Deck 15: Mood Disorders and Schizophrenia

Question 1

Combining sleep alteration with drug therapies can provide long-lasting benefits.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Many people with schizophrenia have a characteristic body odor.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Lithium is generally more effective for people with bipolar II disorder.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The ventricles are larger than normal in people with schizophrenia.

Question 5

Most depressed people have decreased activity in the left and increased activity in the right prefrontal cortex.

Question 6

Antidepressant drugs have effects at the synapse within hours, but may take weeks to change behavior.

Question 7

A combination of both antidepressants and psychotherapy benefits only a slightly higher percentage of people than either treatment alone.

Question 8

Exposure to bright lights is one effective treatment for SAD.

Question 9

Schizophrenia is often viewed as a problem with excess activity at dopamine synapses.

Question 10

St. John's wort acts by selectively inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin.

Question 11

Depression is more common in men than women.

Question 12

Several genes have been found to increase the risk of depression.

Question 13

Postpartum depression usually occurs right after a women finds out she is pregnant.

Question 14

A single gene has been identified that accounts for all cases of schizophrenia.

Question 15

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors normally inhibit reuptake of serotonin.

Question 16

Bipolar II disorder is a more severe form of mania than bipolar I disorder.

Question 17

The tricyclics operate by blocking the transporter proteins that reabsorb serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine into the presynaptic neuron after their release.

Question 18

A study found that depressed people showed an increased response to facial expressions of fear and a decreased response to happy expressions.

Question 19

Schizophrenia is the same as dissociative identity disorder.

Question 20

Antidepressant drugs produce their effects on catecholamine and serotonin synapses within hours, but people need to take the drugs for two or more weeks before they experience any mood elevation.

Question 21

About one woman in a thousand enters a serious, long-lasting depression following the birth of a child. What is generally true about these women?

A) They are predisposed to depression prior to the birth of their child.
B) They are less likely than other women to have experienced depression prior to the birth.
C) They show elevated activity levels in the left hemisphere of their brains.
D) They fail to respond to tricyclic antidepressants.

Question 22

Compared to non-depressed people, which of the following is true regarding depressed individuals?

A) They have greater unpleasant events.
B) They react worse to unpleasant events.
C) They have fewer pleasant experiences.
D) They react more to pleasant experiences.

Question 23

Studies of normal people have found a fairly strong relationship between:

A) happy mood and increased activity in the left prefrontal cortex.
B) happy mood and decreased activity in the left prefrontal cortex.
C) happy mood and increased activity in the right occipital cortex.
D) sadness and increased activity in the left occipital cortex.

Question 24

Which of the following conditions in an adolescent predicts that the person will develop depression later?

A) low body temperature
B) increased appetite
C) sleep disorder
D) slurred speech

Question 25

Which of the following is true of depression?

A) A single gene has been identified that causes depression.
B) Men are more likely to be depressed than women.
C) The influence of traumatic events during young adulthood depends on particular genes for serotonin.
D) Female hormone levels are strongly correlated with depression.

Question 26

The differences between ordinary and major depression depend on:

A) when they occur in one's lifetime.
B) intensity and duration.
C) geographic location and gender.
D) society and diet.

Question 27

Which of the following MOST strongly increases your risk of depression?

A) relatives with early-onset depression
B) relatives with late-onset depression
C) spending time with a depressed person (regardless of being related)
D) living in South America

Question 28

On average, those with the short form of the ____ transporter gene and a history of stressful experiences reported more than average symptoms of depression.

A) acetylcholine
B) dopamine
C) serotonin
D) calcium

Question 29

A few cases of depression are linked to ____ such as Borna disease.

A) viral infections
B) tumors
C) cysts
D) bacterial infections

Question 30

If someone has major depression, what is probably true of that person's relatives?

A) They have an increased risk of depression, but not of any other disorder.
B) They have an increased risk of many other disorders.
C) They have a decreased risk of both depression and other disorders.
D) They are neither more nor less likely than average to have depression or other disorders.

Question 31

Schizophrenia is a one-gene disorder and a one-neurotransmitter disorder.

Question 32

Generally speaking, dopamine and glutamate have opposite effects in the prefrontal cortex.

Question 33

The hormonal changes associated with giving birth most often affect depression by:

A) decreasing the probability of a woman becoming depressed.
B) temporarily decreasing the severity of an episode of depression.
C) triggering or aggravating a depressive episode.
D) causing temporary episodes of depression even in women who have no history of depression.

Question 34

PCP can induce both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

Question 35

Which is true when considering the role of genetics in depression?

A) Late-onset depression has higher heritability than early-onset depression.
B) Depression in males runs in families, depression in females does not.
C) Adopted children who become depressed are more likely to have depressed biological relatives than depressed adoptive relatives.
D) Adopted children who become depressed are more likely to have depressed adoptive relatives than depressed biological relatives.

