Deck 3: B: Biological Foundations of Health and Illness

Question 1

The sequence of brain regions from the evolutionarily oldest to newest is:

A) limbic system,brainstem,cortex.
B) brainstem,cortex,limbic system.
C) limbic system,cerebral cortex,brainstem
D) brainstem,limbic system,cerebral cortex.

Answer 1

brainstem,limbic system,cerebral cortex.

Question 2

To demonstrate that brain stimulation can transform a violently aggressive animal into a docile one,a neuroscientist should lesion the animal's:

A) reticular formation.
B) cerebellum.
C) amygdala.
D) medulla.

Answer 2

amygdala.

Question 3

Activation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system produces a reaction often described as the:

A) alarm stage.
B) relaxation response.
C) fight-or-flight response.
D) reaction formation.

Answer 3

fight-or-flight response.

Question 4

Damaging a person's reticular formation may cause the person to:

A) become violently aggressive.
B) cower in fear.
C) experience convulsive seizures.
D) lapse into a coma.

Question 5

I am a living thing with a nucleus,Golgi apparatus,and other organelles.Who am I?

A) A tissue.
B) A gland.
C) A prokaryotic cell.
D) A eukaryotic cell.

Question 6

After Darren's serious motorcycle accident,doctors detected damage to his cerebellum.Darren is most likely to have difficulty:

A) playing his guitar.
B) reading printed words.
C) understanding what others are saying.
D) regulating his body weight.

Question 7

Following Salah's near-fatal accident,her physician noticed that the pupillary reflex of her eyes was abnormal,possibly indicating that Salah's _______________ was damaged in the accident.

A) cerebellum
B) cortex
C) temporal lobe
D) autonomic nervous system

Question 8

I am a group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function.Who am I?

A) gland
B) cartilage
C) organ
D) mesosome

Question 9

The part of the human brain that is most like that of a fish is the:

A) cortex.
B) right hemisphere.
C) limbic system.
D) brainstem.

Question 10

The communicating connection between two neurons is called a:

A) neurotransmitter.
B) synapse.
C) axon terminal.
D) axon sac.

Question 11

The basic unit of structure and function in living things is:

A) tissue.
B) the cell.
C) the nucleus.
D) the organelle.

Question 12

Which is the correct sequence in the transmission of a neural impulse?

A) axon $\rightarrow$ dendrite $\rightarrow$ cell body $\rightarrow$ synapse
B) dendrite $\rightarrow$ axon $\rightarrow$ cell body $\rightarrow$ synapse
C) synapse $\rightarrow$ axon $\rightarrow$ dendrite $\rightarrow$ cell body
D) dendrite $\rightarrow$ cell body $\rightarrow$ axon $\rightarrow$ synapse

Question 13

Messages are transmitted from your spinal cord to your heart by the:

A) limbic system.
B) somatic nervous system.
C) central nervous system.
D) autonomic nervous system.

Question 14

The two basic types of cells are ___________,which make up bacteria and other single-celled organisms,and ____________,which are found in all living things.

A) eukaryotic;prokaryotic
B) prokaryotic;eukaryotic
C) organelles;prokaryotic
D) epithelial;organelles

Question 15

Increasing excitatory signals above a neuron's threshold will not affect the intensity of an action potential.This indicates that the cell's reaction is:

A) inhibited by the myelin sheath.
B) limited by the number of dendrites being stimulated.
C) limited by the number of axons being stimulated.
D) an all-or-none response.

Question 16

Chemical messengers released by neurons are called:

A) chromosomes.
B) neurotransmitters.
C) hormones.
D) enzymes.

Question 17

The oldest part of the brain,and the point where most of the nerves passing between the spinal cord and the brain cross over,is the:

A) cerebellum.
B) medulla.
C) brainstem.
D) hippocampus.

Question 18

A group of similar cells that perform the same function is called a:

A) tissue.
B) gland.
C) cartilage.
D) tendon.

Question 19

Some neurons enable you to grasp objects by relaying outgoing messages to the muscles in your arms and hands.These neurons are called:

A) glial cells.
B) sensory neurons.
C) interneurons.
D) motor neurons.

