Deck 12: Emotions, Stress, and Health

Question 1

You are asked to participate in a blood drive. In thinking about doing so, you weigh the costs (e.g., being pricked by a needle) and benefits (e.g., feeling good about yourself) of doing so. This strategy is best explained by the

A) self-perception theory.
B) social-exchange theory.
C) self-presentation theory.
D) social comparison theory.

Answer 1

social-exchange theory.

Question 2

A self-serving motive to increase one's own welfare is called

A) magnanimity.
B) antipathy.
C) egoism.
D) selflessness.

Answer 2

egoism.

Question 3

The personalized address labels that come with mailings that solicit donations to philanthropic causes likely follow the

A) reciprocity norm.
B) social exchange theory.
C) misinformation effect
D) social capital theory.

Answer 3

reciprocity norm.

Question 4

Sociologist Gouldner (1960) contended that the norm of reciprocity

A) is the ultimate basis for feelings of empathy.
B) is stronger in females than in males.
C) is as universal as the incest taboo.
D) has little application in close relationships such as marriage.

Question 5

Before agreeing to help out at the local homeless shelter, Sharon weighs the costs (e.g., getting up at dawn) and benefits (e.g., feeling good about herself) of doing so. This strategy is best explained by the

A) self-perception theory.
B) social-exchange theory.
C) self-presentation theory.
D) social comparison theory.

Question 6

After Mr. Walters' neighbor helped him paint his house, Mr. Walters felt obligated to offer to help the neighbor remodel his kitchen. Mr. Walters' sense of obligation most likely resulted from the

A) door-in-the-face phenomenon.
B) system justification theory.
C) reciprocity norm.
D) cognitive dissonance phenomenon.

Question 7

A major weakness of the reward theory is that it

A) is impossible to test experimentally.
B) fails to account for the reciprocal exchange of favors.
C) easily degenerates into explaining-by-naming.
D) ignores the role of internal self-rewards in motivating altruism.

Question 8

Altruism is to _____ as egoism is to _____.

A) Gouldner; Batson
B) reciprocity; social justice
C) the evolutionary theory; the social norms theory
D) another's welfare; one's own welfare

Question 9

According to researchers, which of the following is the correct order that leads us to good actions?

A) positive mood; positive behavior; positive thoughts; positive self-esteem
B) positive behavior; positive thoughts; positive self-esteem; positive mood
C) positive behavior; positive mood; positive thoughts; positive self-esteem
D) positive mood; positive thoughts; positive self-esteem; positive behavior

Question 10

The central notion of egoism is that

A) self-esteem is a more important motive than social approval.
B) self-interest motivates all behavior.
C) our self-concept is determined by others' evaluation of us.
D) the healthy personality has a strong ego.

Question 11

In McMillen and Austin's research (1971), participants who had lied were more likely to

A) lie again.
B) volunteer a large amount of time.
C) volunteer a small amount of time.
D) avoid the researchers.

Question 12

According to the social-exchange theory, which of the following is a behavior that is characterized by rewards that are external in nature?

A) donating money to boost the image of the company
B) volunteering for community projects to boost self-worth
C) giving emotional support to partner for one's satisfaction
D) donating blood to make oneself feel good

Question 13

In the context of internal rewards for doing good, there are a few consistent findings in psychology that _____ people are helpful people.

A) happy
B) well-rested
C) well-educated
D) easy-going

Question 14

Who is most likely to respond favorably to an unexpected request for a charitable donation to a local hospital?

A) Melvin's older sister, who is hurrying to get to her scheduled appointment with the family doctor
B) Melvin's mother, who just received a very favorable job evaluation from her employer
C) Melvin's younger brother, who is depressed over receiving a D on a physics exam
D) Melvin's father, who is annoyed over the newspaper boy's trampling of his flower bed

Question 15

Helping _____ a bad mood and _____ a good mood.

A) eliminates; increases
B) softens; sustains
C) does not change; amplifies
D) increases; eliminates

Question 16

The notion that humans interact in such a way as to minimize costs and maximize rewards to the self is referred to as the

A) social-exchange theory.
B) drive theory.
C) triangular theory.
D) motivation crowding theory.

Question 17

You were walking down the street with your friend Sabrina when she stopped to ask a child why he was crying. The boy said that he was lost, so Sabrina took time out of her busy day to help the child find his way home. Sabrina's behavior can be characterized by

A) the reciprocity norm.
B) egoism.
C) the social-exchange theory.
D) altruism.

Question 18

Our eagerness to do well after doing something bad reflects our need to

A) merely reduce private guilt.
B) reclaim a positive public image only.
C) both reduce private guilt and reclaim a positive public image.
D) neither reduce private guilt nor reclaim a positive public image.

