Question 1

T and B cells are part of which of the following defense mechanism of animals?&#10;A) Phagocytosis&#10;B) Innate immune system&#10;C) Adaptive immune system&#10;D) Nonspecific general barriers

Accepted Answer

T and B cells are part of the adaptive immune system, which consists of cells and mechanisms that specifically recognize and target particular pathogens or foreign substances.

Question 2

Which organism accounts for up to 45% of interstitial pneumonia cases in cancer patients?&#10;A) Pseudomonas aeruginosa&#10;B) Staphylococcus aureus&#10;C) Pneumocystis jirovecii&#10;D) Streptococcus pneumoniae

Accepted Answer

Pneumocystis jirovecii is a fungus that causes an opportunistic infection in immunocompromised individuals, particularly cancer patients, and is responsible for up to 45% of interstitial pneumonia cases in this population. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are more commonly associated with hospital-acquired pneumonia, while Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent individuals.

Question 3

In which disease is a decrease in the number and function of neutrophils seen, including the inability to migrate to sites of inflammation, impaired phagocytosis, and reduced killing of ingested organisms, placing these patients at higher risk of infection?

A) Anemia
B) Hypogammaglobulinemia
C) Hodgkin disease
D) Hypergammaglobulinemia

C

Accepted Answer

Hodgkin disease is associated with a decrease in the number and function of neutrophils, including the inability to migrate to sites of inflammation, impaired phagocytosis, and reduced killing of ingested organisms, which places these patients at a higher risk of infection. This is partly due to the impact of the disease and its treatment on the immune system.

Question 4

To which bacteria are people with C3 deficiency particularly susceptible?&#10;A) Staphylococcus aureus&#10;B) Toxoplasma gondii&#10;C) Listeria monocytogenes&#10;D) Streptococcus pneumoniae

Accepted Answer

The answer of To which bacteria are people with C3...

Question 5

What condition is most likely to occur in patients with severe neutropenia?&#10;A) Pneumonia&#10;B) Bronchitis&#10;C) Meningitis&#10;D) Septicemia

Accepted Answer

Septicemia is the most likely condition to occur in patients with severe neutropenia, as neutrophils play a key role in fighting bacterial infections. With low levels of neutrophils, patients are at a higher risk of developing sepsis or septic shock due to bacterial infections. Pneumonia, bronchitis, and meningitis are also possible infections that can occur in patients with severe neutropenia, but septicemia is the most common and life-threatening complication.

Question 6

Patients with hematologic malignancies and those who have undergone surgery for tumors involving the head and spine may be at risk for developing&#10;A) meningitis.&#10;B) septicemia.&#10;C) pneumonia.&#10;D) osteomyelitis.

Accepted Answer

Patients with hematologic malignancies and those who have undergone surgery for tumors involving the head and spine are at increased risk for meningitis due to potential exposure of the central nervous system (CNS) to pathogens during or after surgery, or due to immunosuppression.

Question 7

Organisms that are commonly associated with ventilator-associated pneumonia include&#10;A) Pseudomonas aeruginosa.&#10;B) Streptococcus pyogenes.&#10;C) Mycobacterium tuberculosis.&#10;D) Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

Accepted Answer

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common bacteria associated with ventilator-associated pneumonia due to its ability to form biofilms, survive in low-oxygen environments, and resist many antibiotics. Streptococcus pyogenes is not commonly associated with this type of pneumonia. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a bacterium that causes tuberculosis, which is not typically considered a complication of mechanical ventilation. Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a bacteria that causes diphtheria, which is also not commonly associated with ventilator-associated pneumonia.

Question 8

The primary contributing factor to lower respiratory tract infections in patients with cystic fibrosis is&#10;A) low leukocyte numbers.&#10;B) decrease in cellular immune function.&#10;C) decreased antibody production.&#10;D) increased mucus viscosity.

Accepted Answer

The increased mucus viscosity in the airways of individuals with cystic fibrosis makes it difficult for the cilia to move the mucus out of the airways, leading to an accumulation of mucus and increased susceptibility to lower respiratory tract infections. Low leukocyte numbers, decreased cellular immune function, and decreased antibody production may all contribute to increased susceptibility to infection, but the primary factor in cystic fibrosis is the increased mucus viscosity.

