Deck 6: Vision

Question 1

Men are more likely to experience color vision deficiency than women.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Rods are abundant in the periphery of the human retina.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Lateral inhibition is the reduction of activity in one neuron by activity in neighboring neurons.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Johannes Müller held that whatever excites a particular nerve establishes a special kind of energy unique to that nerve.

Question 5

There are many more rods than cones in the human retina.

Question 6

The coding of visual information in your brain results in an exact duplicate of the object's shape on the surface of the cortex.

Question 7

An object's location, color, and movement are all processed in the same part of the visual cortex.

Question 8

Amacrine cells refine the input to ganglion cells, enabling them to respond specifically to shapes, movement, or other visual features

Question 9

The retinex theory accounts for the principle of color constancy.

Question 10

A species that has a high rod to cone ratio is most likely to be active during the day.

Question 11

Bipolar cells are the light sensitive cells in the retina.

Question 12

René Descartes believed that the brain's representation of a stimulus resembled the stimulus.

Question 13

According to the trichromatic theory, we can perceive only three colors.

Question 14

The cornea is an adjustable structure in the eye that focuses light.

Question 15

Shapes are more easily identified with peripheral vision than foveal vision.

Question 16

In the fovea, each receptor ends up has its own unique connection to the brain.

Question 17

Cones are essential for color vision.

Question 18

Light from the right side of the world strikes the left side of the retina.

Question 19

Photopigments are stable in the dark.

Question 20

The optic nerve is composed of axons from ganglion cells.

Question 21

Which of the following is TRUE according to the law of specific nerve energies?

A) Any stimulation of the auditory nerve is perceived as sound.
B) A single nerve can convey either auditory or visual information.
C) Each sensory system has a unique electrical charge.
D) If one sensory system becomes inactive, others will compensate.

Question 22

Faces excite the fusiform gyrus more than any other visual stimulus.

Question 23

Damage to area V4 would likely cause problems with color constancy.

Question 24

In the human retina, messages go from receptors at the back of the eye to ____.

A) retina cells
B) bipolar cells
C) ganglion cells
D) spiny cells

Question 25

Infants are born with the ability to control their visual attention.

Question 26

Magnocellular ganglion cells transmit information about an object's color.

Question 27

Some people with damage to area V1 show a surprising phenomenon called blindsight.

Question 28

Simple cells are found exclusively in the primary visual cortex.

Question 29

In humans as in other species, the visual cortex is more plastic early in life.

Question 30

All neurons within a particular column of the visual cortex will likely respond to the same orientation of a stimulus.

Question 31

The law of specific nerve energies states that:

A) perception of a repeated stimulus fades.
B) every stimulation of the optic nerve is perceived as light.
C) the speed of action potentials varies depending on the strength of the stimulus.
D) any stimulation above the threshold produces an action potential.

Question 32

The ventral stream of visual processing is important for identifying movement.

Question 33

Two areas that are especially activated by motion are area MST and area V4.

Question 34

Light enters the eye through an opening in the center of the iris called the:

A) retina.
B) cornea.
C) pupil.
D) macula.

Question 35

A complex cell responds to a pattern of light in a particular orientation.

Question 36

V1 appears to be essential for visual consciousness.

Question 37

A person with prosopagnosia cannot recognize voices.

Question 38

According to the law of specific nerve energies, the brain tells the difference between one sensory modality and another by:

A) which neurotransmitter is released.
B) which neurons are active.
C) the velocity of the action potentials.
D) the amplitude of the action potentials.

Question 39

Parvocellular cells respond strongly to moving stimuli and large overall patterns.

Question 40

Movement of the eyes suppresses activity in the visual cortex for a brief moment.

Question 41

In vertebrate retinas, receptors send their messages:

A) straight to the brain.
B) immediately to ganglion cells within the retina.
C) to bipolar cells within the retina.
D) to the periphery of the retina first, ganglion cells next, and bipolar cells last.

Question 42

Light from above our head strikes the:

A) left side of the retina.
B) right side of the retina.
C) top half of the retina.
D) bottom half of the retina.

Question 43

Which of the following characterizes the blind spot?

A) It has the greatest perception of detail.
B) There are no receptors there..
C) It falls in the shadow cast by the pupil.
D) It has more rods than cones.

Question 44

The optic nerve is composed of axons from which kind of cell?

A) rods and cones
B) bipolar cells
C) horizontal cells
D) ganglion cells

Question 45

Why does the fovea provide the clearest, most detailed visual information?

A) It is closest to the pupil.
B) It surrounds the optic nerve.
C) Receptors are tightly packed there.
D) There are many blood vessels for supplying energy.

Question 46

The retinas of predatory birds such as hawks:

A) have no discernible fovea.
B) have a greater density of receptors than do humans on the top half of the retina.
C) have a greater density of receptors than do humans on the bottom half of the retina.
D) are virtually indistinguishable from the retinas of humans.

Question 47

Cells in the retina that provide connections among themselves, as well as with bipolar and ganglion cells, are known as:

A) receptors.
B) geniculate cells.
C) amacrine cells.
D) optic nerves.

Question 48

Light from the left half of the world strikes what part of the retina?

A) the left half
B) the right half
C) the whole retina equally
D) It depends of the wavelength.

Question 49

Ganglion cells near the fovea in humans and other primates are called ____ ganglion cells.

A) midget
B) giant
C) reticulated
D) cone-shaped

Question 50

Light from the right half of the world strikes what part of the retina?

A) the left half
B) the right half
C) the whole retina equally
D) It depends of the wavelength.

Question 51

The bipolar cells send their messages to ____, located closer to the center of the eye.

