Deck 16: Nutritional Aspects of Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

Question 1

A characteristic of a favorable pregnancy outcome is ________.

A)a gestation period longer than 37 weeks
B)a live,healthy infant
C)an infant who weighs at least 5.5 pounds
D)All of these are characteristics of a successful pregnancy.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

During the first two weeks after conception,the developing offspring is known as ________.

A)a zygote
B)an embryo
C)a fetus
D)an ovum

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Severe zinc deficiencies during pregnancy can cause ________.

A)premature birth
B)fetal growth retardation
C)birth defects
D)All of these are effects of zinc deficiencies during pregnancy.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT true about the placenta?

A)It provides nourishment to the zygote.
B)It synthesizes fatty acids,cholesterol,and glycogen.
C)It produces hormones that affect the mother and fetus.
D)It grows throughout pregnancy.

Question 5

Excessive calorie intake during pregnancy can result in a fetus that ________.

A)has a high birth weight
B)suffers from cretinism
C)has decreased bone density
D)has thyroid disorders

Question 6

After the eighth week of pregnancy,the developing offspring is known as ________.

A)a zygote
B)an embryo
C)a fetus
D)an ovum

Question 7

During the second trimester,a pregnant woman needs an additional _______ kcal per day.

A)100
B)350
C)450
D)500

Question 8

A small-for-gestational-age (SGA)infant ________.

A)weighs less than 5.5 pounds
B)is likely to have nutritional complications
C)is likely to have medical complications
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 9

The time to focus on nutrition and pregnancy is ________.

A)during childbearing years
B)immediately after conception
C)during the first trimester
D)during the second trimester

Question 10

About 1 in _____ pregnancies results in a spontaneous abortion,often before a woman even realizes she is pregnant.

A)2
B)3
C)4
D)5

Question 11

Serious fetal malformations may occur when pregnant women consume very large doses of vitamin ________.

A)K
B)C
C)B-12
D)A

Question 12

On average,a full-term infant at birth ________.

A)weighs 5 to 6 pounds and is about 18 inches long
B)weighs 7 to 8 pounds and is about 20 inches long
C)weighs 8 to 9 pounds and is about 26 inches long
D)weighs 9 to 10 pounds and is about 22 inches long

Question 13

Infants born after 37 weeks' gestation and weighing less than 5½ pounds are labeled ________.

A)usual birth weight
B)premature
C)typical
D)small for gestational age

Question 14

Neural tube defects may occur when women consume too little ____ before becoming pregnant.

A)iron
B)calcium
C)folate
D)zinc

Question 15

Maternal nutrient deficiencies or exposure to toxins can cause _____ in the fetus.

A)toxic levels of nutrient stores
B)high birth weight
C)abnormal organ function
D)longer than normal gestation period

Question 16

A low birth weight infant weighs ________.

A)less than 7.5 pounds
B)less than 7 pounds
C)less than 6 pounds
D)less than 5.5 pounds

Question 17

The fetus accumulates most of its body fat and mineral stores ________.

A)during the first trimester
B)during the second trimester
C)during the third trimester
D)at any time during development

Question 18

For pregnant woman,the RDA for protein increases by ___ over prepregnancy needs.

A)10%
B)15%
C)20%
D)50%

Question 19

An increased requirement for _________ during pregnancy is partly due to its role in the synthesis of red blood cells.

A)vitamin E
B)vitamin K
C)folate
D)calcium

Question 20

The fetus receives nourishment through ________.

A)the placenta
B)amniotic fluid
C)antibodies
D)meconium

Question 21

Obese pregnant women have an increased risk for ________.

A)low blood pressure
B)gestational diabetes
C)ketosis
D)inadequate placenta development

Question 22

Women who begin pregnancy at a normal BMI should gain about ____ pounds during pregnancy.

A)15
B)15 to 25
C)25 to 35
D)28 to 40

Question 23

Women who begin pregnancy underweight have an increased risk for ________.

A)low blood pressure
B)gestational diabetes
C)ketosis
D)poor nutrient stores

Question 24

Under what condition(s)is/are the use of nutrient supplements advisable?

A)Adolescent pregnancy
B)Multiple fetuses
C)Poverty
D)Inadequate maternal diet
E)All of these choices are accurate.

Question 25

Maternal iron deficiency anemia can cause ________.

A)premature birth
B)infant death
C)labor complications
D)All of these are effects of iron deficiency.

Question 26

Which component of weight gain accounts for the greatest amount of increased weight during pregnancy?

A)Infant
B)Placenta
C)Amniotic fluid
D)Breast tissue
E)Maternal blood supply

Question 27

Which of the following factors may deplete a woman's nutrient stores?