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of depression?

A) impulsiveness
B) sleep disorders
C) inactivity
D) suicidal tendencies

Question 37

People with late-onset depression are more likely than other people to have relatives with which of these types of disorder?

A) diabetes
B) circulatory problems
C) mental retardation
D) skin diseases

Question 38

Atypical antipsychotics are effective in treating only the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

Question 39

Major depression is diagnosed about ____ in women as in men.

A) four times as often
B) the same
C) three times as often
D) twice as often

Question 40

The most severe episodes of depression generally occur:

A) after a traumatic experience.
B) in the summer.
C) in women just before they give birth.
D) when hormone levels are high.

Question 41

SSRIs work similarly to:

A) tricyclics.
B) MAOIs.
C) Antabuse.
D) L-Dopa.

Question 42

In contrast to tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs):

A) block reuptake of both catecholamines and serotonin.
B) increase action potential velocity.
C) block the reuptake of only serotonin.
D) act on the left hemisphere while tricyclics act on the right.

Question 43

Most depressed people show ____ activity in the ____ prefrontal cortex.

A) increased; left
B) decreased; left
C) decreased; right
D) increased; right and left

Question 44

Tricyclic drugs work by:

A) blocking the release of catecholamines.
B) preventing the presynaptic cell from reabsorbing catecholamines.
C) directly stimulating the postsynaptic cell's catecholamine receptors.
D) increasing the rate of synthesis of catecholamines.

Question 45

Which category of antidepressant drugs operates by blocking the enzyme that metabolizes catecholamines and serotonin into inactive forms?

A) tricyclics
B) MAOIs
C) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
D) atypical antidepressants

Question 46

Which of the following would be considered a tricyclics antidepressant?

A) fluoxetine (Prozac)
B) imipramine (Tofranil)
C) disulfiram (Antabuse)
D) chlorpromazine (Thorazine)

Question 47

Which of the following are the most likely side effects of tricyclic antidepressants?

A) increased reaction to eating cheese
B) nausea and headaches
C) drowsiness and dry mouth
D) cramping and diarrhea

Question 48

St. John's wort appears to act in the same way as:

A) SSRIs.
B) atypical antidepressants.
C) tricyclics.
D) antipsychotics.

Question 49

People with late-onset depression are more likely than average to have relatives with:

A) allergies
B) circulatory problems
C) brain cancer
D) eczema and other skin problems

Question 50

Which category of antidepressant drugs operates by preventing the presynaptic neuron from reabsorbing serotonin and catecholamines after releasing them?

A) tricyclics
B) MAOIs
C) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
D) atypical antidepressants

Question 51

An antidepressant drug operates by blocking reuptake of serotonin and catecholamines, but also blocks histamine receptors, acetylcholine receptors, and certain sodium channels. This drug would most likely be classified as a(n):

A) tricyclic.
B) MAOI.
C) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
D) atypical antidepressant.

Question 52

Tricyclic drugs and MAOIs both:

A) block potassium channels in the membrane.
B) decrease the rate of synthesis of catecholamines.
C) effectively increase the amount of catecholamines in the synapse.
D) directly stimulate catecholamine and serotonin receptors.

Question 53

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors operate similarly to:

A) tricyclics.
B) MAOIs.
C) Antabuse.
D) L-Dopa.

Question 54

MAOIs block the activity of the enzyme that:

A) synthesizes catecholamines.
B) synthesizes GABA.
C) breaks down catecholamines.
D) breaks down GABA.

Question 55

One potentially dangerous side effect of St. John's wort is that it:

A) increases the effectiveness of other medications the person may be taking.
B) decreases the effectiveness of other medications the person may be taking.
C) prevents the reuptake of serotonin.
D) raises blood pressure after the person eats tyramine-rich food.

Question 56

MAOIs, tricyclics, and SSRIs all produce which effect on neurons?

A) equalized release of glutamate and GABA
B) increased or prolonged serotonin or dopamine in synapses
C) blockage of dopamine receptors
D) increased amplitude and velocity of action potentials

Question 57

Which of the following classes of antidepressants is most likely to raise blood pressure when a person eats tyramine-rich foods such as cheese?

A) SSRIs
B) atypical antidepressants
C) tricyclics
D) MAOIs

Question 58

St. John's wort works the same way as the:

A) iproniazids.
B) tricyclics.
C) MAOIs
D) SSRIs.

Question 59

Which of the following would be considered a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant?

A) fluoxetine (Prozac)
B) imipramine (Tofranil)
C) disulfiram (Antabuse)
D) chlorpromazine (Thorazine)

Question 60

Several lines of evidence suggest that depressed people have lower than normal levels of activity in the:

A) parietal lobes.
B) occipital lobes.
C) right hemisphere.
D) left hemisphere.

