapse when an individual puts his or her needs ahead of societal needs.

Question 10

Over the past several years,access to antiretrovirals has expanded in developing countries with high rates of HIV infection.What brought about this change in access?

A)The South African government changed its sex education curricula to emphasize condom use.
B)Glaxo was found guilty of price fixing and racketeering.
C)Insurance companies expanded their definitions of "treatment."
D)AIDS activists pressured pharmaceutical companies to allow certain countries to import cheaper forms of antiretroviral medications.

Question 11

The U.S.civil rights movement is an example of a

A)reform movement.
B)countermovement.
C)revolutionary movement.
D)political opportunity structure.

Question 12

A person employing her or his sociological imagination would probably say that social movements

A)are the result of external,uncontrollable forces.
B)both influence society and are influenced by society.
C)are influential but secondary to our individual natures.
D)result exclusively from ecological pressures.

Question 13

According to the textbook,what is the definition of ideology?

A)a situation in which elements of culture spread from one group or society to another
B)a coherent system of beliefs,values,and ideas
C)a situation in which rapid change has disrupted social norms
D)a situation in which people utilize resources to create social change

Question 14

Durkheim observed that rapid social change can lead to a condition of norm "vacuum": old cultural rules no longer apply and new rules have not emerged to replace them.Durkheim's term for this is

A)egotism.
B)anomie.
C)anarchy.
D)cultural lag.

Question 15

What is one reason the Occupy Wall Street movement has not sustained long-term interest?

A)It neglected social networking as a means to attract potential members.
B)It increased rather than reduced economic inequality.
C)It involved too many people from outside the group.
D)Its ideology is too broad.

Question 16

A concern with _____ underlies all social movements.

A)human consumption
B)social change
C)institutional wrongdoing
D)population growth

Question 17

According to the textbook,what is the definition of a revolutionary movement?

A)collective action that attempts to overthrow an entire social system and replace it with another
B)large-scale,organized social action to enact,stop,or reverse change
C)collective action to change certain aspects of a society
D)collective action to prevent or reverse changes sought or accomplished by others

Question 18

Some sociologists have observed that social movements are more likely to arise when

A)a society's living conditions are at their worst and people are desperate.
B)a society's living conditions are beginning to improve and people's expectations are rising.
C)a society's living conditions have been without qualitative change for a long period.
D)the quality of a society's living conditions are rapidly declining.

Question 19

The "religious right," also known as the "Christian right" is an example of a

A)reform movement.
B)countermovement.
C)revolutionary movement.
D)class movement.

Question 20

Pajamas,clocks,toilets,glass,coins,newspapers,and soap are all examples of

A)cultural ideology.
B)cultural diffusion.
C)environmental and population pressures.
D)social movements.

Question 21

Which of the following affects a social movement's chances for success?

A)its ability to effectively organize
B)society's political opportunity structure
C)its ability to mobilize supporters
D)All of the above

Question 22

What is one reason the antiabortion movement has lasted so long?

A)It is supported by a large organizational bureaucracy.
B)It is a mainstream movement.
C)It represents the will of the majority.
D)Its ideology crosses political,ethnic,racial,and class divides.

Question 23

Which of the following statements summarizes the relationship between the political opportunity structure and the likelihood a social movement will be successful?

A)Social movements are less likely to develop when political systems appear vulnerable.
B)Social movements are more likely to develop when political systems appear vulnerable.
C)Political structure has no bearing on the success of social movements.
D)Social movements are possible only when the political system is stable.

Question 24

Over the last three decades,the number of abortion providers in the United States has

A)increased.
B)decreased.
C)remained relatively unchanged.
D)not been researched.

Question 25

Twenty years ago,few people in the United States had never heard of naan-an oven-baked flat bread that is a staple of many Indian meals.Today,prepackaged naan can be found in many U.S.supermarkets and is becoming increasingly common on dinner tables from California to Kansas.Sociologists would say that this is an example of

A)cultural assimilation.
B)cultural diffusion.
C)cultural transfusion.
D)cultural fission.