Question 9

What is usually the leading cause of death in immunocompromised patients?&#10;A) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease&#10;B) Diabetes&#10;C) Infections&#10;D) Congestive heart failure

Accepted Answer

Immunocompromised patients have a weakened immune system, which puts them at a higher risk for infections. Infections are usually the leading cause of death in these patients, as they may not be able to fight off the infection as effectively as someone with a healthy immune system.

Question 10

What two parasitic agents commonly affect patients with malignancy?&#10;A) Giardia lamblia and Listeria monocytogenes&#10;B) Strongyloides stercoralis and Giardia lamblia&#10;C) Pneumocystis jirovecii and Toxoplasma gondii&#10;D) Toxoplasma gondii and Wuchereria bancrofti

Accepted Answer

Patients with malignancy often have weakened immune systems due to cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy. This can lead to an increased susceptibility to infections, including those caused by parasitic agents. Pneumocystis jirovecii and Toxoplasma gondii are two common parasitic agents that can affect patients with malignancy. Pneumocystis jirovecii can cause pneumonia while Toxoplasma gondii can cause encephalitis or other infections in immunocompromised individuals.

Question 11

When a child with cancer contracts cytomegalovirus (CMV), how does it manifest?&#10;A) Renal failure&#10;B) Pneumonia&#10;C) Septicemia&#10;D) Meningitis

Accepted Answer

The answer of When a child with cancer contracts cytomegalovirus...

Question 12

Which of the following immune mechanisms may be decreased in patients with malignancy?&#10;A) Cell-mediated immune response&#10;B) Antibody production&#10;C) Mucous membranes barriers&#10;D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following immune mechanisms may...

Question 13

Patients with granulocyte (neutrophil) counts below _____ are at a significant risk for developing an infection along with a high rate of mortality? A) 50,000 cells/mm³ B) 10,000 cells/mm³ C) 5000 cells/mm³ D) 1000 cells/mm³

Accepted Answer

The answer of Patients with granulocyte (neutrophil) counts below _____...

Question 14

All of the following immune defense mechanisms are depressed in burn patients, except&#10;A) humoral defense mechanisms.&#10;B) complement activity.&#10;C) cell-mediated defenses.&#10;D) IgG.

Accepted Answer

The answer of All of the following immune defense mechanisms...

Question 15

What are patients called who have a serious disease and who are highly predisposed to infections by a variety of opportunistic bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral pathogens?&#10;A) Elderly compromised&#10;B) Immunocompromised&#10;C) Defective responders&#10;D) Extraneous responders

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are patients called who have a...

Question 16

The primary cause of immunodeficiency in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome due to human immunodeficiency virus is because of the virus' attack on which of the following cell types?&#10;A) Granulocytes&#10;B) Helper T cells&#10;C) Macrophages&#10;D) Stem cells

Accepted Answer

The answer of The primary cause of immunodeficiency in patients...

Question 17

All of the following are often associated with immunosuppression, except&#10;A) human immunodeficiency virus infection.&#10;B) acute leukemia.&#10;C) anemia.&#10;D) chemotherapy.

Accepted Answer

The answer of All of the following are often associated...

Question 18

Postsplenectomy patients are more susceptible to infections with all the following agents, except&#10;A) Streptococcus pneumoniae.&#10;B) Haemophilus influenzae.&#10;C) Neisseria meningitidis.&#10;D) Staphylococcus aureus.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Postsplenectomy patients are more susceptible to infections...

Question 19

Cancer chemotherapy does all of the following, except&#10;A) inhibit inflammation.&#10;B) reduce capillary permeability.&#10;C) decrease cellular exudation.&#10;D) inhibit neutrophils ability to destroy bacteria.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Cancer chemotherapy does all of the following,...

Question 20

The primary cause of immune suppression in patients with diabetes is&#10;A) high blood glucose levels.&#10;B) increased urine output.&#10;C) ketoacidosis.&#10;D) increased mucus viscosity.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The primary cause of immune suppression in...

Deck 39: Infections in Special Populations