Deck 21: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

Question 1

The positively charged ion with the greatest concentration in the blood is

A) calcium.
B) sodium.
C) magnesium.
D) potassium.

Answer 1

sodium.

Question 2

Which of the following is not considered part of the extracellular fluid?

A) Interstitial fluid
B) Plasma
C) Lymph
D) All of the above are considered extracellular fluid.

Answer 2

All of the above are considered extracellular fluid.

Question 3

The volume of which fluid is the most variable?

A) Interstitial fluid
B) Blood plasma
C) Cerebrospinal fluid
D) Intracellular fluid

Answer 3

Interstitial fluid

Question 4

Aldosterone causes the kidneys to reabsorb

A) chloride ions.
B) sodium ions.
C) water.
D) both B and C.

Question 5

Which group of people has the highest percentage of body water?

A) Young adult males
B) Young adult females
C) Babies
D) The elderly

Question 6

Which of the following decreases interstitial fluid volume?

A) A drop in capillary blood pressure
B) A drop in blood protein levels
C) An increase in capillary blood pressure
D) Both B and C

Question 7

Loss of skin elasticity is a clinical sign of

A) edema.
B) dehydration.
C) overhydration.
D) hypersecretion of aldosterone.

Question 8

Which type of body tissue contains the least amount of water?

A) Adipose tissue
B) Bone tissue
C) Muscle tissue
D) Nerve tissue

Question 9

Hyperkalemia is a(n) _____-normal level of _____ in the blood.

A) above; sodium
B) below; sodium
C) above; calcium
D) above; potassium

Question 10

Which of the following hormones does not play a role in fluid regulation?

A) ADH
B) Aldosterone
C) ACTH
D) ANH

Question 11

The negatively charged ion with the greatest concentration in the blood is

A) protein.
B) bicarbonate.
C) chloride.
D) phosphate.

Question 12

Which of the following increases interstitial fluid volume?

A) A drop in capillary blood pressure
B) A drop in blood protein levels
C) An increase in capillary blood pressure
D) Both B and C

Question 13

The largest volume of water in the body is located in

A) lymph.
B) intracellular fluid.
C) interstitial fluid.
D) blood plasma.

Question 14

An increase in capillary blood pressure _____ volume.

A) increases blood plasma
B) increases interstitial fluid
C) decreases interstitial fluid
D) both B and C

Question 15

Water is not lost from the

A) catabolism of food.
B) lungs.
C) kidneys.
D) skin.

Question 16

The hormone aldosterone causes the _____ by the kidneys.

A) loss of sodium ions
B) loss of water
C) reabsorption of sodium ions
D) both A and B

Question 17

An increase in blood protein levels _____ volume.

A) increases blood plasma
B) increases interstitial fluid
C) decreases interstitial fluid
D) both A and C

Question 18

Which of the following is not a source of water for the body?

A) Food
B) Ingested liquids
C) Anabolism of food
D) Catabolism of food

Question 19

Hyponatremia is a(n) _____-normal level of _____ in the blood.

A) above; sodium
B) below; sodium
C) below; calcium
D) below; potassium

Question 20

Which group of people has the lowest percentage of body water?

A) Young adult females
B) Young adult males
C) Babies
D) The elderly

Question 21

Which of the following organs do not contribute to fluid output?

A) Skeletal muscles
B) Kidneys
C) Skin
D) Lungs

Question 22

Match each term or phrase with its corresponding description or definition.
Type of fluid that is the most variable of the body fluids

A)Ion
B)Dehydration
C)Intracellular fluid
D)Hypokalemia
E)ADH
F)Decrease in capillary blood pressure
G)ANH
H)Hypocalcemia
I)Drop in blood protein levels
J)Electrolyte
K)Hyponatremia
L)Overhydration
M)Aldosterone
N)Interstitial fluid
O)Edema

Question 23

The most abundant compound in the body is

A) protein.
B) lipids.
C) carbohydrates.
D) none of the above.

Question 24

Match each term or phrase with its corresponding description or definition.
One of the two major fluid compartments in the body

A)Ion
B)Dehydration
C)Intracellular fluid
D)Hypokalemia
E)ADH
F)Decrease in capillary blood pressure
G)ANH
H)Hypocalcemia
I)Drop in blood protein levels
J)Electrolyte
K)Hyponatremia
L)Overhydration
M)Aldosterone
N)Interstitial fluid
O)Edema

Question 25

Match each term or phrase with its corresponding description or definition.
Condition in which the blood sodium level is below normal

A)Ion
B)Dehydration
C)Intracellular fluid
D)Hypokalemia
E)ADH
F)Decrease in capillary blood pressure
G)ANH
H)Hypocalcemia
I)Drop in blood protein levels
J)Electrolyte
K)Hyponatremia
L)Overhydration
M)Aldosterone
N)Interstitial fluid
O)Edema

