Deck 9: Wakefulness and Sleep

Question 1

The mean preferred time of going to sleep gets later and later until about age 20 and then starts a gradual reversal.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The stimulus that stops the circadian rhythm is referred to by the German term zeitgeber.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

High levels of 'Per' and 'Tim' are associated with sleepiness.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Dreams only occur during REM sleep.

Question 5

Blind and deaf animals do not have circadian rhythms.

Question 6

Alpha waves are characteristic of relaxation, not of all wakefulness.

Question 7

Melatonin is released by the SCN.

Question 8

Animals produce endogenous circadian rhythms that last about a day.

Question 9

Alternation between wakefulness and sleep depends completely on stimuli in the environment.

Question 10

The biological clock depends on part of the hypothalamus, called the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

Question 11

Biological clocks are very resistant to environmental influences.

Question 12

A disruption of circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones is known as jet lag.

Question 13

Melanopsin is required for producing circadian rhythms.

Question 14

Bright light late in the afternoon shortens the circadian rhythm.

Question 15

Stages 2 and 3 together constitute slow-wave sleep (SWS).

Question 16

Inactivation of the 'Tim' protein resets the biological clock.

Question 17

Changes in EEG waves occur when neurons fire in synchrony.

Question 18

REM is usually the first stage of sleep after a person goes to bed.

Question 19

The dominant zeitgeber for land animals is light.

Question 20

Young children are more likely to be "morning people" than older adults.

Question 21

The regular use of tranquilizers can result in insomnia.

Question 22

Temporary sleep deprivation causes the body to respond in a similar manner as it does to being ill.

Question 23

The activation-synthesis theory of dreams argues that dreams are the result of random brain activity.

Question 24

Arousal seems to be regulated by a single structure in the brainstem.

Question 25

Night terrors occur during NREM sleep.

Question 26

What does "endogenous" mean?

A) occurring at regular intervals
B) learned
C) sensitive to light/dark patterns
D) generated from within

Question 27

Circadian cycles are to ____ as circannual cycles are to ____.

A) light-dark; temperature
B) endogenous; exogenous
C) mating; hibernating
D) daily; yearly

Question 28

In general, animals that have the most total sleep also have the highest percentage of REM sleep.

Question 29

REM deprivation is more difficult for a person to deal with than NREM deprivation.

Question 30

Narcolepsy is a condition characterized by frequent periods of sleepiness during the day.

Question 31

REM sleep depends on a relationship between the neurotransmitters serotonin and acetylcholine.

Question 32

The onset of sleep requires active brain processes.

Question 33

Orexin is not necessary for waking up, but it is for staying awake.

Question 34

After removing all sensory input to the brain, an animal would continue to have periods of sleep and wakefulness.

Question 35

Psychologists in the early to mid part of the 20?? century had difficulty with the notion that wake and sleep cycles were generated from within the body because:

A) there was no scientific evidence to support this notion.
B) all species operate on the same cycle.
C) at that time there were no recorded sleep disorders.
D) they accepted the theory that all behaviors were responses to stimuli.

Question 36

Sleep apnea is characterized by sleep attacks during wakefulness.

Question 37

Muscle relaxation during REM sleep occurs because of decreased activity in the pons.

Question 38

If a migratory bird is kept in a laboratory without any cues to the season, it will become:

A) more active in the spring.
B) less active in the spring.
C) more active in the summer.
D) more active in the winter.

Question 39

If a migratory bird is kept in a laboratory room with constant temperature and 12 hours of light each day, when does it show migratory restlessness?

A) steadily at all times
B) never
C) at approximately the correct time of year for migration
D) at random intervals throughout the year

Question 40

Animals produce endogenous circadian rhythms that:

A) last about an hour.
B) last about a day.
C) last about a week
D) last more then a day.

Question 41

What happens if people are put in an environment that is constantly dark?

A) It does not affect them in any way.
B) They complain that they cannot sleep.
C) They complain that they have difficulty waking up.
D) They follow a cycle closer to 28 hours than to 24 hours.

Question 42

A person's circadian activity cycle would most likely drift out of phase with the activity of other people if the person:

A) spends a period of time in the wilderness, away from clocks.
B) habitually eats a big meal just before bedtime.
C) spends a period of time in seclusion, away from sunlight.
D) lives near the equator, where the seasons do not vary.