A)numerous previous pregnancies
B)preterm births
C)pregnancies after age 35
D)pregnancies more than 3 years apart

Question 28

Which of these conditions indicates that a woman needs to pay particular attention to the quality of her diet during pregnancy?

A)eating disorders
B)phenylketonuria
C)diabetes
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 29

The practice of eating non-food substances,such as clay or laundry starch,during pregnancy is called ________.

A)hyperemesis
B)pica
C)pregnancy-induced hunger
D)diuresis

Question 30

For the best pregnancy outcome,overweight women (BMI > 26 to 29)should ________.

A)not gain any weight during pregnancy
B)gain slightly more weight than women who begin pregnancy at a healthy weight
C)gain about 15 to 25 pounds during pregnancy
D)lose at least 4 or 5 pounds during pregnancy

Question 31

During pregnancy,women should try to ________ each day.

A)drink 3 cups of milk or milk products
B)eat 4 cups of fruits
C)minimize intake of strong tasting vegetables to 1 serving
D)restrict their protein intake

Question 32

Physiological anemia that occurs during pregnancy ________.

A)is the same as iron deficiency anemia
B)is caused by insufficient intake of vitamin B-12
C)occurs because the plasma expands more than the number of red blood cells
D)signals grave danger for the mother

Question 33

A pregnant woman who is a vegan needs to take ______ nutrient supplements.

A)vitamin E and riboflavin
B)calcium and iron
C)protein and vitamin A
D)thiamin and vitamin C

Question 34

Women who begin pregnancy at a low BMI should gain about ___ pounds during pregnancy.

A)15
B)15 to 25
C)25 to 35
D)28 to 40

Question 35

An infant's birth weight is closely related to ________.

A)the gestation length
B)the mother's prepregnancy weight
C)the weight the mother gains during pregnancy
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 36

Which condition increases the risk of a poor pregnancy outcome?

A)young maternal age
B)fasting during pregnancy
C)food contaminants
D)eating disorders
E)All of these responses are correct.

Question 37

Pregnancy-induced hypertension ________.

A)is a normal and expected condition seen during pregnancy
B)occurs because of the increase in maternal plasma that occurs during pregnancy
C)can develop into a deadly condition called eclampsia
D)is also called hemodilution
E)None of these choices are correct.

Question 38

A characteristic of preeclampsia is ________.

A)blurred vision
B)low blood pressure
C)headaches
D)strong feelings of thirst
E)blurred vision and headaches

Question 39

The RDA for iron during pregnancy increases greatly.To reach this level the pregnant woman may ________.

A)need to take a low-dose iron supplement
B)need to double or triple the number of multivitamin-mineral tablets taken every day
C)need to do all her cooking in iron cookware
D)need to increase her intake of iron-rich fruits and vegetables

Question 40

Adolescents often have smaller babies than mature women.They are advised to gain more weight during pregnancy to ________.

A)provide calories needed for the infant to be larger than normal at birth
B)avoid ketosis
C)meet the mother's growth needs
D)All of these choices are accurate.

Question 41

To minimize nausea during pregnancy,pregnant women should ________.

A)wear strong perfume
B)drink a large glass of cool water before getting out of bed in the morning
C)breathe warm,moist air
D)None of these responses are accurate.

Question 42

To avoid constipation,pregnant women should increase intake of ________.

A)milk and dairy products
B)whole-grain bread,bran,and fruits
C)sugars and starches
D)lean meat,poultry,and fish

Question 43

Participation in WIC is associated with ________.

A)fewer infant deaths
B)lower birth weights
C)higher medical costs after birth
D)All of these choices are accurate.

Question 44

The ability to produce milk is affected by the hormone ________.

A)prolactin
B)estrogen
C)progesterone
D)insulin
E)thyroxine

Question 45

The first fluid secreted by the mother's breast after giving birth is called ________.

A)colostrum
B)prolactin
C)lactalbumin
D)mature milk

Question 46

Decreased learning capacity in childhood has been linked to exposure to ____ during fetal life.

A)excessive calcium
B)alcohol
C)inadequate vitamin C
D)inadequate vitamin D

Question 47

To reduce heartburn symptoms,pregnant women should ________.

A)exercise right after meals
B)eat larger meals in the morning
C)limit caffeine and chocolate intake
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 48

The let-down reflex in breastfeeding is controlled by ________.

A)oxytocin
B)prolactin
C)estrogen
D)progesterone
E)secretin

Question 49

WIC aims to provide ________.

A)nutrition education
B)nutritional care
C)nutritious food
D)All of these choices are accurate.

