Deck 10: Internal Regulation

Question 1

Chronically high insulin levels decrease appetite.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The large intestine absorbs water and minerals.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Most mammals at about the age of weaning lose the intestinal enzyme lactase.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Renin is released from the posterior pituitary.

Question 5

The main signal to end a meal is high glucose levels in the blood.

Question 6

Set points can change over time.

Question 7

Drinking salty sea water will satisfy osmotic thirst.

Question 8

The physiological changes that defend body temperature depend on areas in and near the hypothalamus.

Question 9

A moderate fever can increase an individual's chance of surviving a bacterial infection.

Question 10

Vasopressin increases blood pressure by constricting the blood vessels.

Question 11

Angiotensin II acts on the kidney to retain more sodium.

Question 12

Only reptiles use behavioral mechanisms to regulate body temperature.

Question 13

Human maintain a higher body temperature during the day than at night.

Question 14

CCK limits meal size.

Question 15

Newborn animals survive at first on mother's milk.

Question 16

The solutes inside and outside a cell produce an osmotic pressure.

Question 17

Homeostasis refers to temperature regulation and other biological processes that keep body variables within a fixed range.

Question 18

Drinking pure water is the best way to reduce osmotic thirst.

Question 19

Humans spend about one-third of their total energy maintaining body temperature.

Question 20

Stomach distension is necessary to produce satiety.

Question 21

The paraventricular nucleus normally inhibits meal size.

Question 22

Obese people tend to produce more insulin than people of normal weight.

Question 23

What defines a homeostatic process?

A) the regulation of blood flow
B) any process governed by hormones
C) the maintenance of certain body variables within a fixed range
D) reproduction involving distinct male and female genders in a species

Question 24

Much of motivated behavior can be described as:

A) diabetic feedback.
B) negative feedback.
C) positive feedback.
D) homeothermic mechanisms.

Question 25

Anorexia is a problem of lack of appetite.

Question 26

When the range maintained by homeostatic processes is very narrow, what is it called?

A) a set point
B) a match point
C) idiopathic
D) band specific

Question 27

Set points for temperature and body fat:

A) are fixed.
B) change with time of year only.
C) only change due to varying internal conditions.
D) change depending on many conditions.

Question 28

The term ____ refers to temperature regulation and other biological processes that keep body variables within a fixed range.

A) negative feedback
B) positive feedback
C) homeothermic
D) thermostasis

Question 29

The arcuate nucleus receives only hunger signals.

Question 30

Injections of leptin reduce eating in rats.

Question 31

Orexin inhibits appetite.

Question 32

Some cases of obesity can be traced to a single gene that affects melanocortin receptors.

Question 33

The most simple and effective way to lose weight is to exercise more and eat less.

Question 34

A set point refers to:

A) a very narrow range that the body works to maintain at a stable level.
B) the regulation of blood flow.
C) the release of hormones at a set point in time.
D) initiating a change in body temperature at a set point in time.

Question 35

Some set points may vary considerably over time in order to respond to changes in the environment. This adaptability is known as:

A) homeostasis.
B) allostasis.
C) negative feedback.
D) homeothermic.

Question 36

Damage to the lateral hypothalamus would increase feeding behavior.

Question 37

Large birds, like flamingos, often stand on one leg to:

A) impress the opposite sex.
B) eat.
C) maintain muscle strength.
D) warm the leg that is tucked under their body.

Question 38

Homeostasis is to ____ as allostasis is to ____.

A) constant, variable
B) variable, constant
C) constant, decreasing
D) variable, increasing

Question 39

Processes that reduce any discrepancies from the set point are known as:

A) negative feedback.
B) positive feedback.
C) homeothermic.
D) thermostasis.

Question 40

Bulimia seems to be characterized by an addiction to food.

Question 41

What is the benefit of maintaining a body temperature of 37 degrees Celsius?

