Deck 8: Movement

Question 1

People with severe spinal cord injury continue to produce normal activity in the motor cortex when they want to move.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The motor cortex can become active when imagining movement.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

A fish swimming in cold water can swim rapidly, but fatigues much faster.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The relative percentage of fast- and slow-twitch fibers is unchangeable after birth.

Question 5

A striated muscle controls movement of the body in relation to the environment.

Question 6

The motor cortex has direct connections to the muscles.

Question 7

In skeletal muscles, every axon releases dopamine.

Question 8

A fixed sequence of movements is called a motor program.

Question 9

Most types of movement can be clearly classified as voluntary or involuntary.

Question 10

The stretch reflex is caused by a stretch of the muscle.

Question 11

The prefrontal cortex plans movements according to their probable outcomes.

Question 12

Fast-twitch fibers have fast contractions and rapid fatigue.

Question 13

Control of a single muscle is distributed over a population of cells in the motor cortex.

Question 14

Activation of the Golgi tendon organs results in contraction of the muscle.

Question 15

Central pattern generators are most likely to be found in the spinal cord.

Question 16

Allied reflexes are stronger in infants and children than adults.

Question 17

Taking a drug that blocks acetylcholine receptors would be helpful for a person with myasthenia gravis.

Question 18

Infants have several reflexes not seen in adults.

Question 19

Marathon runners build up muscle fibers that are also helpful for sprinting.

Question 20

The supplementary motor cortex is mainly active when preparing for an organized sequence of movements.

Question 21

Parkinson's symptoms usually don't appear until 70-80% of the substantia nigra neurons have died.

Question 22

The gene for Huntington's disease is recessive.

Question 23

Late-onset Parkinson's disease is largely determined by genetics.

Question 24

People with cerebellar damage are faster at shifting their attention to a particular visual location.

Question 25

Brain transplants for Parkinson's patients have generally been very successful.

Question 26

Internal organs are to ____ as movement of the body is to ____.

A) smooth muscles; rough muscles
B) smooth muscles; striated muscles
C) striated muscles; skeletal muscles
D) antagonistic muscles; skeletal muscles

Question 27

Ultimately, the purpose of having a brain is to:

A) control movement.
B) solve logical problems.
C) control hormone release.
D) comprehend language.

Question 28

What type of muscle controls movements of internal organs?

A) smooth
B) striated
C) cardiac
D) antagonistic

Question 29

The more glutamine repeats that a person has, the earlier the age of onset of Huntington's disease.

Question 30

Paths from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord are called the corticospinal tracts.

Question 31

Dopamine neurons are more vulnerable than most other neurons to damage caused by metabolic problems.

Question 32

Huntington's disease is controlled by an autosomal dominant gene.

Question 33

In infancy, the sea squirt has a brain until it:

A) mates.
B) stops moving.
C) eats clown fish.
D) migrates to open water.

Question 34

What type of muscle is responsible for the movement of your body through the environment?

A) smooth
B) striated
C) cardiac
D) syncarpous

Question 35

In Huntington's disease, earlier onset is associated with slower deterioration over time.

Question 36

Mirror neurons are active both during preparation for a movement and while watching someone else perform the same or a similar movement.

Question 37

The heart is to ____ as movement of the body is to ____.

A) smooth muscles; rough muscles
B) cardiac muscles; striated muscles
C) striated muscles; skeletal muscles
D) antagonistic muscles; skeletal muscles

Question 38

The sensory cortex produces a kind of activity called a readiness potential before any voluntary movement.

Question 39

What type of muscle controls movements of the heart?

A) smooth
B) striated
C) cardiac
D) antagonistic

Question 40

The symptoms of cerebellar damage resemble those of alcohol intoxication.

Question 41

What is the relationship between the motor neuron axons and muscle fibers?

