Deck 22: Acid-Base Balance

Question 1

Which of the following body fluids has the highest pH?

A) Arterial blood
B) Venous blood
C) Stomach acid
D) Both A and B have the same pH, which is higher than stomach acid.

Answer 1

Arterial blood

Question 2

Which of the following is not considered a mechanism for regulating the pH of body fluids?

A) Buffers in the blood
B) The stomach absorbing acid
C) The lungs removing carbon dioxide
D) The kidneys removing H⁺ and OH^- ions

Answer 2

The stomach absorbing acid

Question 3

Which of the following is caused by bicarbonate deficit?

A) Respiratory acidosis
B) Metabolic acidosis
C) Respiratory alkalosis
D) Metabolic alkalosis

Answer 3

Metabolic acidosis

Question 4

A solution with a pH of 4

A) has 100 times more H⁺ ions than a solution with a pH of 2.
B) has 100 times fewer H⁺ ions than a solution with a pH of 2.
C) is considered an alkaline solution.
D) both B and C.

Question 5

Blood alkalosis

A) causes the pH of the blood to drop.
B) occurs more often than blood acidosis.
C) is caused by an increase in base or a loss of acid.
D) both B and C.

Question 6

In blood acidosis, the

A) number of H⁺ ions in the blood increases.
B) pH of the blood falls below 6.5.
C) number of OH^- ions in the blood increases.
D) both A and B.

Question 7

The buffering of HCl by the H₂CO₃-NaHCO₃ buffer pair would

A) convert the strong HCl into the weaker H₂CO₃.
B) cause a smaller increase of H⁺ ions in the blood.
C) decrease the amount of NaHCO₃ in the blood.
D) all of the above.

Question 8

The function of H⁺ ions in the body is

A) maintenance of the cell membrane.
B) conduction of nerve impulses.
C) function of cellular enzymes.
D) stimulation of muscle contraction.

Question 9

One unique aspect of kidney regulation of pH is that it

A) is the only site of carbonic anhydrase that can quickly convert carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid.
B) can excrete excess acid.
C) can excrete excess base.
D) both A and B.

Question 10

The slightly lower pH of venous blood compared with arterial blood comes primarily from

A) absorbing hydrochloric acid from the digestive system.
B) the lactic acid from muscle metabolism.
C) the higher concentration of carbonic acid from cell metabolism.
D) all of the above.

Question 11

A solution with a pH of 8

A) is more alkaline than arterial blood.
B) is more acidic than arterial blood.
C) contains more H⁺ ions than arterial blood.
D) both B and C.

Question 12

The buffering of NaOH by the H₂CO₃-NaHCO₃ buffer pair would

A) convert a strong base into a weak acid.
B) decrease the amount of H₂CO₃ in the blood.
C) cause the pH to rise to its normal value.
D) cause all of the above.

Question 13

A solution with a pH of 3

A) is an acid solution.
B) is an alkaline solution.
C) has more OH^- ions than H⁺ ions.
D) both B and C.

Question 14

Blood leaving the lungs has a _____ than blood entering the lungs.

A) lower pH
B) lower concentration of carbon dioxide
C) higher concentration of H⁺ ions
D) both A and C

Question 15

Which of the following body fluids has the lowest pH?

A) Arterial blood
B) Stomach acid
C) Venous blood
D) Saliva

Question 16

Which of the following is considered a physiological pH control mechanism?

A) The buffers in the blood
B) The kidneys
C) The lungs
D) Both B and C

Question 17

Which of the following is caused by H₂CO₃ excess?

A) Respiratory acidosis
B) Metabolic acidosis
C) Respiratory alkalosis
D) Metabolic alkalosis

Question 18

A solution with a pH of 9

A) is an acid solution.
B) is an alkaline solution.
C) has more OH^- ions than H⁺ ions.
D) both B and C.

Question 19

Which of the following is considered a chemical pH control mechanism?

A) The buffers in the blood
B) The kidneys
C) The lungs
D) Both B and C

Question 20

Which of the following is caused by H₂CO₃ deficit?

A) Respiratory acidosis
B) Metabolic acidosis
C) Respiratory alkalosis
D) Metabolic alkalosis

Question 21

What two pH-regulating systems are referred to as physiological pH control mechanisms?

Question 22

Match each term with its corresponding description or definition.