A) warmer muscles
B) more protein
C) more blood
D) more body water

Question 42

Some insects, frogs and fish survive extreme cold by:

A) generating vast amounts of heat through their blood.
B) stocking their blood with large amounts of glycerol at the start of the winter.
C) allowing ice crystals to expand in their blood vessels and cells.
D) decreasing their surface to volume ratio.

Question 43

An average young adult expends about ____ kilocalories (kcal) per day.

A) 3,000
B) 2,600
C) 2,000
D) 3,600

Question 44

How do reptiles control their body temperature, if at all?

A) They dilate or constrict blood vessels.
B) They move to different locations in their environment.
C) They shiver and sweat.
D) There is nothing they can do.

Question 45

The temperature required by reproductive cells of birds and most mammals is:

A) higher than the rest of the body.
B) lower than the rest of the body.
C) the same as the internal organs of the body.
D) fluctuating in direct opposition to changes in body temperature.

Question 46

The physiological changes that defend body temperature are mainly controlled by the:

A) pineal body and preoptic area.
B) preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus.
C) parietal cortex and hypothalamus.
D) preoptic area and posterior hypothalamus.

Question 47

Homeothermic organisms include:

A) amphibians and reptiles.
B) reptiles and fish.
C) amphibians and fish.
D) mammals and birds.

Question 48

How do amphibians and reptiles control their body temperature?

A) they cannot
B) by shivering and sweating
C) by changing the reflectivity of their skin
D) by choosing an appropriate area of the environment

Question 49

One advantage of being homeothermic is that it:

A) reduces the fuel requirements of the body.
B) prevents excessive reliance on a single sensory system.
C) enables the individual to stay active when the environment is cool.
D) decreases the need for shivering and sweating.

Question 50

Beyond about 40° or 41°C, ___ begin to break their bonds and lose their useful properties.

A) RNA
B) DNA
C) cells
D) proteins

Question 51

Generating heat is to ____ as radiating heat is to ____.

A) surface area; temperature of the set point
B) total body mass; surface area
C) raising the set point; lowering the set point
D) sweating; shivering

Question 52

Blood vessel constriction, shivering, and sweating are controlled by which area of the brain?

A) pineal body
B) preoptic area of the hypothalamus
C) parietal cortex
D) cerebellum

Question 53

An advantage of maintaining a constant body temperature is that it:

A) enables an animal to stay equally active at all environmental temperatures.
B) enables an animal to survive on a wider variety of diets.
C) minimizes the energy that must be expended on basal metabolism.
D) enables an animal to detect changes in the temperature of the environment.

Question 54

The POA/AH monitors body temperature partly by monitoring:

A) its own temperature.
B) brain temperature.
C) heart temperature.
D) the temperature of the thalamus.

Question 55

Poikilothermic organisms have body temperatures which:

A) remain relatively constant no matter the change in the external environment.
B) are the same as the temperatures of their environments.
C) are nearly constant, although the brain temperature varies.
D) allow them to survive in very warm climates only.

Question 56

Poikilothermic organisms include:

A) humans.
B) most mammals.
C) amphibians and reptiles.
D) all mammals and all fish.

Question 57

Humans expend most of their energy on what activity?

A) walking, running, and other forms of locomotion
B) in the beating of their hearts and blood circulation
C) propagating action potentials in the billions of neurons in the nervous system
D) maintaining basal metabolism

Question 58

Which organisms, if any, use behavioral means to regulate their body temperature?

A) poikilothermic, but not homeothermic
B) homeothermic, but not poikilothermic
C) both poikilothermic and homeothermic
D) neither poikilothermic nor homeothermic

Question 59

Why did mammals evolve a body temperature of 37 degrees Celsius?

A) They benefit from a high temperature because they seldom need to cool themselves by much.
B) Most protein bonds begin to break at this temperature.
C) Their body proteins are stable only at 37 degrees Celsius or above.
D) It is the only way they can detect changes in the temperature of the environment.

Question 60

If an experimenter cools the preoptic area of an animal in a warm environment, the animal will:

A) shiver.
B) pant or sweat.
C) move to a colder environment.
D) decrease its preference for salty tastes.

