Deck 12: The Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Question 1

Vitamin A deficiency is characterized by the

A)inability to produce insulin.
B)failure to form blood clots.
C)inability to adapt quickly to changes in light intensity.
D)production of excessive amounts of collagen.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Excess amounts of most water-soluble vitamins are

A)stored in the adipose tissue.
B)readily excreted.
C)stored in the liver.
D)often toxic.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Beta-carotene

A)can be converted to vitamin A in the body.
B)can be converted to vitamin E in the body.
C)is classified as a retinoid.
D)is toxic when consumed in excess amounts.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

When consumed in recommended amounts,approximately ________ of fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed.

A)1-5%
B)5-20%
C)10-35%
D)40-90%

Question 5

When viewing items at night or in very dim light,light strikes the retina of the eyes

A)and causes the retinal to change from its cis form to its trans form.
B)and splits the rhodopsin into opsin and all-trans-retinal.
C)to trigger an electrical signal along the optic nerve.
D)All of these choices are accurate.

Question 6

Which of the following does NOT describe a vitamin?

A)They are essential organic substances.
B)They are fat- or water-soluble.
C)They are needed in relatively small amounts.
D)They provide a rich source of energy.

Question 7

The current RDA for vitamin A is expressed in

A)Beta Carotene International Units (BCIU).
B)Retinol Activity Equivalents (RAE).
C)Alpha-Tocopherol Equivalents (ATE)
D)None of these answers are correct.

Question 8

Of the following,the best source of preformed vitamin A is

A)fried liver.
B)sautéed spinach.
C)fresh mango.
D)cheddar cheese.

Question 9

Of the following,the best source of provitamin A is

A)fried liver.
B)baked sweet potato.
C)fresh bananas.
D)soybeans.

Question 10

A deficiency of vitamin A can lead to development of a condition called

A)xerophthalmia.
B)osteomalacia.
C)jaundice.
D)scurvy.

Question 11

After absorption,the fat-soluble vitamins are distributed to body cells by

A)free fatty acids.
B)lipases.
C)mucopolysaccharides.
D)lipoproteins.

Question 12

Some scientists believe that the vitamin D recommendation should be much higher than currently set.

A)True
B)False

Question 13

The yellow-orange coloring of carotenoid-rich dark green vegetables is masked by the pigment

A)lycopene.
B)chlorophyll.
C)beta-carotene.
D)alpha-carotene.

Question 14

In North America,population groups at increased risk of vitamin A deficiency include all of the following EXCEPT

A)college-aged diabetics.
B)alcoholics with liver disease.
C)those with GI diseases that prevent fat absorption.
D)low birth weight,premature infants.

Question 15

A deficiency of vitamin A often results in

A)scurvy.
B)night blindness.
C)insufficient blood clotting.
D)microcytic anemia.

Question 16

The most likely cause of a vitamin A toxicity would be

A)consuming large amounts of dark green and yellow vegetables.
B)eating sautéed liver and onions twice a week.
C)consuming high levels of vitamin A supplements.
D)drinking carrot juice twice a day.

Question 17

Which statement correctly describes vitamin A?

A)Vitamin A is carried from the liver by retinol-binding protein and transthyretin in the blood.
B)Nearly all cells have vitamin-A binding retinoid receptors.
C)Within a cell,vitamin A is involved in gene expression and cell differentiation.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 18

Vitamin A supplements are not necessary for most adult Americans as they have significant reserves in

A)the eye.
B)the skin.
C)the kidney.
D)the liver.

Question 19

The biochemical functions of vitamin A include all of the following except:

A)controlling vision in dim and bright light.
B)development and maintenance of mucus-forming cells.
C)cell differentiation.
D)coenzyme synthesis.

Question 20

Excess amounts of most fat-soluble vitamins are

A)stored in the liver or adipose tissue.
B)excreted via the kidneys.
C)stored in the pancreas.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 21

Vitamin A toxicity is known to cause all of the following EXCEPT

A)birth defects.
B)permanent damage to the liver.
C)kidney disease.
D)death.

Question 22

As calcium levels in the blood drop below normal,____________ is released to increase the synthesis of calcitriol.

A)calcitonin
B)thyroid hormone
C)parathyroid hormone
D)secretin

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT a function of vitamin D?

A)Maintaining phosphorus homeostasis
B)Regulating cell cycle activity
C)Promoting antioxidant activity
D)Increasing immunity against infections

Question 24

Excess intake of vitamin D

A)is readily excreted.
B)can cause hypercalcemia.
C)can cause rickets.
D)can cause osteomalacia.

Question 25

A potential danger of using oral Accutane for acne is that it

A)can cause spontaneous abortion and birth defects.
B)can cause blindness if used for over a year.
C)may lead to atherosclerosis.
D)can lead to osteomalacia.

Question 26

Vitamin D is involved in the regulation of body levels of

A)cholesterol.
B)calcium.
C)prothrombin.
D)potassium.

Question 27

Children eating large amounts of carrots can develop

A)hyperactivity.
B)hypercarotenemia.
C)hyperglycemia.
D)vitamin A toxicity.

Question 28

Vitamin D synthesis in the skin is affected by all of the following EXCEPT

A)use of sunscreen.
B)skin color.
C)geographic location.
D)All of these factors can affect vitamin D synthesis.

Question 29

A reliable food source of vitamin D is

A)yellow-orange colored fruits.
B)dark green leafy vegetables.
C)whole grain breads.
D)fortified milk.

Question 30

In children,bowed legs,an enlarged head,rib cage,and knee joints,and a deformed pelvis are symptoms of

A)rickets.
B)xerophthalmia.
C)osteopenia.
D)None of the choices are correct.