-A solution with a pH greater than 7 and a higher concentration of OH^- ions than H⁺ ions

A)Buffer
B)Metabolic acidosis
C)Acid solution
D)Respiratory alkalosis
E)Respiratory system
F)Metabolic alkalosis
G)Alkaline solution
H)Kidney system
I)Respiratory acidosis
J)Neutral solution

Question 23

What is the definition of acid-base balance? What proteins are most affected if the acid-base balance is not maintained?

Question 24

Match each term with its corresponding description or definition.

-Solution that has a pH of 7 with an equal number of H⁺ and OH^- ions

A)Buffer
B)Metabolic acidosis
C)Acid solution
D)Respiratory alkalosis
E)Respiratory system
F)Metabolic alkalosis
G)Alkaline solution
H)Kidney system
I)Respiratory acidosis
J)Neutral solution

Question 25

Carbonic anhydrase is a(n)

A) buffer that works in the blood.
B) enzyme.
C) buffer that works in the lungs.
D) buffer that works in the kidneys.

Question 26

Match each term with its corresponding description or definition.
Condition that is caused by a bicarbonate deficit

A)Buffer
B)Metabolic acidosis
C)Acid solution
D)Respiratory alkalosis
E)Respiratory system
F)Metabolic alkalosis
G)Alkaline solution
H)Kidney system
I)Respiratory acidosis
J)Neutral solution

Question 27

Match each term with its corresponding description or definition.
Condition that is caused by a carbonic acid excess

A)Buffer
B)Metabolic acidosis
C)Acid solution
D)Respiratory alkalosis
E)Respiratory system
F)Metabolic alkalosis
G)Alkaline solution
H)Kidney system
I)Respiratory acidosis
J)Neutral solution

Question 28

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Arterial blood and venous blood are slightly alkaline.
B) Arterial blood and venous blood are slightly acidic.
C) Arterial blood is slightly acidic, and venous blood is slightly basic.
D) Venous blood is slightly acidic, and arterial blood is slightly basic.

Question 29

Match each term with its corresponding description or definition.
A substance that prevents a sharp change in the pH of a solution when a strong acid or base is added to it

A)Buffer
B)Metabolic acidosis
C)Acid solution
D)Respiratory alkalosis
E)Respiratory system
F)Metabolic alkalosis
G)Alkaline solution
H)Kidney system
I)Respiratory acidosis
J)Neutral solution

Question 30

The lungs are able to remove the equivalent of _____ L of carbonic acid a day.

A) 50
B) 60
C) 40
D) 30

Question 31

Match each term with its corresponding description or definition.
The only pH-regulating system that can excrete base

A)Buffer
B)Metabolic acidosis
C)Acid solution
D)Respiratory alkalosis
E)Respiratory system
F)Metabolic alkalosis
G)Alkaline solution
H)Kidney system
I)Respiratory acidosis
J)Neutral solution

Question 32

Match each term with its corresponding description or definition.
Condition that is caused by carbonic acid deficit

A)Buffer
B)Metabolic acidosis
C)Acid solution
D)Respiratory alkalosis
E)Respiratory system
F)Metabolic alkalosis
G)Alkaline solution
H)Kidney system
I)Respiratory acidosis
J)Neutral solution

Question 33

If one solution has a pH of 5 and a second solution has 10 times more H⁺ ions than the first solution, what would the pH level of the second solution be?

Question 34

A water solution with a pH of 7

A) is an acid.
B) has equal numbers of OH^- and H⁺ ions.
C) is a base.
D) contains neither OH^- nor H⁺.

Question 35

Match each term with its corresponding description or definition.

-Solution that has a pH less than 7 and a higher concentration of H⁺ ions than OH^- ions

A)Buffer
B)Metabolic acidosis
C)Acid solution
D)Respiratory alkalosis
E)Respiratory system
F)Metabolic alkalosis
G)Alkaline solution
H)Kidney system
I)Respiratory acidosis
J)Neutral solution

Question 36

Explain the pH scale. Which body fluid has the highest pH? Which has the lowest?

Question 37

Match each term with its corresponding description or definition.
System that helps regulate the pH of the blood by removing carbon dioxide

A)Buffer
B)Metabolic acidosis
C)Acid solution
D)Respiratory alkalosis
E)Respiratory system
F)Metabolic alkalosis
G)Alkaline solution
H)Kidney system
I)Respiratory acidosis
J)Neutral solution

Question 38

Match each term with its corresponding description or definition.
Condition that is caused by a bicarbonate excess

A)Buffer
B)Metabolic acidosis
C)Acid solution
D)Respiratory alkalosis
E)Respiratory system
F)Metabolic alkalosis
G)Alkaline solution
H)Kidney system
I)Respiratory acidosis
J)Neutral solution

Question 39

Which of the following statements is true?

