Deck 1: Introduction to Psychology

Question 1

Researchers must report their results completely whether the hypothesis was supported or not. Complete reporting is necessary for the purpose of ______________.

A) educational knowledge
B) replication
C) finding a better way to support the hypothesis
D) publication

Answer 1

replication

Question 2

Dr. Lewis has been studying Bobby's poor academic performance and has come to expect that Bobby is most easily distracted right after lunch. Dr. Lewis has met which goal?

A) description
B) explanation
C) prediction
D) influence

Answer 2

prediction

Question 3

Professor Perdomo has instituted a program that he has determined will improve the memories of his psychology students. This is an example of which goal of psychology?

A) prediction
B) influence
C) explanation
D) description

Answer 3

influence

Question 4

The four goals of psychology are to describe, explain, ____________, and influence behavior and mental processes.

A) increase
B) decrease
C) predict
D) standardize

Question 5

Forming a hypothesis is the second step in a scientific investigation. This step is derived from which goal of psychology?

A) describing
B) explaining
C) predicting
D) changing

Question 6

A psychologist is interested in finding out why identical twins have different personalities. This psychologist is most interested in the goal of ______________.

A) description
B) explanation
C) prediction
D) influence

Question 7

________________ is the most objective method known for acquiring knowledge.

A) Research
B) The scientific method
C) Checks and balances
D) The double-blind method

Question 8

After reading about the possible causes of schizophrenia, a scientist thinks that a virus is the most likely cause. What term most accurately describes the scientist's idea?

A) hypothesis
B) dependent variable
C) extraneous variable
D) experimental estimate

Question 9

The question "When will it happen again?" refers to which of the following goals in psychology?

A) description
B) explanation
C) prediction
D) control

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a goal of psychological researchers?

A) to describe behavior and mental processes
B) to explain behavior and mental processes
C) to note behavior and mental processes
D) to influence behavior and mental processes

Question 11

A general principle or a set of principles that attempts to explain how a set of separate facts are related to one another is called ____________

A) a theory.
B) an hypothesis.
C) applied research.
D) basic research.

Question 12

Mei was sent to the school psychologist to be tested. Based on her IQ scores it was decided that she would do well in the gifted child program. This is an example of which goal of psychology?

A) describing behavior
B) explaining behavior
C) predicting behavior
D) controlling behavior

Question 13

The question "Why is it happening?" refers to which of the following goals in psychology?

A) description
B) explanation
C) prediction
D) influence

Question 14

The first step in any scientific investigation is _______________.

A) forming the hypothesis
B) observing and theorizing
C) coming to a conclusion
D) designing a study

Question 15

The question "How can it be changed?" refers to which of the following goals in psychology?

A) description
B) explanation
C) prediction
D) influence

Question 16

The question "What is happening?" refers to which of the following goals in psychology?

A) description
B) explanation
C) prediction
D) control

Question 17

The goals of psychology are to _____

A) explore the conscious and unconscious functions of the human mind.
B) understand, compare, and analyze human behavior.
C) improve psychological well-being in all individuals from birth until death.
D) describe, explain, predict, and influence behavior.

Question 18

Jeremy has some doubt about another researcher's claim of discovering ESP in all humans. Jeremy decides that he will try to conduct the same study himself. Jeremy will be doing a(n) ____________

A) replication.
B) pilot study.
C) longitudinal study.
D) qualitative study.

Question 19

Which of these is the most accurate definition of the discipline of psychology?

A) the scientific study of behavior
B) the scientific study of mental processes
C) the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
D) the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes

Question 20

"Children who watch violent cartoons will become more aggressive." According to the scientific method, this statement is most likely a ____________

A) conclusion.
B) result.
C) hypothesis.
D) fact.

Question 21

Samuel is working to develop a new program to assist the elderly in improving their memories. Samuel is doing __________ research.

A) geriatric
B) basic
C) scientific
D) applied

Question 22

The school of psychology called functionalism was strongly influenced by the pioneering work of ____________

A) Sigmund Freud.
B) Gustav Fechner.
C) Ernst Weber.
D) Charles Darwin.

Question 23

The major emphasis of structuralism was the ____________

A) perception of whole units or patterns.
B) analysis of the basic elements of conscious mental experience.
C) function of conscious mental experience.
D) scientific study of behavior.