Question 43

Which of the following is TRUE concerning the duration of a self-generated sleep/activity cycle?

A) It is unreliable in most species, and dependably close to 24 hours only in primates.
B) It is longer if the organism is normally active in the dark.
C) There is little or no variability from one individual to another.
D) It is highly consistent in a given individual in a given environment.

Question 44

An astronaut orbiting earth experiences 45-minute periods of daylight alternating with 45-minutes of darkness. What is likely to happen?

A) The alternating patterns allow for normal rhythm development.
B) They are fully alert during wakeful periods.
C) They are able to sleep during rest periods.
D) They sleep poorly during rest periods.

Question 45

In the absence of any light, dark, or time cues, human circadian rhythms would:

A) become much shorter than 24 hours.
B) become slightly longer than 24 hours.
C) cease to exist.
D) make the person crazy.

Question 46

A human's body temperature over the course of 24 hours is usually highest:

A) about the time of awakening.
B) mid-morning.
C) mid to late afternoon.
D) in the middle of the night.

Question 47

When traveling across time zones, adjustments are easier when traveling which direction?

A) Travel to the east is easier.
B) Travel to the west is easier.
C) There is no difference.
D) It varies greatly from person to person.

Question 48

Based on research, it has been determined that the human circadian rhythm appears to be:

A) shorter than 24 hours.
B) exactly 24 hours.
C) just over 24 hours.
D) closer to 28 hours.

Question 49

What is the principal zeitgeber for land animals?

A) Light
B) The tides
C) Temperature
D) Barometric pressure

Question 50

Suppose you work on a submarine with only artificial light. You are required to follow a schedule of working for 12 hours and then sleeping for 6. What rhythm, if any, will your alertness and body temperature show?

A) They will follow a rhythm of 18 hours.
B) They will follow the usual rhythm of 24 hours.
C) They will follow a rhythm of 21 hours.
D) They will cease to show any consistent rhythm.

Question 51

Social stimuli - that is, the effects of other people - are weak ____, unless they induce exercise or other vigorous activity.

A) effects
B) motivators
C) rhythms
D) zeitgebers

Question 52

Mammals have circadian rhythms:

A) only for their sleep/activity cycle.
B) only for frequency of eating and drinking.
C) for sleep and body temperature only.
D) for a variety of activities, including sleep.

Question 53

What happens if people live in an environment in which the cycle of light and dark is other than 24 hours?

A) Within a few days, they adjust to waking and sleeping on the new schedule, whatever it is.
B) They adjust better if the cycle is some multiple of 24 (e.g., 48).
C) They adjust better if the cycle is close to 24 (e.g., 25).
D) They fail to adjust at all.

Question 54

Which of the following people would be most alert when watching a late-night movie?

A) 40 year old
B) 20 year old
C) 16 month baby
D) a morning person

Question 55

Which of the following is most clearly under the control of a circadian rhythm in most animals?

A) Sleep
B) storage of body fat
C) migration
D) Mating

Question 56

A stimulus that resets the circadian rhythm is referred to by the German term:

A) lichtgeber.
B) zeitgeber.
C) zeitadian.
D) circazeit.

Question 57

What happens if people are put in an environment that is constantly light?

A) It does not affect them in any way.
B) They complain that they cannot sleep.
C) They complain that they have difficulty waking up.
D) They follow a cycle closer to 28 hours than to 24 hours.

Question 58

Suppose you fell into a cave and lost your watch. Without any time cues, your circadian rhythm would:

A) increase dramatically over time.
B) cease to exist.
C) decrease over time.
D) remain relatively stable.

Question 59

A "zeitgeber" is a(n):

A) biological clock.
B) animal that does not have a biological clock.
C) environmental cue that resets a biological clock.
D) body activity that is controlled by a biological clock.

Question 60

Someone who considers herself a "morning person" should take college classes at what time of the day?

A) right after lunch
B) in the late evening
C) early morning
D) after sleep deprivation

Question 61

Research on circadian rhythms has shown that one of the best ways to increase the alertness and efficiency of workers on night shifts is to:

A) expose them to bright lights while they work.
B) keep the environmental temperature constant from night to day.
C) have them eat a big meal before going to sleep.
D) allow them to catnap.