Question 26

Match each term or phrase with its corresponding description or definition.
An atom or molecule with a positive or negative charge

A)Ion
B)Dehydration
C)Intracellular fluid
D)Hypokalemia
E)ADH
F)Decrease in capillary blood pressure
G)ANH
H)Hypocalcemia
I)Drop in blood protein levels
J)Electrolyte
K)Hyponatremia
L)Overhydration
M)Aldosterone
N)Interstitial fluid
O)Edema

Question 27

Match each term or phrase with its corresponding description or definition.
A fluid-regulating hormone that is produced by the adrenal cortex

A)Ion
B)Dehydration
C)Intracellular fluid
D)Hypokalemia
E)ADH
F)Decrease in capillary blood pressure
G)ANH
H)Hypocalcemia
I)Drop in blood protein levels
J)Electrolyte
K)Hyponatremia
L)Overhydration
M)Aldosterone
N)Interstitial fluid
O)Edema

Question 28

Match each term or phrase with its corresponding description or definition.
Condition that can be caused by the rapid infusion of intravenous fluid

A)Ion
B)Dehydration
C)Intracellular fluid
D)Hypokalemia
E)ADH
F)Decrease in capillary blood pressure
G)ANH
H)Hypocalcemia
I)Drop in blood protein levels
J)Electrolyte
K)Hyponatremia
L)Overhydration
M)Aldosterone
N)Interstitial fluid
O)Edema

Question 29

Match each term or phrase with its corresponding description or definition.
Condition of which loss of skin elasticity is a clinical sign

A)Ion
B)Dehydration
C)Intracellular fluid
D)Hypokalemia
E)ADH
F)Decrease in capillary blood pressure
G)ANH
H)Hypocalcemia
I)Drop in blood protein levels
J)Electrolyte
K)Hyponatremia
L)Overhydration
M)Aldosterone
N)Interstitial fluid
O)Edema

Question 30

Match each term or phrase with its corresponding description or definition.
A fluid-regulating hormone that is produced by the heart

A)Ion
B)Dehydration
C)Intracellular fluid
D)Hypokalemia
E)ADH
F)Decrease in capillary blood pressure
G)ANH
H)Hypocalcemia
I)Drop in blood protein levels
J)Electrolyte
K)Hyponatremia
L)Overhydration
M)Aldosterone
N)Interstitial fluid
O)Edema

Question 31

Match each term or phrase with its corresponding description or definition.
Condition caused by an abnormal increase in interstitial fluid causing swelling in parts of the body, frequently the lower limbs

A)Ion
B)Dehydration
C)Intracellular fluid
D)Hypokalemia
E)ADH
F)Decrease in capillary blood pressure
G)ANH
H)Hypocalcemia
I)Drop in blood protein levels
J)Electrolyte
K)Hyponatremia
L)Overhydration
M)Aldosterone
N)Interstitial fluid
O)Edema

Question 32

Match each term or phrase with its corresponding description or definition.
A fluid-regulating hormone that is released by the pituitary gland

A)Ion
B)Dehydration
C)Intracellular fluid
D)Hypokalemia
E)ADH
F)Decrease in capillary blood pressure
G)ANH
H)Hypocalcemia
I)Drop in blood protein levels
J)Electrolyte
K)Hyponatremia
L)Overhydration
M)Aldosterone
N)Interstitial fluid
O)Edema

Question 33

Explain the term fluid balance.

Question 34

Match each term or phrase with its corresponding description or definition.
One mechanism that can cause an increase in the interstitial fluid volume

A)Ion
B)Dehydration
C)Intracellular fluid
D)Hypokalemia
E)ADH
F)Decrease in capillary blood pressure
G)ANH
H)Hypocalcemia
I)Drop in blood protein levels
J)Electrolyte
K)Hyponatremia
L)Overhydration
M)Aldosterone
N)Interstitial fluid
O)Edema

Question 35

Match each term or phrase with its corresponding description or definition.
Condition caused by a lower-than-normal blood concentration of potassium

A)Ion
B)Dehydration
C)Intracellular fluid
D)Hypokalemia
E)ADH
F)Decrease in capillary blood pressure
G)ANH
H)Hypocalcemia
I)Drop in blood protein levels
J)Electrolyte
K)Hyponatremia
L)Overhydration
M)Aldosterone
N)Interstitial fluid
O)Edema

Question 36

Which of the following is not considered a major factor for controlling plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid?

A) The concentration of electrolytes in extracellular fluid
B) The concentration of protein in the blood
C) The absorption of fluid by the small intestine
D) All of the above are major factors for controlling plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid.