Question 24

Participants in research early in psychology's history might have been asked to view a chair and describe its color, shape, and texture and other aspects of their conscious experience. These individuals would have been using a method called _________.

A) hypnosis
B) introspection
C) psychosurgery
D) psychoanalysis

Question 25

____________ is generally considered to be the "father of psychology."

A) Max Wertheimer
B) William James
C) Wilhelm Wundt
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 26

Which goal of psychology is most closely met through naturalistic observation?

A) altering behavior
B) predicting behavior
C) describing behavior
D) controlling behavior

Question 27

Psychologists who give potential employees tests that determine what kind of job those employees might best perform are interested in the goal of _____________.

A) description
B) explanation
C) prediction
D) control

Question 28

Dr. Wang is conducting a study to test ways of helping students reduce stress during exams. While taking practice exams, one group of students is trained in deep muscle relaxation and a second group is trained to visualize success. Dr. Wang's study compares the effectiveness of these two stress-reduction strategies. This is an example of _________

A) basic research.
B) applied research.
C) observational research.
D) theoretical research.

Question 29

__________ research explores such topics as the nature of memory, brain function, or motivation.

A) Applied
B) Conceptual
C) Basic
D) Behavioral

Question 30

Dr. Smith wants to know more about how our sensations become perceptions. She has developed a drawing that can be interpreted in different ways, depending on which parts of the drawing the viewer focuses on. Now she is showing the drawing to different people, and asking them to report what they see, any thoughts they may have as they view the drawing, and how their thoughts influence their perceptions. Dr. Smith's approach to this research most closely resembles ____________

A) structuralism.
B) functionalism.
C) Gestalt psychology.
D) evolutionary psychology.

Question 31

A teacher tells the school psychologist that Kate is late to class, does not turn in her homework, squirms around a lot in her seat, and swings her feet constantly. This is an example of which goal of psychology?

A) describing behavior
B) explaining behavior
C) predicting behavior
D) controlling behavior

Question 32

Description is to assessment as _________ is to prognosis.

A) prediction
B) explanation
C) indication
D) influence

Question 33

Advocates of the school of structuralism were criticized for their reliance upon introspection ____________

A) because it did not provide for individual measurements of responses.
B) because it lacked objectivity.
C) because it relied too much upon free association.
D) because it did not lend itself to experimentation.

Question 34

Why was the perspective followed by Wilhelm Wundt and his followers called structuralism?

A) They wanted to identify the major brain structures.
B) Their primary goal was to understand the physiology of the mind.
C) They focused their efforts on analyzing the elements of the nervous system.
D) Their primary focus was on describing the structure of conscious experience.

Question 35

The school of psychology called structuralism used a technique called __________, which involved reporting the contents of consciousness to study a person's experiences.

A) intervention
B) introspection
C) insight inventory
D) induction

Question 36

Who was an early proponent of functionalism?

A) Ivan Pavlov
B) William James
C) Wilhelm Wundt
D) Max Wertheimer

Question 37

What is the best analogy for Wundt's and Titchener's mission for psychology?

A) a chart listing the basic chemical elements
B) a list of the courses required for graduation
C) a list of the types of clothing sold at a retail outlet
D) a computer program for word processing a term paper

Question 38

At the close of the nineteenth century, Gerhard is excited to find that he has been accepted for training in the psychology laboratory of Wilhelm Wundt. It is likely that Gerhard will be trained to ________________

A) analyze how to break down his sensations into their most basic elements.
B) determine the function or purpose of a particular human behavior.
C) listen intently while individuals tell him of their depression or nervousness.
D) carefully feel the bumps on a person's head in order to determine his or her character traits.

Question 39

Which of the following terms do NOT belong together?

A) structuralism; observable behavior
B) Gestalt; whole
C) psychoanalysis; unconscious conflict
D) natural selection; functionalism

Question 40

In 1879, in Leipzig, Germany, the first psychological laboratory was developed by ______________.

A) William James
B) William Tell
C) Wilhelm Wundt
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 41

She became the first female president of the American Psychological Association in 1905.

A) Margaret Floy Washburn
B) Francis Sumner
C) Mary Whiton Calkins
D) Christine Ladd-Franklin

Question 42

Who claimed that behavior is affected by positive reinforcement?