Question 50

A maternal practice that can be harmful to the fetus is ________.

A)a low-carbohydrate diet
B)fasting
C)smoking
D)All of these choices are accurate.

Question 51

The let-down reflex is inhibited by ________.

A)feeling confident and relaxed
B)nervous tension
C)a sleepy baby
D)All of these responses are correct.

Question 52

WIC serves low-income ________.

A)children up to the age of 5
B)newborns and infants
C)pregnant mothers
D)All of these choices are accurate.

Question 53

Edema during late pregnancy is a problem if ________.

A)hypertension is detected
B)excess protein is found in the urine
C)extreme fluid retention occurs
D)All of these choices are correct.
E)None of these choices are correct.

Question 54

Heavy caffeine intake during pregnancy may ________.

A)decrease iron absorption
B)increase risk for spontaneous abortion
C)increase risk for low birth weight
D)All of these choices are accurate.

Question 55

Compared to pregnancy,the RDA for nutrients changes during lactation ________.

A)only for energy
B)only for protein and energy
C)for many nutrients,but not proportionately
D)None of these responses are correct; nutrient needs during lactation are the same as during pregnancy.

Question 56

A factor in human milk that helps prevent the growth of some harmful bacteria in an infant's intestinal tract is ________.

A)lactase
B)albumin
C)let-down reflex
D)Lactobacillus bifidus factor

Question 57

Exposure to alcohol during fetal life may cause ________.

A)inadequate prenatal and infant growth
B)physical deformities
C)mental retardation
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 58

To keep gestational diabetes under control,recommendations for pregnant women include ________.

A)exercise
B)eating high glycemic load carbohydrates through the day
C)taking chromium supplements
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 59

Gestational diabetes ________.

A)is a normal and expected condition seen during pregnancy
B)occurs because of the increase in maternal body weight that occurs during pregnancy
C)can develop into a deadly condition called eclampsia
D)is most common in women with a family history of diabetes
E)All of these choices are correct.

Question 60

The bacterium Listeria monocytogenes can be fatal to the developing fetus.What foods are possible sources of this bacterium and should be avoided by pregnant women?

A)Pasteurized milk
B)Yogurt
C)Brie and blue-veined cheeses
D)All of these choices are accurate.

Question 61

Pregnant women who have gained too little weight in the first and second trimesters should try to make up for it in the last trimester.

Question 62

Poor maternal nutrient intakes are linked with low birth weights.

Question 63

The placenta's size and ability to support fetal growth depend on the mother's nutritional status.

Question 64

Eclampsia can cause maternal and fetal death.

Question 65

Megadoses of prenatal vitamin and mineral supplements are dangerous for the mother,but not the fetus.

Question 66

Women are more likely to choose to breastfeed their infants if they ________.

A)know the advantages of breastfeeding
B)have a supportive partner
C)deliver babies in a hospital that supports breastfeeding
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 67

Proportionally,a pregnant woman's calorie needs increase much more than her nutrient needs.

Question 68

To produce human milk,a lactating woman needs ________.

A)100 - 200 extra kcal per day above prepregnancy needs
B)twice as much dietary protein as needed during pregnancy
C)an extra 32 ounces of fluid daily
D)twice as much dietary iron as needed during pregnancy
E)All of these choices are accurate.

Question 69

Most critical periods occur during the second trimester of pregnancy.

Question 70

Insufficient intake of protein during pregnancy is very common in the U.S.

Question 71

Low birth weight infants have a greater risk for chronic disease in adult life.

Question 72

A benefit of breastfeeding for mothers is ________.

A)reduced risk for ovarian cancer
B)less postpartum bleeding
C)weight loss
D)All of these responses are correct.

Question 73

Insufficient weight gain in the last trimester of pregnancy increases the risk for fetal growth retardation.

Question 74

Consuming alcohol while breastfeeding ________.

A)is recommended to help mothers relax
B)increases milk output
C)causes babies to have disrupted sleep patterns
D)causes babies to drink more milk

Question 75

Insufficient prenatal care increases the risk of delivering a low birth weight baby.

Question 76

Hormones synthesized by the placenta decrease the efficiency of insulin.

Question 77

Exercise can help control gestational diabetes.

Question 78

Additional dietary energy requirements for lactation are approximately _______ kcal per day.

A)100 - 200
B)250 - 350
C)400 - 500
D)550 - 650

Question 79

Preterm infants are born before 39 weeks of gestation.

Question 80

A developing offspring's cells have separated into a stack of 3 layers (mesoderm,endoderm,and ectoderm)when the zygote stage ends.