Question 31

A derivative of vitamin A,13-cis-retinoic acid (Accutane),is used to

A)prevent xerophthalmia.
B)treat serious cases of acne.
C)treat hypercarotenemia.
D)prevent skin cancer.

Question 32

What vitamin would most likely lead to death in both deficient and toxic levels?

A)vitamin A
B)vitamin C
C)vitamin E
D)vitamin B-12

Question 33

Vitamin D deficiency can result in poorly mineralized bone.The resulting disease is called

A)osteoporosis.
B)osteomalacia.
C)osteoarthritis.
D)osteopenia.

Question 34

As calcitriol,vitamin D functions in calcium and bone metabolism by

A)reducing calcium excretion by the kidney.
B)regulating calcium and phosphorus absorption through the intestinal wall.
C)regulating the levels of calcium and phosphorus in bones.
D)All of these choices are accurate.

Question 35

Healthy,light-skinned individuals can make sufficient vitamin D to meet the body's needs with about ________ of sun exposure on their face,arms,and hands 2 or 3 times per week.

A)15 minutes
B)60 minutes
C)90 minutes
D)120 minutes

Question 36

Vitamin D deficiency in adults is called

A)osteoporosis.
B)osteomalacia.
C)rickets.
D)hypocalcemia.

Question 37

Functions of vitamin D include

A)prevention of scurvy.
B)antioxidant activity.
C)glucose regulation.
D)absorption of calcium.

Question 38

The main active form of vitamin D in the body is

A)calcitriol.
B)retinal.
C)cholecalciferol.
D)calcitonin.

Question 39

Individuals at increased risk of vitamin D deficiency include all of the following EXCEPT

A)elderly adults living in nursing homes.
B)dark-skinned children with limited outdoor activity.
C)young adults who eat high amounts of fatty fish and fish oils.
D)individuals with diseases of fat-malabsorption.

Question 40

Vitamin E is a family of compounds comprised of the

A)4 tocopherols.
B)4 tocotrienols.
C)4 triglycerides.
D)4 tocopherols and 4 tocotrienols.

Question 41

Natural vitamins are usually superior to synthetic vitamins.

Question 42

People who smoke likely need more vitamin E than nonsmokers.

Question 43

Vitamin K deficiency is most likely to result from

A)insufficient sunlight.
B)kidney disease.
C)insufficient intake of dairy products.
D)antibiotic therapy.

Question 44

Newborns usually receive an injection of vitamin _________ to protect them against deficiency until the gastrointestinal tract has matured.

A)A
B)D
C)B
D)K

Question 45

Vitamin E is carried to the liver and other tissues by

A)albumin.
B)hemoglobin.
C)lipoproteins.
D)retinol-binding proteins.

Question 46

When taken in megadoses,vitamins may act like drugs.

Question 47

Vitamin E functions to

A)protect cell membranes from destruction by various reducing agents.
B)protect phospholipids in cell membranes from damage by free radicals.
C)accept electrons,thus neutralizing the action of free radicals.
D)All of these choices are accurate.

Question 48

Dietary supplements are tightly regulated by the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA).

Question 49

The most nutrient-dense sources of vitamin E are

A)refined grains and cereal products.
B)orange-colored fruits.
C)vegetable oils.
D)animal fats.

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT involved in antioxidant defense?

A)glutathione peroxidase
B)superoxide dismutase
C)catalase
D)hydrogen peroxide

Question 51

Supplement manufacturers can make unproven claims with regard to conditions that are not diseases.

Question 52

Individuals with lactose intolerance or milk allergies may need calcium and vitamin D supplements.

Question 53

One means of detecting a vitamin K deficiency is to measure how quickly prothrombin in the blood can form a clot.

Question 54

An Upper Level has been set for vitamin K to protect against the significant risk of toxicity.

Question 55

Vegans may require supplements of calcium,zinc,iron,and vitamin B-12 to prevent deficiencies.

Question 56

Of the following population groups,those at highest risk for vitamin E deficiency are

A)premature infants.
B)the elderly.
C)athletes.
D)smokers.

Question 57

A primary function of vitamin E is to serve as

A)a coenzyme.
B)an antioxidant.
C)a hormone.
D)a peroxide.

Question 58

The most nutrient-dense food sources of vitamin K are

A)green leafy vegetables.
B)whole grain breads and cereals.
C)nuts and seeds.
D)oysters and shellfish.

Question 59

Which vitamin deficiency leads to hemolytic anemia?

A)vitamin A
B)vitamin D
C)vitamin E
D)vitamin K

Question 60

A high intake of vitamin E can

A)interfere with vitamin K's blood-clotting activity.
B)result in lead poisoning.
C)inhibit copper absorption.
D)cause atherosclerosis.

Question 61

The RDA for vitamin E was established to prevent hemolysis of red blood cell membranes.

Question 62

Vitamin D must be hydroxylated in the liver and kidney to become biologically active.

Question 63

Kidney disease and liver disease increase the risk of vitamin D deficiency.

Question 64

The fat-soluble vitamins all have hormone-like activity.

Question 65

Vitamin A deficiency can result in development of xerophthalmia in membranes of the eye.

Question 66

Megadoses of vitamins are useful in preventing nutritional deficiencies and decreasing disease risk.

Question 67

Carotenoid supplementation has been effective in decreasing the risk of lung cancer in smokers.

Question 68

Retinoids play a role in embryonic development and cell differentiation.

Question 69

Dietary supplements can fully compensate for nutritionally poor diets.