A) Each axon innervates only one muscle fiber.
B) The more muscle fibers a single axon innervates, the more precise the movements.
C) The more axons which innervate a single muscle fiber, the more precise the movements.
D) The fewer muscle fibers a single axon innervates, the more precise the movements.

Question 42

You have precise control over the movement of your fingers, probably because:

A) they have many muscle fibers per motor neuron.
B) they have few muscle fibers per motor neuron.
C) the axons in the fingers have faster action potentials.
D) you have learned how to write.

Question 43

Axons release ____ at junctions with skeletal muscles.

A) many different neurotransmitters
B) dopamine
C) norepinephrine
D) acetylcholine

Question 44

When an axon releases a transmitter at the nerve-muscle junction, the response of the muscle is to:

A) always relax.
B) always contract.
C) relax or contract, depending on the transmitter.
D) relax or contract, depending on the duration and amount of transmitter.

Question 45

A deficit of acetylcholine or its receptors:

A) cause involuntary movement
B) increase movement
C) impair movement
D) does not affect movement

Question 46

A contraction of equal force in antagonist muscles of the arm would result in ____ of the arm.

A) flexion
B) extension
C) no movement
D) rotation

Question 47

At the elbow, the ____ brings the hand toward the shoulder.

A) extensor muscle
B) flexor muscle
C) striated muscle
D) skeletal muscle

Question 48

Moving a leg or arm back and forth requires opposing sets of muscles called:

A) extensor muscles.
B) flexor muscles.
C) cardiac muscles.
D) antagonistic muscles.

Question 49

The eye muscles have a ratio of about ____ axon(s) per ????____ muscle fiber(s).

A) two, three
B) one, three
C) three, two
D) three one

Question 50

A fish will adjust to lower water temperatures by:

A) increasing the speed of its action potentials.
B) increasing the amplitude of its action potentials.
C) recruiting different muscle fibers.
D) increasing its basal metabolic rate.

Question 51

What happens when a fish swims at low temperatures?

A) Muscle fibers contract more vigorously than at high temperatures.
B) The fish swims more slowly.
C) The fish swims at its usual speed but fatigues more rapidly.
D) The fish swims at its usual speed but fatigues more slowly.

Question 52

Which muscle is "antagonistic" to a flexor muscle in the right arm?

A) a flexor muscle in the right arm
B) an extensor muscle in the left arm
C) an extensor muscle in the right arm
D) another flexor muscle in the right arm

Question 53

In movement the, ____ muscle straightens the arm.

A) Flexor
B) Striated
C) Extensor
D) Skeletal

Question 54

The eye muscles can be moved with greater precision than the biceps muscles because the:

A) biceps have only slow-twitch muscles.
B) biceps have only fast-twitch muscles.
C) biceps are opposed by an antagonistic muscle; the eye muscles are not.
D) eye muscles have a lower ratio of muscle fibers to axons.

Question 55

The biceps muscles of the arm have a ratio of ____ to more than a hundred fibers.

A) four
B) three
C) one
D) two

Question 56

Cardiac muscles have properties:

A) just like those of smooth muscles.
B) just like those of skeletal muscles.
C) just like those of antagonistic muscles.
D) intermediate between those of smooth and skeletal.

Question 57

A neuromuscular junction is a synapse:

A) where a sensory axon delivering information from a muscle meets a neuron.
B) where a motor neuron axon meets a muscle fiber.
C) specific to cardiac muscles.
D) where a muscle excites or inhibits a neuron.

Question 58

What will cause a muscle to relax?

A) electrical stimulation
B) absence of acetylcholine
C) presence of norepinephrine
D) presence of epinephrine

Question 59

What is the name given to the synapse where a motor neuron's axon meets a muscle fiber?

A) neuromuscular junction
B) polar junction
C) muscle spindle
D) neurofiber synapse

Question 60

The absence of acetylcholine will cause a muscle to:

A) relax.
B) contract.
C) fatigue.
D) stretch.

Question 61

Of the three types of skeletal muscles found in fish, which type is least susceptible to fatigue?