Question 26

In the United States,people whose bodies do not conform to cultural ideals are often discriminated against.There are now a number of communities and organizations-such as Health at Any Size and NAAFA (National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance)-working to end discrimination based on weight.Sociologists would classify these groups as part of

A)a social movement.
B)a resource mobilization.
C)a social network.
D)a movement structure.

Question 27

Institutions must operate in a highly structured,standardized,and impersonal way because

A)the social structure is an unchangeable fact of life.
B)individuals are incapable of overcoming institutional bureaucracy.
C)all sectors of the population are efficiently served by the bureaucracy.
D)chaos would ensue if individual and personal demands were always met.

Question 28

Which of the following statements about social change is NOT true?

A)The speed of social change may accelerate or decelerate.
B)The speed of social change can vary from one society to the next.
C)Rapid social change can result in anomie.
D)The speed of social change is a constant across time and cultures.

Question 29

Western corporations set up factories in a very poor community.At first,the people were happy to have these jobs,even though the wages were low and the work was dangerous.After a few years,workers became dissatisfied,despite the fact that they were slightly better off than they had been prior to the arrival of the factories.Now,the workers are organizing and have plans to demand safer working conditions and better wages.This is an example of the role of ________ in social movements.

A)constant deprivation
B)rising expectations
C)increased freedoms
D)resource mobilization

Question 30

Sociology draws our attention to

A)the ways in which social structure renders individuals powerless.
B)the ways in which institutional norms are disconnected from religion.
C)the limitations of science and technology.
D)the ways in which individuals shape and are shaped by their social environments.

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a postindustrial society?

A)emphasis on research and development
B)heavy reliance on and emphasis on agriculture and the manufacture of material goods
C)advanced communications technologies as a feature of everyday life
D)banking and finance,technology,and communications playing vital economic roles

Question 32

Which social movement ended up becoming part of the establishment it originally sought to change?

A)Sinn Féin
B)the Raconteurs
C)Occupy Wall Street
D)MomsRising.org

Question 33

During the U.S.civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s,the Southern Christian Leadership Conference,the Black Panthers,and the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee were all working toward the goal of ending racial discrimination.But _______ prevented them from working together toward that goal.

A)their collective fears of being targeted by the CIA
B)their respective ideological differences and rigid bureaucratization
C)their rising expectations
D)their lack of bureaucratization and access to resources

Question 34

Which term refers to the processes by which culture spreads from one group or society to another?

A)cultural fission
B)cultural fusion
C)cultural diffusion
D)cultural frisson

Question 35

Which of the following was critical to the successful organization of the Arab Spring movements?

A)effective use of communication technologies to mobilize supporters
B)involvement of older adult protesters
C)government support
D)the downfall of communism in Angola

Question 36

Which of the following statements about childhood sports in the United States is true?

A)Children now face less pressure to compete and succeed.
B)Parents and coaches are placing greater pressure on young athletes.
C)They are moving toward a less organized,more informal model.
D)Federal laws prohibit children under age three from participating in league sports or physical training.

Question 37

At a southern university during the 1960s,campus housing was racially segregated.One day,two black women and two white women staged a sit-in at the office of the university president.By the end of the day,several hundred students-black and white-had joined the women.Within a year,the university changed its policy and desegregated its dormitories.This example illustrates the

A)ability of the educational institution to thwart social change.
B)impact of highly organized social movements on individuals.
C)insignificance of individual actions in relation to social change.
D)ability of individuals to bring about social change.

Question 38

Which of the following statements about abortion in the United States is true?

A)Roe v.Wade was a state-level verdict and was not ratified by the Supreme Court.
B)Roe v.Wade made medical abortion illegal in all 50 states.
C)The majority of U.S.citizens want all abortion procedures to be illegal.
D)The majority of U.S.citizens are in favor of a woman's right to obtain a legal abortion.

Question 39

Students at BRU became aware that many of the people employed at their university did not earn a living wage and had no health benefits.They decided to start a movement to pressure the university to adopt more ethical practices with respect to its workers.Though the students were dedicated to the cause,they couldn't effectively organize their activities.They had trouble recruiting new supporters,could not align themselves with other groups on campus,and did not know how to use social media to draw attention to their cause.Eventually,the group disbanded.Which set of ideas best explains the failure of this movement?