Question 20

A friend has been taking a prescription drug and experiencing a number of unpleasant side effects,including unusually rapid heartbeat and excessive perspiration.It is likely that the medication is stimulating increased activity in your friend's:

A) reticular formation.
B) sympathetic nervous system.
C) parasympathetic nervous system.
D) amygdala.

Question 21

Air passages in the nose,mouth,and trachea are lined with tiny germ-trapping hairs called:

A) bronchi.
B) antigens.
C) cilia.
D) cytokines.

Question 22

The visual cortex is located in the:

A) occipital lobe.
B) temporal lobe.
C) frontal lobe.
D) parietal lobe.

Question 23

Which blood vessels carry oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart from the body's tissues?

A) arteries
B) capillaries
C) veins
D) venules

Question 24

The region of the brain that influences hunger,thirst,and body temperature and contains the so-called reward centers of the brain is the:

A) cerebrum.
B) hypothalamus.
C) frontal lobe.
D) motor cortex.

Question 25

It is estimated that by 2020,over 70 percent of the global burden of disease will be caused by:

A) asthma.
B) cardiovascular disease.
C) endocrine disorders.
D) noncommunicable diseases.

Question 26

For an adult,a blood pressure of 180/110 would be considered:

A) normal.
B) below normal.
C) borderline.
D) hypertension.

Question 27

White blood cells,called _______________,are part of the body's ___________ system.

A) erythrocytes;immune
B) leukocytes;immune
C) platelets;endocrine
D) capillaries;endocrine

Question 28

The circulation of blood enables:

A) the removal of carbon dioxide from body cells.
B) the transportation of oxygen to body cells.
C) both the removal of carbon dioxide and the transportation of oxygen.
D) neither the removal of carbon dioxide nor the transportation of oxygen.

Question 29

Arteries carry blood _______________,and veins carry blood _______________.

A) from the capillaries to the heart;from the heart to other organs
B) from the heart to other organs;from the capillaries to the heart
C) from the lungs to the heart;from the heart to the lungs
D) from arterioles to capillaries;from capillaries to arterioles

Question 30

The gland referred to as the master gland of the endocrine system is the:

A) hypothalamus.
B) pineal gland.
C) adrenal gland.
D) pituitary gland.

Question 31

Because raccoons have much greater control of their paws than dogs,you would expect them to have more cortical tissue dedicated to paw control in the motor cortex,which is at the back of the _______________ of their brains.

A) frontal lobes
B) temporal lobes
C) occipital lobes
D) parietal lobes

Question 32

Insulin acts to _______________,and glucagon acts to _______________.

A) take glucose into cells;stimulate the release of glucose into cells
B) stimulate the pancreas;stimulate the stomach
C) decrease hunger;increase hunger
D) decrease blood sugar levels;increase blood sugar levels

Question 33

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are _______________ that are released by the _______________ gland(s).

A) neurotransmitters;pituitary
B) hormones;pituitary
C) lymphocytes;thyroid
D) hormones;adrenal

Question 34

A bodybuilder friend you haven't seen in a year seems to have grown several inches in height.You suspect that your friend's sudden growth spurt may be caused by drugs that affect the:

A) thalamus.
B) adrenal glands.
C) medulla.
D) pituitary gland.

Question 35

Red blood cells,called _____________,contain _____________,which gives blood its red color.

A) erythrocytes;hemoglobin
B) leukocytes;hemoglobin
C) erythrocytes;platelets
D) leukocytes;platelets

Question 36

Which is the correct sequence in the passage of air from the nose and mouth into the lungs?

A) larynx $\rightarrow$ pharynx $\rightarrow$ trachea $\rightarrow$ bronchi
B) pharynx $\rightarrow$ larynx $\rightarrow$ bronchi $\rightarrow$ trachea
C) trachea $\rightarrow$ pharynx $\rightarrow$ larynx $\rightarrow$ bronchi
D) trachea $\rightarrow$ larynx $\rightarrow$ bronchi $\rightarrow$ pharynx

Question 37

Which is the correct sequence in the passage of oxygen-depleted blood from the body through the heart and to the lungs?