A) William James
B) Sigmund Freud
C) B. F. Skinner
D) Wilhelm Wundt

Question 43

He is known as the "father of African American psychology."

A) Francis Cecil Sumner
B) Albert Sidney Beckham
C) Kenneth Clark
D) Porter Lincoln Jackson

Question 44

You are mostly a product of your environment. Parents, teachers, friends and experiences in life all operate to shape your behaviors and determine who you become. This summarizes the __________ perspective in psychology.

A) behavioral
B) biological
C) evolutionary
D) psychoanalytic

Question 45

What advice might John B. Watson have offered to psychologists of his time?

A) "Focus on observable behavior."
B) "Life is an effort to overcome inferiority."
C) "We cannot know others until we know ourselves."
D) "Remember that what we accomplish is due to the composition of our genes."

Question 46

John B. Watson believed that psychology should involve the study of _________.

A) behavior
B) the mind
C) the brain
D) consciousness

Question 47

If a functionalist from the 1870s were alive today, where would we most likely find him?

A) in a laboratory, studying principles of perception
B) in a school, working to improve teaching methods
C) in a mountain retreat, contemplating the meaning of life
D) in a sleep laboratory, trying to determine if our need for sleep is biologically based

Question 48

The class is playing a game of Jeopardy! and it is your turn. "I'll take Pioneers in Psychology for $50." The revealed answer is "Focused on unconscious factors and relied on the case study method." Just before the buzzer sounds, what will you say?

A) "Who is B. F. Skinner?"
B) "Who are the humanists?"
C) "Who is Sigmund Freud?"
D) "Who are the behaviorists?"

Question 49

The school of psychology called behaviorism was started by __________

A) B.F. Skinner.
B) John B. Watson.
C) Abraham Maslow.
D) Edward B. Titchener.

Question 50

What did Sigmund Freud consider as the key to understanding the nervous disorders he observed?

A) free will
B) brain physiology
C) unconscious mind
D) external consequences

Question 51

Which statement summarizes the psychoanalytic view of Sigmund Freud?

A) The mind is like an iceberg in that only a small part of its substance is visible.
B) Life is a constant striving for superiority.
C) The mind is one great blooming, buzzing confusion.
D) Introspection is not a proper scientific technique in psychology.

Question 52

Behaviorism is still a major force in modern psychology due to the profound influence of __________

A) Alfred Adler.
B) Gustav Fechner.
C) John B. Watson.
D) B. F. Skinner.

Question 53

__________ was a prominent female psychologist who wrote the books The Animal Mind (1908) and Movement and Mental Imagery (1916).

A) Mary Whiton Calkins
B) Christine Ladd-Franklin
C) Margaret Floy Washburn
D) Anna Freud

Question 54

The first psychology laboratory at an African American university was established by __________ at Howard University.

A) Kenneth Clark
B) Francis Cecil Sumner
C) Albert Sidney Beckham
D) George Sánchez

Question 55

Despite having to wait 40 years after completing the requirements to be awarded her Ph.D., __________ persevered and developed a well-respected, evolutionary theory of color vision.

A) Mary Whiton Calkins
B) Margaret Floy Washburn
C) Rosalie Raynor
D) Christine Ladd-Franklin

Question 56

The belief that the unconscious mind has an influence on one's behavior is part of what early field of psychology?

A) structuralism
B) functionalism
C) psychoanalysis
D) behaviorism

Question 57

Which type of psychologist would be most likely to argue that a criminal engages in unlawful behavior because he grew up around older boys who engaged in criminal activities?

A) Gestaltist
B) behavioralist
C) psychodynamic
D) functionalist

Question 58

Skinner's research showed that ____________ is an integral factor for both learning and maintaining a particular behavior.

A) perception
B) reinforcement
C) recognition
D) compliance

Question 59

Suppose you were a graduate student studying for a Ph.D. in psychology in the 1920s. Your advisor was strongly influenced by John B. Watson. Which of the following might your advisor consider an acceptable choice for your research?

A) a survey of daydreams
B) an analysis of how specific behaviors are acquired
C) a survey of sexual imagery in dreams of men and women
D) an analysis of the thought processes students report while answering test items

Question 60

Which founding contributors to psychology helped develop behaviorism?