A) spiny cells
B) cornea cells
C) bipolar cells
D) ganglion cells

Question 52

Foveal vision has:

A) better sensitivity to dim light.
B) better acuity.
C) less ability for detailed vision.
D) no ability for visual perception.

Question 53

Light is focused as it enters through which of the following structures?

A) lens only
B) cornea only
C) lens and cornea
D) pupil

Question 54

Which of the following characterizes the fovea?

A) It has the greatest perception of detail.
B) It surrounds the point of exit of the optic nerve.
C) It falls in the shadow cast by the pupil.
D) It has more rods than cones.

Question 55

Because blood vessels and ganglion cell axons are almost absent near the ____, it has nearly unimpeded vision.

A) optic nerve
B) fovea
C) area containing mostly rods
D) cornea

Question 56

Various types of ____ cells refine the input to ganglion cells, enabling them to respond specifically to shapes, movement, or other visual features.

A) receptors
B) geniculate cells
C) amacrine cells
D) optic nerves

Question 57

The blind spot in each eye is blind because:

A) everyone has nerve damage.
B) the fluid in the eye becomes crystallized there.
C) amacrine cells are tangled there.
D) there are no receptors there.

Question 58

The name of the point at which the optic nerve leaves the retina is called the:

A) blind spot.
B) fovea.
C) optic chiasm.
D) ganglion.

Question 59

If you want to see something in fine detail, you should focus the light on which part of your retina?

A) the optic nerve
B) the fovea
C) an area containing mostly rods
D) the cornea

Question 60

In what order does visual information pass through the retina?

A) receptor cells, ganglion cells, bipolar cells
B) ganglion cells, bipolar cells, receptor cells
C) receptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells
D) bipolar cells, receptor cells, ganglion cells

Question 61

Peripheral vision mainly depends upon:

A) the fovea.
B) cones.
C) rods.
D) just a few receptors.

Question 62

Most retinal cones are concentrated in the:

A) periphery.
B) fovea.
C) right half of each retina.
D) top part of each retina.

Question 63

All of the following are reasons why the fovea is well-suited for highly detailed vision EXCEPT:

A) there are few blood vessels there.
B) there are few ganglion cells there.
C) the receptors are tightly-packed there.
D) the optic nerve connects there.

Question 64

____ are chemicals that release energy when struck by light.

A) Phototransmitters
B) Photosins
C) Photopigments
D) Photoions

Question 65

What are the two kinds of receptors in the retina?

A) bipolar and ganglion cells
B) ganglion and rods
C) rods and cones
D) amacrine and horizontal

Question 66

Which receptors are responsible for the perception of color?

A) cones
B) rods
C) both rods and cones
D) horizontal and amacrine cells

Question 67

How do the retinas of predatory birds, such as hawks, differ from the retinas of prey species, such as rats?

A) Hawks have one fovea; rats have two.
B) Hawks have greater density of receptors on the top half of their retinas than do rats.
C) Hawks do not have bipolar cells in the retina; rats have an abundance of bipolar cells in the retina.
D) Hawks have mostly rods, whereas rats have mostly cones.

Question 68

Night-active species are more likely than day-active species to have:

A) better peripheral vision.
B) larger blind spots.
C) a greater rod to cone ratio.
D) a greater cone to rod ratio.

Question 69

Light energy converts 11-cis-retinal to:

A) opsins.
B) unstable proteins.
C) all-trans-retinal.
D) sodium.

Question 70

Why do humans perceive faint light better in the periphery of the eye?

A) Receptors in the periphery are closer to the pupil.
B) The fovea is closer to the retina's blind spot than peripheral receptors are.
C) More receptors in the periphery than in the fovea funnel input to each ganglion cell.
D) Ganglion cells in the periphery transmit their information to a larger brain area.

Question 71

If you wanted to see a faint star at night, you should:

A) stare straight at it.
B) look slightly to one side.
C) look at a mirror's reflection of it.
D) wait until daytime.

Question 72

In comparison to the rods, cones are more:

A) common toward the periphery of the retina.
B) sensitive to detail.
C) sensitive to dim light.
D) common in rodents and other nocturnal animals.

Question 73

How does light excite a rod or cone?

A) It heats up the fluid in the receptor.
B) It converts 11-cis-retinal into all-trans-retinal.
C) It converts leu-enkephalin into met-enkephalin.
D) It ionizes neutral sodium into a positively charged ion.

Question 74

In comparison to cones, rods:

A) are more common toward the center of the retina.
B) are more sensitive to detail.
C) are more sensitive to dim light.
D) reach their peak firing levels slowly.

Question 75

More than a century ago, researchers had evidence that the human retina contained three kinds of color-sensitive receptors. What was the basis of their evidence?

A) observations of negative after-images
B) studies of how people adapt to various degrees of light or darkness
C) chemical measurements on the receptors themselves
D) experiments on mixing colors of light together

Question 76

Chemicals that release energy when struck by light are called:

A) photo-optics.
B) photopigments.
C) opsins.
D) kestrels.

Question 77

____ modify the ____ sensitivity to different wavelengths of light.

A) Retinol; photopigments
B) Opsins; retinol
C) Photopigments; opsins
D) Opsins; photopigments

Question 78

Initially, researchers determined how many types of receptors we have for determining color:

A) through psychophysical observations.
B) through the use of biochemical methods.
C) through genetic markers.
D) by developing a trichromatic spectrometer.

Question 79

Which of the following is TRUE related to peripheral vision?

A) It is very sensitive to detail.
B) It is easier to recognize single objects in the periphery that are not surrounded by other objects.
C) It is not very sensitive to light.
D) It is most sensitive to color.

Question 80

Rods are to ____ as cones are to ____.

A) the periphery; the fovea
B) red; blue
C) vertebrates; invertebrates
D) reading text; reading road signs