Question 1

The physiologic process of moving air in and out of the lungs is referred to as&#10;A) pulmonary ventilation.&#10;B) gas transport.&#10;C) cellular respiration.&#10;D) compliance.&#10;

Accepted Answer

The physiologic process of moving air in and out of the lungs is referred to as pulmonary ventilation.

Question 2

In achieving bronchodilation,which of the following substances is often referred to as the &#34;first messenger&#34;?&#10;A) Epinephrine&#10;B) Adenosine triphosphate&#10;C) Cyclic 3'5'-adenoside monophosphate (AMP)&#10;D) Phosphodiesterase&#10;

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine acts as the "first messenger" in the process of bronchodilation. It binds to adrenergic receptors on the cell surface, initiating a cascade that leads to the production of cyclic AMP (cAMP), which acts as a "second messenger" to induce relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle.

Question 3

Bronchodilation occurs when circulating catecholamines interact with which of the following sympathetic nervous system receptors? A) $\beta$₁ receptors only B) $\beta$₂ receptors only C) $\beta$₁ and $\beta$₂ receptors D) $\beta$₁,$\beta$₂,and $\alpha$ receptors

Accepted Answer

Bronchodilation is primarily mediated by the interaction of catecholamines with $\beta$₂ receptors in the lungs.

Question 4

Bronchoconstriction is a result of A) $\beta$₂ stimulation. B) epinephrine. C) increased cyclic guanosine monophosphate. D) decreased histamine.

Accepted Answer

Increased cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) can lead to bronchoconstriction by promoting smooth muscle contraction in the airways.

Question 5

Bronchial smooth muscle is supplied primarily by A) $\alpha$₁ receptors. B) $\alpha$₂ receptors. C) $\beta$₁ receptors. D) $\beta$₂ receptors.

Accepted Answer

Bronchial smooth muscle is primarily supplied by beta-2 (β2) adrenergic receptors, which, when activated, lead to relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscle. This is the basis for the action of beta-2 agonists in treating conditions like asthma.

Question 6

Which of the following terms refers to the process of moving mucus along the tracheobronchial tree?&#10;A) Diffusion&#10;B) Active transport&#10;C) Mucokinesis&#10;D) Cough reflex&#10;

Accepted Answer

Mucokinesis specifically refers to the movement of mucus along the tracheobronchial tree by coordinated ciliary action. Diffusion and active transport are not involved in this process. The cough reflex may help to expel mucus, but it is not the same as mucokinesis.

Question 7

When the carbon dioxide content of the blood is increased,a subsequent increase occurs in which of the following in the blood?&#10;A) Oxygen&#10;B) Bicarbonate&#10;C) pH&#10;D) Carbonic acid&#10;

Accepted Answer

The answer of When the carbon dioxide content of the...

Question 8

When a client has chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,which of the following is responsible for stimulating respiration?&#10;A) pH&#10;B) Carbon dioxide&#10;C) Oxygen&#10;D) Bicarbonate&#10;

Accepted Answer

In individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the normal respiratory drive that responds to elevated carbon dioxide levels becomes blunted over time. Instead, their respiration is primarily stimulated by low oxygen levels, making oxygen the main driver for breathing in these patients.

Question 9

The pH of the blood is determined by the ratio of which of the following two substances?&#10;A) Oxygen and carbon dioxide&#10;B) Oxygen and bicarbonate&#10;C) Carbon dioxide and bicarbonate&#10;D) Carbon dioxide and carbonic acid&#10;

Accepted Answer

The pH of the blood is determined by the ratio of carbon dioxide (CO2) and bicarbonate (HCO3-). When CO2 levels increase, it can combine with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which then dissociates into H+ ions and bicarbonate ions. This can lower the pH of the blood. However, if bicarbonate levels are also increased, it can buffer the H+ ions and maintain the pH balance. Therefore, the ratio of CO2 and bicarbonate is crucial in regulating the pH of the blood.

Question 10

Which of the following chemicals (and its associated responses)is characteristic of the autonomic nervous system function of the respiratory system?&#10;A) Norepinephrine and bronchoconstriction&#10;B) Histamine and bronchodilation&#10;C) Epinephrine and bronchoconstriction&#10;D) Acetylcholine and bronchoconstriction&#10;

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system that can cause bronchoconstriction when it interacts with muscarinic receptors in the airways. This is characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system's influence on the respiratory system.

Question 11

Under vagal (parasympathetic)control,which of the following can be stimulated by irritant agents or aerosol drugs to release their contents into the lumen of the airway?&#10;A) Goblet cells&#10;B) Bronchial glands&#10;C) Mucociliary blanket&#10;D) Cilia&#10;

Accepted Answer

The answer of Under vagal (parasympathetic)control,which of the following can...

Question 12

In healthy clients,which of the following is the chief respiratory stimulant?&#10;A) Carbon monoxide&#10;B) Oxygen&#10;C) Carbon dioxide&#10;D) Bicarbonate&#10;

Accepted Answer

The answer of In healthy clients,which of the following is...

Question 13

Bronchodilation is a result of which of the following processes? A)$\beta$₁-adrenergic receptor stimulation B) $\alpha$₂-adrenergic inhibition C) $\beta$₂-adrenergic receptor stimulation D) $\alpha$₁-adrenergic stimulation

Accepted Answer

The answer of Bronchodilation is a result of which of...

Question 14

In a healthy client,which of the following is the chief stimulus for respiration?&#10;A) Oxygen level&#10;B) Carbon dioxide level&#10;C) Bicarbonate level&#10;D) pH&#10;

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a healthy client,which of the following...

Question 15

The process of the exchange of gases between the air in the lungs,the blood,and the cell is referred to as&#10;A) pulmonary ventilation.&#10;B) gas transport.&#10;C) cellular respiration.&#10;D) compliance.&#10;

Accepted Answer

The answer of The process of the exchange of gases...

Deck 36: Overview of the Respiratory System