A) Red
B) White
C) Blue
D) Pink

Question 62

A boxer's ability to sense the position of his arm and hand before planning a punch is dependent on the sense of:

A) proprioception.
B) somatosensation.
C) pain.
D) vision.

Question 63

Which type of proprioceptor responds to increases in muscle tension?

A) Golgi tendon organ
B) fast-twitch fiber
C) muscle spindle
D) slow-twitch fiber

Question 64

A muscle spindle responds to the:

A) oxygen level in the muscle.
B) acetylcholine concentration at the nerve-muscle junction.
C) fatigue of the muscle.
D) stretch of the muscle.

Question 65

Which would be especially important when running up a flight of stairs at full speed?

A) fast-twitch muscles
B) slow-twitch muscles
C) smooth muscles
D) intermediate muscles

Question 66

Exercising at a high altitude where there is less oxygen is most likely to affect:

A) intermediate fibers.
B) anaerobic contraction.
C) fast-twitch fibers.
D) slow-twitch fibers.

Question 67

A physician taps you just below the knee to check a reflex that is based on information from which kind of receptor?

A) a Golgi tendon organ
B) an oscillator
C) a muscle spindle
D) a vestibular organ

Question 68

Which of the following are two kinds of proprioceptors?

A) extensors and contractors
B) contractors and muscle spindles
C) muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs
D) muscle spindles and extensors

Question 69

A tap on the knee just below the kneecap will elicit extension of the leg. This reflex indicates that:

A) muscle spindles have been stretched.
B) Golgi tendon organs have been stretched.
C) neurons have been damaged in the spinal cord.
D) muscle spindles have been relaxed.

Question 70

Compared to the average weekend jogger, a world class marathon runner probably has a higher percentage of which kind of fibers in his legs?

A) slow-twitch
B) fast-twitch
C) smooth muscle
D) white muscle

Question 71

What are the differences among the three types of skeletal muscle found in fish (red, pink, and white)?

A) speed of contraction
B) susceptibility to fatigue
C) both speed of contraction and susceptibility to fatigue
D) only their color

Question 72

The stretch reflex:

A) results in a stretch.
B) is caused by a stretch.
C) inhibits motor neurons.
D) sends a message for a muscle to relax.

Question 73

Vigorous use of fast-twitch fibers results in fatigue because the process is:

A) aerobic.
B) anaerobic.
C) anabolic.
D) abolic.

Question 74

A Golgi tendon organ responds to:

A) increases in muscle tension.
B) decreases in muscle tension.
C) increases in muscle spindles.
D) decreases in muscle spindles.

Question 75

Compared to a long distance runner, a world class sprinter probably has more of which kind of fibers in her legs?

A) slow-twitch
B) fast-twitch
C) smooth muscle
D) striated muscle

Question 76

At high temperatures, a fish relies mostly on its:

A) white muscles.
B) red muscles.
C) blue muscles.
D) pink muscles.

Question 77

A sudden stretch of a muscle excites a feedback system that opposes the stretch. This message starts in the:

A) dorsal root ganglion.
B) cerebellum.
C) Pacinian corpuscles.
D) muscle spindles.

Question 78

A proprioceptor is sensitive to the:

A) degree of relaxation or contraction of smooth muscle tissue.
B) position and movement of a part of the body.
C) percentage of fibers that are contracting within a muscle bundle.
D) degree of fatigue in a muscle.

Question 79

If a new species were found with legs composed almost completely of fast-twitch muscles, what could we infer about its behavior?

A) It could chase prey over long distances.
B) It could chase prey only over short distances.
C) It probably travels constantly.
D) It probably moves slowly and grazes on vegetation.

Question 80

During aerobic exercises such as dancing, as glucose is used by the muscles, ____.

A) fast-twitch fibers absorb more glucose
B) slow-twitch muscles produce glucose anaerobically
C) glucose use increases
D) glucose use decreases