A) The lungs can remove larger amounts of acid from the body than the kidneys.
B) The kidneys can remove larger amounts of acid from the body than the lungs.
C) Unlike the lungs, the kidneys can remove base from the body.
D) Both B and C are true.

Question 40

What is the function of carbonic anhydrase?

Question 41

Suppose the 20:1 ratio needed by the H₂CO₃-NaHCO₃ buffer pair is disrupted and the concentration of NaHCO₃ in the blood needs to be lowered. What mechanism could accomplish this?

Question 42

What is uncompensated metabolic acidosis? How does it become compensated metabolic acidosis?

Question 43

In uncompensated metabolic acidosis, what mechanism removes the excess H₂CO₃?

Question 44

Would you expect the blood in the pulmonary artery or in the pulmonary vein to have the higher pH? Explain your answer.

Question 45

A condition called metabolic alkalosis can be caused by a bicarbonate excess. What can cause a bicarbonate excess?

Question 46

Because the functioning of proteins such as enzymes and hemoglobin depends on a proper pH level, pH must be regulated closely.

Question 47

A solution with a pH of 9 has more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions.

Question 48

Maintaining acid-base balance means keeping the concentration of hydrogen ions in body fluids relatively constant.

Question 49

A condition called respiratory alkalosis can be caused by a carbonic acid deficit. What can cause a carbonic acid deficit?

Question 50

Explain how the buffer system functions to buffer a strong acid.

Question 51

Define blood acidosis and blood alkalosis.

Question 52

List the four changes in the blood that result from the buffering of a fixed acid in the tissue capillaries.

Question 53

A condition called respiratory acidosis can be caused by a carbonic acid excess. What can cause a carbonic acid excess?

Question 54

Explain how the buffer system functions to buffer a strong base.

Question 55

What is a fixed acid? Give an example of a fixed acid and a nonfixed acid found in the body.

Question 56

Explain how the respiratory mechanism controls blood pH. What effect would a prolonged period of decreased respiration have on blood pH?

Question 57

Explain how the urinary mechanism controls blood pH.

Question 58

A condition called metabolic acidosis can be caused by a bicarbonate deficit. What can cause a bicarbonate deficit?

Question 59

A solution with a pH of 9 is considered an alkaline solution.

Question 60

The pH scale measures the concentration of OH^- ions in solution.

Question 61

Stomach acid is the body fluid with the lowest pH.

Question 62

If a base were added to the buffer pair H₂CO₃-NaHCO₃, the concentration of NaHCO₃ would drop.

Question 63

Lactic acid and carbonic acid are referred to as fixed acids.

Question 64

The physiological pH control mechanisms react more quickly to stabilize pH than do the chemical pH control mechanisms.

Question 65

A solution with a pH of 5 contains more hydrogen ions than a solution with a pH of 2.

Question 66

A solution with a pH of 5 has 100 times more hydrogen ions than a solution with a pH of 3.

Question 67

The function of a buffer pair is to convert a strong acid into a weak acid.

Question 68

Pure water, with a pH of 7, is neither acid nor base because it contains neither hydrogen ions nor hydroxide ions.

Question 69

The function of carbonic anhydrase is to convert carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid.

Question 70

A solution with a pH of 2 has 1,000 times more hydrogen ions than a solution with a pH of 5.

Question 71

The lungs work more rapidly to stabilize pH than do the kidneys.

Question 72

Venous blood is the body fluid with the highest pH.

Question 73

A solution with a pH of 13 contains more hydroxide ions than a solution with a pH of 11.

Question 74

The NaHCO₃ buffer system buffers lactic acid.

Question 75

A solution with a pH of 5 is considered an acid.

Question 76

If a base were added to the buffer pair H₂CO₃-NaHCO₃, the concentration of H₂CO₃ would drop.

Question 77

If an acid were added to the buffer pair H₂CO₃-NaHCO₂, the concentration of NaHCO₃ would drop.

Question 78

When acid is added to a buffered solution, the pH will actually rise.

Question 79

Because carbonic acid can be broken down to carbon dioxide and water, it is not considered a fixed acid.

Question 80

The body has three mechanisms for regulating pH: the buffer mechanism, the respiratory mechanism, and the digestive mechanism.