Question 19

The motive to increase another's welfare without conscious regard for one's self-interests defines

A) narcissism.
B) egoism.
C) hedonism.
D) altruism.

Question 20

Which of the following statements is true of the effect of guilt to motivate individuals in doing good deeds?

A) It sustains close relationships.
B) It reduces sensitivity.
C) It leads to too much harm.
D) It disrupts interaction among people.

Question 21

The idea that evolution has selected altruism toward one's close relatives to enhance the survival of mutually shared genes is referred to as

A) nominative determinism.
B) altruistic selection.
C) kin selection.
D) self-serving helpfulness.

Question 22

Identify a true statement about the social-responsibility norm across various cultures.

A) People in collectivistic cultures are least in favor of the social responsibility norm.
B) In U.S., people do receive compassion when they are victims of natural disaster.
C) People in U.S show more strong support for social responsibility norm than those in India.
D) In determining help, cultures avoid the practice of tying responses to attributes.

Question 23

If victims seem to have created their own problems by laziness or lack of foresight, people are less willing to offer help. In this case, helping responses are thus closely tied to

A) the overjustification effect.
B) attributions.
C) self-concepts.
D) cognitive dissonance.

Question 24

Which of the following specifically predicts that we will be more altruistic toward our relatives than toward close friends?

A) evolutionary psychology
B) the social norms theory
C) nominative determinism
D) the self-presentation theory

Question 25

In one experiment on the reciprocity norm, university students were more willing to make a charity pledge when

A) they were promised a pledge in return.
B) the pledge was unsolicited.
C) it was for someone who had bought them candy.
D) it was anonymous.

Question 26

Research on gender and receiving help revealed that _____ offered more help when the persons in need were females, and _____ offered help equally to males and females.

A) men; women
B) women; men
C) older people; youngsters
D) youngsters; older people

Question 27

Mr. Lemming's neighbors mowed his lawn, but he was too sick and weak to reciprocate. We can predict that Mr. Lemming is likely to feel

A) demeaned because he cannot return the help.
B) angry at his neighbors.
C) grateful and happy.
D) proud and unthreatened.

Question 28

In the context of evolutionary psychology, the _____ principle implies that nature programs us to care about close relatives.

A) kin selection
B) reciprocity
C) social justice
D) deindividuation

Question 29

From an evolutionary perspective, it would be most difficult to explain why

A) John paid his son's hospital bill.
B) Phyllis helped her mother clean the house.
C) William helped his next-door neighbor paint his house.
D) Ruth risked her life to save a stranger from being murdered.

Question 30

A classmate of Bianca's wants to borrow Bianca's notes to study for an upcoming exam. In the context of the social-responsibility norm, research suggests that Bianca will most likely agree if the classmate says she needs the notes because she

A) takes inadequate notes.
B) does not like this class as well as her other courses.
C) has been absent due to illness.
D) has not been able to concentrate in class.

Question 31

Evolutionary psychologists would have greatest difficulty explaining why

A) Jill agreed to donate bone marrow to save the life of a stranger.
B) Molly agreed to drive her neighbor to the doctor.
C) Simon donated a kidney to save the life of his son.
D) Rick helped his best friend paint his house.

Question 32

The social responsibility norm refers to the expectation that

A) future exchanges of help must exist.
B) leaders will help more than regular group members.
C) people will help those needing help.
D) to receive help, people must ask for it.

Question 33

_____ are twice as likely as _____ to seek medical and psychiatric help.

A) European-Americans; Asian-Americans
B) Asian-Americans; European-Americans
C) Men; women
D) Women; men

Question 34

When people need our help, we are most likely to provide assistance if we attribute their need to

A) a lack of motivation.
B) circumstances beyond their control.
C) poor planning or foresight.
D) their mood or disposition.

Question 35

Social-exchange is a _____ theory, while social norms is a _____ theory.

A) sociological; psychological
B) psychological; sociological
C) biological; psychological
D) sociological; biological

Question 36

Evolutionary psychology contends that the essence of life is

A) gene survival.
B) self-actualization.
C) self-realization.
D) the discovery of meaning.

Question 37

People who live in _____ are least likely to relay a phone message, mail "lost" letters, cooperate with survey interviewers, do small favors, or help a lost child.

A) big cities
B) small towns
C) rural environments
D) villages

Question 38

Ian is from England, Dan is from America, and Tam is from India. Which one of these people is most likely to support and act on the norm of social responsibility?

A) Ian
B) Dan
C) Tam
D) Ian and Dan are both more likely than Tam.

Question 39

In which of the following countries is the norm of social responsibility most likely to be strong?