Question 62

How is the circadian rhythm of adult hamsters affected after transplanting SCN tissue from hamster fetuses with abnormal (20 hour) circadian rhythms?

A) There is no change from their previous 24 hour cycle.
B) It depends on the age of the adult hamsters.
C) The adult hamsters adopted the rhythm of the transplanted tissue.
D) All indications of a cycle disappeared.

Question 63

Researchers have demonstrated that the expression of the SCN genes can be changed through:

A) exposure of the eyes to light.
B) barometric pressure.
C) the diet.
D) morning exercise.

Question 64

By altering ____, the SCN produces circadian rhythms.

A) blood pressure
B) action potential velocity
C) the production of proteins
D) axon myelination

Question 65

After isolating a neuron from the rest of the brain, you find that it has a moderately stable circadian rhythm. The most likely home of this neuron is in the:

A) optic nerve.
B) MPOA.
C) SCN.
D) pineal gland.

Question 66

When fetal hamster SCN tissue was transplanted, the adult recipients' biological clocks:

A) no longer functioned.
B) shifted by one hour.
C) began producing a rhythm consistent with that of the donor.
D) were unaffected by the donor SCN tissue.

Question 67

A key area of the hypothalamus, particularly important in the regulation of the biological clock, is the:

A) substantia nigra.
B) caudate nucleus.
C) lateral hypothalamus.
D) suprachiasmatic nucleus.

Question 68

When studying disruptions to the biological clock in animals, what did Curt Richter find?

A) Blinding animals strongly disrupted their clock.
B) Rendering animals deaf strongly disrupted their clock.
C) Long periods of forced activity strongly disrupted the clock.
D) The biological clock is insensitive to most forms of interference.

Question 69

A disruption of circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones is known as:

A) circashift.
B) phaselag.
C) jetlag.
D) zeitgeber.

Question 70

What is a strong piece of evidence that the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) generates the circadian rhythm?

A) Stimulation of the SCN awakens an individual.
B) SCN neurons generate a circadian rhythm of impulses even after removal from the brain.
C) Different groups of SCN neurons reach their peak of activity at different times of day.
D) Certain animals that are born without an SCN are inactive throughout the day.

Question 71

If suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons are disconnected from the rest of the brain, they:

A) no longer produce any activity.
B) continue to produce activity that follows a circadian rhythm.
C) produce a 20-hour rhythm.
D) produce spontaneous bursts of activity, but on no rhythmic pattern.

Question 72

The surest way to disrupt the biological clock is to damage the:

A) substantia nigra.
B) caudate nucleus.
C) lateral hypothalamus.
D) suprachiasmatic nucleus.

Question 73

The SCN produces circadian rhythms by altering:

A) blood pressure.
B) production of proteins.
C) action potential velocity.
D) axon myelination.

Question 74

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is found in the:

A) substantia nigra.
B) caudate nucleus.
C) thalamus.
D) hypothalamus.

Question 75

What happens after damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus itself?

A) Light no longer resets the biological clock, but the animal continues generating a 24-hour rhythm.
B) Animals' activity patterns become less consistent and no longer respond to light and dark cycles.
C) Animals lose their biological rhythms of temperature, but keep other circadian rhythms.
D) Animals begin to maintain a constant level of activity throughout the 24-hour day.

Question 76

The role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the regulation of biological rhythms is to:

A) coordinate several biological clocks.
B) feed visual information to the biological clock.
C) generate the circadian rhythm.
D) generate circannual rhythms.

Question 77

The SCN is located just above the:

A) optic chiasm.
B) thalamus.
C) hypothalamus.
D) visual cortex.

Question 78

What is the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in circadian rhythms?

A) Its neurons generate a 24-hour rhythm by themselves.
B) Its neurons can reset the biological clock, but they do not generate it.
C) It relays visual information to the biological clock.
D) It relays information from the biological clock to areas that control temperature and activity.

Question 79

Which of the following would most likely help someone adjust to jet lag?

A) taking a nap during the day
B) taking melatonin when you need to wake up
C) keeping the room light when you need to stay awake
D) darkening the room when you need to stay awake

Question 80

After damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the body:

A) cannot generate biological rhythms.
B) still has rhythms in synchrony with environmental patterns of light and dark.
C) still has rhythms, but they are less consistent.
D) still has rhythms, but they can only be reset by artificial light.