A) right atrium $\rightarrow$ right ventricle $\rightarrow$ pulmonary artery $\rightarrow$ lungs
B) right ventricle $\rightarrow$ right atrium $\rightarrow$ pulmonary vein $\rightarrow$ lungs
C) left atrium $\rightarrow$ left ventricle $\rightarrow$ pulmonary artery $\rightarrow$ lungs
D) left ventricle $\rightarrow$ left atrium $\rightarrow$ pulmonary vein $\rightarrow$ lungs

Question 38

The stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by the _______________ gland in response to stimulation by the _______________ branch of the nervous system.

A) adrenal;parasympathetic
B) pituitary;parasympathetic
C) adrenal;sympathetic
D) pituitary;sympathetic

Question 39

Areas of the cerebral cortex not directly involved in sensory or motor functions are referred to as:

A) frontal matter.
B) white matter.
C) gray matter.
D) association cortex.

Question 40

The thyroid gland:

A) produces the hormone glucagon.
B) helps regulate the body's metabolism.
C) secretes hormones that play a crucial role in the body's response to stress.
D) secretes hormones that act on the hypothalamus.

Question 41

In immunization,a weakened form of a virus or bacteria is:

A) modified so that it becomes harmless.
B) introduced to the body to stimulate the production of antibodies.
C) destroyed by a phagocyte.
D) injected with a lethal toxin.

Question 42

The disease- and infection-fighting cells of the immune system are:

A) T lymphocytes.
B) B lymphocytes.
C) both T and B lymphocytes.
D) antigens.

Question 43

Which is the correct sequence in the passage of food from the mouth through the body?

A) esophagus $\rightarrow$ stomach $\rightarrow$ intestines $\rightarrow$ rectum
B) stomach $\rightarrow$ esophagus $\rightarrow$ intestines $\rightarrow$ anus
C) intestines $\rightarrow$ stomach $\rightarrow$ esophagus $\rightarrow$ rectum
D) esophagus $\rightarrow$ intestines $\rightarrow$ stomach $\rightarrow$ anus

Question 44

Inflammation-causing chemicals released by the body in response to antigens are:

A) bronchi.
B) histamines.
C) thrombi.
D) bronchioles.

Question 45

Some lymphocytes release proteins that produce systemic effects.This means that they produce effects:

A) that are very short in duration.
B) that are long-lasting.
C) throughout the entire body.
D) in one specific location.

Question 46

Immune system cells that pursue and destroy diseased body cells are called:

A) NK cells.
B) phagocytes.
C) macrophages.
D) antigens.

Question 47

The stomach enzyme that breaks down protein and,in some people,contributes to ulcers,is:

A) bilirubin.
B) pepsin.
C) E coli.
D) GABA.

Question 48

The immune system's specific defense system is based on the activity of:

A) B and T cells.
B) natural killer cells.
C) phagocytes.
D) macrophages.

Question 49

The white blood cells that are involved in the immune response are called:

A) antigens.
B) interferons.
C) lymphocytes.
D) immunoglobulins.

Question 50

An antigen is a:

A) foreign substance that triggers an immune response.
B) genetic marker for a specific disease.
C) risk factor for an autoimmune disease.
D) white blood cell.

Question 51

Which type of immune response involves an immunological memory?

A) specific immunity
B) nonspecific immunity
C) lymph response
D) inflammatory response

Question 52

One hour after stepping on a piece of glass,Luke feels sick and feverish and his foot is becoming inflamed.These are all signs of:

A) specific immunity.
B) immunological memory.
C) antigens.
D) the inflammatory response.

Question 53

The function of immunoglobulins is to allow a:

A) cleansing and filtering of the blood and lymph.
B) generalized or nonspecific defense against an antigen.
C) specific defense or attack against an antigen.
D) quick,nonspecific attack on an antigen.

Question 54

Which immune cells are equipped with receptors that match one specific antigen?