Question 61

Diabetes insipidus literally means "passing without taste" because the urine is produced in such large quantities that it is tasteless. This disease is most likely caused by a problem with the production or release of:

A) renin.
B) vasopressin.
C) angiotensinogen.
D) prostaglandins.

Question 62

What is the hormone released by the posterior pituitary that causes your kidneys to reabsorb and conserve water?

A) antidiuretic hormone
B) insulin
C) luteinizing hormone
D) oxytocin

Question 63

Your posterior pituitary is most likely to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH):

A) if you are very thirsty.
B) shortly after drinking a large glass of water.
C) if you are very hungry.
D) shortly after eating a large meal.

Question 64

Approximately what percent of the mammalian body is composed of water?

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 50%
D) 70%

Question 65

A fever:

A) develops independently of the preoptic area.
B) is part of the body's defense against an illness.
C) is an indication that the body is not yet fighting the infection.
D) serves to keep an animal warm during periods of reduced activity.

Question 66

In response to infection, leukocytes release proteins called:

A) leptin.
B) cholecystokinin.
C) cytokines.
D) insulin.

Question 67

When bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other intruders invade the body, it mobilizes ____ to attack them.

A) leptin
B) cholecystokinin
C) cytokines
D) leukocytes

Question 68

Vasopressin raises blood pressure by:

A) causing the blood vessels to dilate.
B) constricting the blood vessels.
C) increasing the blood's salt concentration.
D) decreasing the blood's salt concentration.

Question 69

If an animal which lacks physiological mechanisms of temperature control gets an infection, it:

A) gets cold instead of feverish.
B) gets hot only at the point where the infection began.
C) chooses a hotter environment.
D) recovers faster than animals that can control body temperature.

Question 70

Damage to the preoptic area causes an animal to:

A) eat a great deal and gain weight.
B) stop eating.
C) fail to sweat when overheating, but still shiver when cold.
D) fail to shiver and sweat sufficiently.

Question 71

How do adult mammals with damage to the preoptic area regulate their body temperature?

A) physiologically
B) pharmacologically
C) behaviorally
D) not at all

Question 72

A person most likely to shiver when the:

A) skin is cold, but the preoptic area is at normal temperature.
B) temperature difference between the skin and the preoptic area is large.
C) skin and the preoptic area are both hot.
D) skin and the preoptic area are both cold.

Question 73

After damage to the preoptic area, an animal:

A) eats a great deal and gains weight.
B) stops eating.
C) fails to sweat when overheating, but still shivers when cold.
D) fails to shiver and sweat sufficiently.

Question 74

The two types of thirst are ____ and ____.

A) osmotic thirst; hypervolemic thirst
B) osmotic thirst; hypovolemic thirst
C) hypovolemic thirst; set point thirst
D) vasopressin thirst; osmotic thirst

Question 75

After an increase in the solute concentrations in the body, you will experience:

A) a set point.
B) osmotic thirst.
C) hypovolemic thirst.
D) hunger.

Question 76

What evidence do we have that the preoptic area controls body temperature?

A) After damage to the preoptic area, an animal will simultaneously sweat and shiver.
B) Each cell in the preoptic area has a temperature at which it is most active.
C) Removed cells maintain a constant temperature even in a cell culture.
D) Heating or cooling the preoptic area leads to sweating or shivering.

Question 77

Which hormone, released by the posterior pituitary, both raises blood pressure and enables the kidneys to reabsorb water?

A) vasopressin
B) prolactin
C) thymosin
D) ACTH

Question 78

In humans, a fever above ____ is life-threatening.

A) 37°C (98°F)
B) 39°C (103°F)
C) 41°C (109°F)
D) 36°C (96°F)

Question 79

Cells in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus monitor which temperatures?

A) internal organs
B) their own and the skin
C) differences between the arteries and veins
D) differences between internal organs and the skin

Question 80

The way that mammals with damage to their preoptic area regulate their body temperature is similar to what other group?

A) birds
B) reptiles
C) normal mammals
D) inanimate objects