Question 37

Match each term or phrase with its corresponding description or definition.
One mechanism that causes a decrease in the interstitial fluid volume

A)Ion
B)Dehydration
C)Intracellular fluid
D)Hypokalemia
E)ADH
F)Decrease in capillary blood pressure
G)ANH
H)Hypocalcemia
I)Drop in blood protein levels
J)Electrolyte
K)Hyponatremia
L)Overhydration
M)Aldosterone
N)Interstitial fluid
O)Edema

Question 38

In a newborn, water can account for as much as _____% of body weight.

A) 40
B) 60
C) 80
D) 50

Question 39

Match each term or phrase with its corresponding description or definition.
Condition caused by a lower-than-normal blood level of calcium

A)Ion
B)Dehydration
C)Intracellular fluid
D)Hypokalemia
E)ADH
F)Decrease in capillary blood pressure
G)ANH
H)Hypocalcemia
I)Drop in blood protein levels
J)Electrolyte
K)Hyponatremia
L)Overhydration
M)Aldosterone
N)Interstitial fluid
O)Edema

Question 40

Match each term or phrase with its corresponding description or definition.
Substance that dissociates into ions when it dissolves in water

A)Ion
B)Dehydration
C)Intracellular fluid
D)Hypokalemia
E)ADH
F)Decrease in capillary blood pressure
G)ANH
H)Hypocalcemia
I)Drop in blood protein levels
J)Electrolyte
K)Hyponatremia
L)Overhydration
M)Aldosterone
N)Interstitial fluid
O)Edema

Question 41

Explain the mechanism by which aldosterone helps maintain fluid homeostasis.

Question 42

What types of fluid make up the extracellular fluid compartment?

Question 43

Define and give an example of an electrolyte and a nonelectrolyte.

Question 44

Explain the mechanism that regulates fluid intake.

Question 45

List the sources of water for the body and the ways in which water can be lost from the body.

Question 46

What are the symptoms of sodium imbalance?

Question 47

Would a drop in capillary blood pressure or an increase in capillary blood pressure be more likely to cause edema? Explain your answer.

Question 48

Fluid balance means that the total volume and distribution of water in the body remain relatively constant and within normal limits.

Question 49

What is edema? Explain the cause of edema. What are some organs that might be affected?

Question 50

Explain what variables affect the percentage of body water a person might have.

Question 51

List the names and the sources of the hormones that play a role in fluid regulation.

Question 52

What are the symptoms of calcium imbalance?

Question 53

What is overhydration? Give one possible cause of overhydration. What organ is stressed by overhydration?

Question 54

Explain why prolonged diarrhea is more likely to lead to serious dehydration in a baby than in an adult even though the baby has a higher percentage of body water than an adult does.

Question 55

List the causes of hypernatremia and hyponatremia.

Question 56

Certain kidney diseases allow large amounts of protein to be passed out of the body in urine. One result of this condition is edema. Explain the mechanism that causes the edema.

Question 57

List the normal blood concentrations of sodium, potassium, and calcium.

Question 58

If a person is diagnosed with hypertension (high blood pressure), one of the first recommendations a health care provider makes is for the person to reduce the amount of salt in the diet. Explain why following this recommendation will reduce blood pressure.

Question 59

List the causes of hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia.

Question 60

Some diuretics cause the body to excrete large amounts of potassium. If a person is taking such a diuretic, what symptoms of potassium deficiency might be evident?

Question 61

No matter how dehydrated a person becomes, fluid will still be lost by the lungs.

Question 62

The kidneys, the lungs, and the catabolism of food all contribute to water loss in the body.

Question 63

Blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and lymph all considered extracellular fluids.

Question 64

Because muscle tissue has less water than adipose tissue, a person who is overweight has a higher percentage of body water than does a person in better physical condition.

Question 65

Sodium has the highest concentration of any negative ion in the blood.

Question 66

Because glucose dissociates into ions when it is dissolved in water, it is called an electrolyte.

Question 67

The food that we eat, the fluids we drink, and the catabolism of food all contribute to an input of water to the body.

Question 68

Blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and lymph are all considered interstitial fluids.

Question 69

The hormone ADH is produced by the adrenal cortex and acts to reduce the amount of urine produced.

Question 70

Babies tend to have a higher percentage of body water than the elderly do.

Question 71

The hormone ANH is produced by the heart and acts to increase the amount of urine produced.

Question 72

Obese people tend to have a lower percentage of body water than slender people do.

Question 73

Table salt (NaCl) is an electrolyte.

Question 74

Muscle tissue has the least amount of water compared with any other body tissue.

Question 75

There is more fluid inside the cells of the body than outside the cells of the body.

Question 76

The chief mechanism used by the body to maintain fluid balance is adjusting fluid intake.

Question 77

Women tend to have a higher percentage of body water than do men.

Question 78

When NaCl is dissolved in water, it dissociates into ions.

Question 79

Potassium has the highest concentration of any positive ion in the blood.

Question 80

When the body is severely dehydrated, hormones in the body can prevent the kidneys from producing urine until fluid loss is reduced to zero.