Question 61

After ECT has relieved depression, the usual strategy to try to prevent a relapse includes all of the following EXCEPT:

A) drug therapy.
B) psychotherapy.
C) periodic ECT treatments.
D) periodic transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Question 62

The use of electroconvulsive shock declined in the 1950's because:

A) it was outlawed.
B) a new theory of depression arose.
C) antidepressant drugs became available.
D) a federal report concluded that it was almost never effective.

Question 63

The original impetus for the use of electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT) for people with psychological disorders came from the observation that:

A) an increase in epileptic symptoms was associated with a decrease in schizophrenic symptoms.
B) damage to the prefrontal cortex often leads to a decrease in overall activity.
C) levels of glucose metabolism vary as a patient switches between depression and mania.
D) depressed people often show memory deficits not found in healthy people.

Question 64

____ is a treatment for depression that electrically induces a seizure.

A) Electromagnetic therapy
B) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
C) Electroconvulsive shock therapy
D) Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Question 65

Recent research discourages the use of antidepressant drugs, for which reason?

A) The drugs' side effects grow worse and worse after repeated use.
B) To get benefits, a person must find exactly the right dose to take.
C) The most effective drugs are the most expensive ones.
D) Placebos produce practically the same benefits as the drugs in mild to moderate depression.

Question 66

One serious drawback of using ECT to treat depression is the:

A) high risk of brain damage.
B) high risk of relapse.
C) slow onset of benefits.
D) likelihood of substituting schizophrenia for depression.

Question 67

The most common side effect of electroconvulsive shock therapy is:

A) dry mouth and blurred vision.
B) damage to the frontal lobes.
C) memory loss.
D) high probability of broken bones during the treatment.

Question 68

Electroconvulsive shock therapy is most likely to be used with patients:

A) with seasonal affective disorder.
B) with brief or mild episodes of depression.
C) with bipolar disorder.
D) who have not responded to drug therapy.

Question 69

Long term use of antidepressants increases the proliferation of new neurons in the:

A) hippocampus.
B) suprachiasmatic nucleus.
C) superior colliculus.
D) hypothalamus.

Question 70

If ECT is administered to the right hemisphere only:

A) depression is not alleviated as well as when administered to the left hemisphere.
B) depression is alleviated more quickly.
C) antidepressant effects occur with memory impairment.
D) antidepressant effects occur without memory impairment.

Question 71

ECT increases the proliferation of new neurons in the:

A) thalamus.
B) hippocampus.
C) fornix.
D) cingulate.

Question 72

The main advantage of psychotherapy over drug-therapy in the treatment of depression is that psychotherapy:

A) shows benefits more quickly.
B) is usually less expensive.
C) has no effect on the brain.
D) produces longer-lasting effects.

Question 73

One advantage of electroconvulsive shock therapy over antidepressant drugs is that shock treatment:

A) produces its benefits faster.
B) does not impair memory.
C) produces permanent, not temporary, relief.
D) is based on a theory, not just trial and error discoveries.

Question 74

Electroconvulsive shock therapy is sometimes recommended for patients with strong suicidal tendencies because it:

A) produces its benefits faster.
B) does not impair memory.
C) produces permanent, not temporary, relief.
D) is based on a theory, not just trial and error discoveries.

Question 75

Prolonged use of antidepressants not only increases the availability of neurotransmitters in the synapse but also:

A) dilates blood vessels in the right hemisphere.
B) increases the release of neurotrophins.
C) decreases the threshold for producing action potentials in axons.
D) increases the flow of glucose across the blood-brain barrier.

Question 76

Which of the following, if any, is significantly more effective than the others in relieving depression?

A) MAOIs
B) tricyclics
C) SSRIs
D) There is no significant difference.

Question 77

With long term use of antidepressants, there is increased production of brain-derived neurotrophin factor in the:

A) hippocampus.
B) suprachiasmatic nucleus.
C) superior colliculus.
D) hypothalamus.

Question 78

Of the following treatments for depression - psychotherapy, drug therapy, and ECT - the one with the fastest benefits is ____ and the one with the longest lasting benefits is ____.

A) psychotherapy; drug therapy
B) drug therapy; ECT
C) ECT; psychotherapy
D) drug therapy; psychotherapy

Question 79

For which of the following is the drug treatment generally only a little better than a placebo?

A) Parkinson's disease
B) schizophrenia
C) epilepsy
D) mild to moderate depression

Question 80

When ECT proved to be ineffective for schizophrenia, it was:

A) abandoned as a means of treatment for psychiatric disorders.
B) used to enhance memory.
C) used to stimulate the immune system.
D) used to treat other mental illnesses.