A)resource mobilization theory
B)conflict theory
C)political opportunity structure
D)Weber's "iron cage" of bureaucracy

Question 40

________ is the process by which elements of material and nonmaterial culture are spread between societies and groups.

A)Ideological transfer
B)Reform movement
C)Anomie
D)Cultural diffusion

Question 41

Émile Durkheim used which term for the social phenomenon wherein rapid change produces a situation where old norms no longer apply and new norms have yet to be established?

A)anomie
B)anemia
C)apoplexy
D)agronomy

Question 42

According to Durkheim,widespread anomie may lead to

A)weakened social bonds.
B)increases in criminal activity.
C)increases in suicide.
D)All of the above

Question 43

According to resource mobilization theory,a social movement cannot exist without an organized system for getting important resources,such as money,labor,and media access.

Question 44

Today's school-age children seem to have greater difficulty with their social relationships than children of the past.

Question 45

Which of the following is an unintended consequence of children being urged to concentrate on a particular sport or athletic pursuit at increasingly early ages?

A)Children learn that society values success.
B)Children learn the value of team work.
C)Children are more likely to sustain physical injuries.
D)Children become athletically well-rounded.

Question 46

In the United States,the majority of youths who have committed offenses are held in adult detention centers,rather than juvenile facilities.

Question 47

The national Center for Education Statistics reports that each academic year,roughly ___% of high school students are suspended.

A)12.2
B)24.5
C)43.7
D)56.8

Question 48

According to resource mobilization theory,in order to be successful,a social movement needs effective organization.

Question 49

According to Durkheim,anomie may occur when rapid social change results in a norm vacuum;that is,the old norms no longer seem applicable and new norms have yet to emerge.

Question 50

Social change is faster in developing societies than postindustrial societies.

Question 51

A social movement that coalesces around the objective of reversing changes brought about by an earlier social movement is referred to as a "countermovement."

Question 52

The idea that rapid social change may lead to anomie was first introduced by Talcott Parsons.

Question 53

The first social movement to be covered on television was the feminist movement of the 1970s.

Question 54

For sociologists,the term ideology always carries a negative connotation because it refers exclusively to false beliefs and ideas.

Question 55

A reform movement is a type of social movement that seeks to overthrow one social system and replace it with another.

Question 56

The accelerated pace of social change in developed societies has NOT changed the ways sociologists think about and study social institutions.

Question 57

According to Durkheim,anomie strengthens social ties.

Question 58

In the West,reliance on electronic communication technologies has made individuals more vulnerable to invasions of privacy.

Question 59

Technological innovations can affect a society's norms,values,and social institutions.

Question 60

At present,there are no identifiable social movements in the United States.

Question 61

What is the function of ideology in a social movement? How ideologies that are too broad or too vague harm a social movement?

Question 62

According to Émile Durkheim,what can happen when social change occurs at a very rapid pace? Pay special attention the potential effects of rapid change on a society's norms and values.

Question 63

What are the benefits of being able to see the world sociologically? Provide a detailed description of one social phenomenon (or aspect of the social world that you view differently as a result of what you have learned during this course.Your response should include terms and concepts from the text book.

Question 64

Identify a technological innovation from the last 100 years.What was its intended purpose? What were or are some of its unintended consequences?

Question 65

Under what conditions are social movements most likely to occur? Why is this the case?

Question 66

What roles do social networks and organizations play in the development of a social movement?

Question 67

What happens to social movements as they become more and more organized? Discuss the positive and negative effects of bureaucratization on social movements.

Question 68

Describe three major sources of social change presented in the text.Provide one example for each.

Question 69

The city council is planning to vote on the location for a new landfill.The landfill will be used primarily for the disposal of environmentally hazardous waste.Several council members have proposed that the landfill be located near the poorest neighborhood in the city.You oppose this and want to convince others to join you in your opposition.How would you convince others the landfill is a bad idea? How might you frame your position to those who live near the proposed site?

Question 70

Compare and contrast reform and revolutionary social movements.Discuss examples of each in order to illustrate the differences among these types of social movements.In contemporary Western societies,which type of movement (reform or revolutionary)is more common?