A) cytotoxic T cells (killer cells)
B) helper T cells
C) suppressor T cells
D) macrophages

Question 55

The antimicrobial protein released by NK cells to inhibit the spread of viral infections to healthy cells is:

A) lymphokine.
B) interferon.
C) IgG.
D) anti-HIV 2.

Question 56

Helper T cells and suppressor T cells regulate the overall immune response by secreting chemical messengers called:

A) hormones.
B) lymphokines.
C) immunoglobulins.
D) interferons.

Question 57

The immune system is located:

A) in the central nervous system.
B) as a special division of the circulatory system.
C) throughout the body in the form of the lymphatic system.
D) in the spleen and thymus.

Question 58

When an infection occurs in some part of your body,your brain is notified by communication molecules called:

A) macrophages.
B) cytokines.
C) antigens.
D) vagus nervus.

Question 59

A type of white blood cell that attacks foreign substances by engulfing and digesting them is the:

A) macrophage.
B) phagocyte.
C) T cell.
D) B cell.

Question 60

Compared to carnivores that may eat only once every few days,mammals that eat more frequently have:

A) smaller stomachs.
B) larger stomachs.
C) more rapid digestion.
D) slower digestion.

Question 61

Which of the following is NOT a key aspect of development during the period of the embryo?

A) Implantation
B) Appearance of the primitive streak
C) Formation of the neural tube
D) Buds that will become the arms and legs form

Question 62

Genotype is to phenotype as _______________ is to _______________.

A) nonphysical traits;physical traits
B) physical traits;nonphysical traits
C) all of a person's genes;a person's observable traits
D) a person's observable traits;all of a person's genes

Question 63

When a sperm and an ovum merge,a one-celled _______________ is formed.

A) zygote
B) embryo
C) fetus
D) blastocyst

Question 64

A person who inherits a gene that is not expressed in his or her observable characteristics is said to be _______________ for that gene.

A) dominant
B) recessive
C) a carrier
D) polygenic

Question 65

Each cell of the human body has a total of:

A) 23 chromosomes.
B) 23 genes.
C) 46 chromosomes.
D) 46 genes.

Question 66

Fever,inflammation,and increased sensitivity to pain are called:

A) the acute phase response.
B) specific immunity.
C) immunological memory.
D) systemic effects.

Question 67

The inheritance of many of our physical characteristics,including eye color,follows which pattern of gene-gene interaction?

A) additive
B) multifactorial
C) dominant-recessive
D) carrier

Question 68

The epigenome refers to the:

A) process by which ribonucleic acid alters the expression of genes.
B) set of environmental influences that affect a person's genetic makeup.
C) period of human development immediately before and after birth.
D) layer of proteins that package a person's hereditary information and point cells to specific instructions.

Question 69

To say that a trait is polygenic means that:

A) many genes make it more likely that the individual will inherit the trait.
B) several genes must be present in order for the individual to inherit the trait.
C) the trait is multifactorial.
D) most people carry genes for the trait.

Question 70

Nutrition,medical care,and other environmental influences affect the expression of genes through the process called:

A) neurogenesis.
B) synaptogenesis.
C) DNA methylation.
D) the acute phase response.

Question 71

A fertilized egg will develop into a boy,if,at conception:

A) the sperm contributes an X chromosome.
B) the sperm contributes a Y chromosome.
C) the egg contributes an X chromosome.
D) the egg contributes a Y chromosome.

Question 72

Chromosomes are composed of small segments of _______________ called _______________.

A) DNA;genes
B) DNA;neurotransmitters
C) genes;DNA
D) DNA;proteins

Question 73

Which of the following would prevent the sickness response from occurring?

A) Lesioning the amygdala
B) Stimulating the hypothalamus
C) Cutting the vagus nerve
D) Increasing the production of cytokines

Question 74

Most human traits are:

A) determined by a single gene.
B) unpredictable.
C) learned.
D) influenced by many genes acting together.

Question 75

I am a living cell with the potential to develop into any other type of specialized cell.What am I?

A) A stem cell
B) A genome
C) A leukocyte
D) An erythrocyte