A) Gestalt and Wundt
B) Freud and Watson
C) Watson and Skinner
D) Pavlov and Wundt

Question 61

__________ psychology combines elements of cognitive psychology, evolutionary biology, anthropology and neuroscience.

A) Structural
B) Evolutionary
C) Gestalt
D) Functionalist

Question 62

The information-processing approach in cognitive psychology assumes that the human mind __________

A) processes information in much the same way as a computer.
B) is controlled by unconscious levels of processing similar to animal instincts.
C) is so vast and complicated that it cannot be studied scientifically.
D) processes information in a stream of consciousness triggered by the constantly changing environment.

Question 63

In the early part of the past century, psychologists who broke down thought processes into their basic elements and analyzed them were called structuralists. What term might we use to describe psychologists with similar interests today?

A) Gestalt
B) cognitive
C) behavioral
D) humanistic

Question 64

Evolutionary psychology attempts to explain the universality of language usage in humans by pointing to __________

A) the survival advantage of having an efficient means of communication.
B) the survival advantage of a generalized intelligence factor.
C) the role of language in mate selection among humans.
D) the role of parental practices in the way that infants acquire language.

Question 65

Self-actualization was part of which of the following perspectives?

A) behaviorism
B) cognitive perspective
C) functionalism
D) humanism

Question 66

__________ focuses on how humans have adapted the behaviors required for survival in the face of environmental challenges over time.

A) Gestalt psychology
B) Environmental psychology
C) Evolutionary psychology
D) Cognitive psychology

Question 67

Which type of early psychologist believed that "the whole is more than the sum of its parts"?

A) Gestaltist
B) behaviorist
C) structuralist
D) functionalist

Question 68

Which perspective focuses on free will and self-actualization?

A) psychoanalysis
B) humanism
C) cognitive perspective
D) behaviorism

Question 69

While on a visit to a large city, you observe several billboards in which a series of lights seems to move. Which perspective in psychology would most likely help you understand this phenomenon?

A) Gestalt
B) behavioral
C) humanistic
D) psychodynamic

Question 70

Max Wertheimer's demonstration of the "phi phenomenon" was used to promote the ideas of __________

A) humanistic psychology.
B) Gestalt psychology.
C) behavioral psychology.
D) structural psychology.

Question 71

The German word Gestalt roughly means __________

A) belief or attitude.
B) capacity or ability.
C) emotion or feeling.
D) whole, form or pattern.

Question 72

You attend a lecture by a psychologist who uses terms such as free will, innate goodness, and self-actualization. Which psychological perspective is most consistent with the points the psychologist presented?

A) behaviorism
B) humanism
C) functionalism
D) psychodynamics

Question 73

The cognitive perspective emphasizes the role of __________ that underlie behavior.

A) biological processes and heredity
B) choices that lead to growth and self-actualization
C) mental processes
D) the unconscious and early childhood experiences

Question 74

"The whole is greater than the sum of the parts" is a statement associated with the perspective of ______________

A) introspection.
B) functionalism.
C) psychoanalysis.
D) Gestalt psychologists.

Question 75

Humanistic psychology emerged as a reaction against __________

A) structuralism and functionalism.
B) behaviorism and psychoanalysis.
C) cognitive psychology and structuralism.
D) Gestalt psychology and psychoanalysis.

Question 76

The early perspective called Gestalt psychology has evolved into the current perspective called _______________.

A) psychoanalysis
B) cognitive psychology
C) behavioral psychology
D) social psychology

Question 77

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow represent the __________ school of psychology.

A) humanistic
B) behavioral
C) psychoanalytic
D) cognitive

Question 78

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow emphasized that people have __________

A) free will.
B) subconscious drives.
C) a desire to harm others.
D) physical needs that must be satisfied.

Question 79

We are not passive creatures who respond reflexively to environmental reinforcements and punishments. We use reasoning and problem solving strategies to make decisions that shape our lives. This argument summarizes the main point of __________

A) Gestalt psychology.
B) humanistic psychology.
C) cognitive psychology.
D) behaviorism.

Question 80

Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and Karen Horney were students of Sigmund Freud who eventually separated from Freud's teachings and developed their own theories. In doing so, they became known as __________

A) neo-Freudians.
B) renegades.
C) psychiatrists.
D) psychologists.