A) India
B) England
C) United States
D) Canada

Question 40

Research on gender and helping norms revealed that

A) females offer more help to males than males do to females.
B) males offer to help males and females equally.
C) females seek more help than males.
D) both males and females help others equally.

Question 41

Since we are born selfish, evolutionary psychologists such as Richard Dawkins propose that we attempt to

A) develop a system that will encourage reciprocity.
B) develop an "altruistic gene."
C) teach generosity and altruism.
D) live only in small, isolated communities.

Question 42

Hoffman (1981) reported that infants cry more when they hear another infant crying. This is an example of

A) egoism.
B) empathy.
C) altruism.
D) harmony.

Question 43

In a study by Latané and Rodin (1969), a female experimenter apparently fell and hurt her ankle. What percentage of participants who were alone offered help?

A) 100 percent
B) 70 percent
C) 40 percent
D) 10 percent

Question 44

In the context of interpretation, the tendency to overestimate others' ability to "read" our internal states is called the illusion of

A) deceit.
B) visibility.
C) awareness.
D) transparency.

Question 45

Batson and his colleagues (1981) had university women watch another woman suffer a series of painful shocks. Some participants were led to feel empathy for her and were then asked if they would trade places, taking her remaining shocks. The results indicated that

A) most participants agreed to help but only if they would be rewarded.
B) most participants agreed to help even if they knew that their part in the experiment was complete.
C) most participants downplayed the victim's suffering or convinced themselves that she deserved to be shocked.
D) most participants refused to trade places but expressed sympathy and sought compensation for the victim from the experimenters.

Question 46

Latané and Darley (1968) had university students complete questionnaires in a small room, and then had smoke pour into the room from a wall vent. Students who were working _____ tended to notice the smoke in _____.

A) in groups; less than five seconds
B) alone; less than five seconds.
C) on a challenging task; about 20 seconds
D) on a rote task; less than five seconds

Question 47

The fact that a person is less likely to help in an emergency when other people are present is called

A) the bystander effect.
B) pluralistic ignorance.
C) the self-interest effect.
D) the suppression of responsibility effect.

Question 48

Latané and Darley attempted to explain people's failure to intervene in cases like that of Kitty Genovese, a woman who was violently attacked, in terms of

A) situational influences.
B) personality traits.
C) mood factors.
D) selfish genes.

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT one of the steps in Darley and Latané's decision tree?

A) noticing the incident
B) interpreting the incident as an emergency
C) weighing the costs and benefits of helping
D) assuming responsibility for intervening

Question 50

According to the evolutionary theory, it can be predicted that it is more likely that

A) children will be more devoted to their parents than vice versa.
B) parents will be more devoted to their children than vice versa.
C) women will be more devoted to helping strangers than men.
D) men will be more devoted to helping strangers than women.

Question 51

You trip over a fallen branch and sprain your ankle. According to research on the bystander effect, a stranger who sees your plight will be most likely to offer aid if there are _____ others present.

A) no
B) two
C) four
D) ten

Question 52

Darley and Latané described a sequence of decisions a bystander must make before he or she will intervene in an emergency. Which of the following is NOT one of the specific steps?

A) noticing the incident
B) interpreting the incident as an emergency
C) assessing the victim's desire for help
D) assuming personal responsibility for intervening

Question 53

Which of the following statements is FALSE about empathy-induced altruism as noted by Batson?

A) In general, women report more empathy than men and are less likely to support war.
B) It is easier to feel empathy for a needy individual than for Mother Earth.
C) Empathy-induced altruism can pose a threat to the common good when we narrow our focus of concern to close friends vs. others we don't know.
D) Empathy-based altruism removes any type of partiality in a family.

Question 54

In a study by Latané and Rodin (1969), a female experimenter apparently fell and hurt her ankle. When pairs of strangers confronted the emergency, what percentage offered help?

A) 100 percent
B) 70 percent
C) 40 percent
D) 10 percent

Question 55

A stranger has collapsed on a city sidewalk due to a heart attack. According to Darley and Latané, what is the first thing that must happen before you will help in this emergency?

A) You must check if the stranger is related to you or your family.
B) You must assume responsibility for helping.
C) You must notice the stranger.
D) You must make sure the victim is alone and truly in need of help.

Question 56

Altruism researcher Daniel Batson reported that empathy-induced altruism

A) is always helpful.
B) does not inhibit aggression.
C) lowers cooperation.
D) can feed favoritism, injustice, and indifference.

Question 57

Who among the following psychologists believes that genuine empathy-induced altruism is part of human nature?

A) Darley
B) Schaller
C) Cialdini
D) Batson

Question 58

In observing people's responses to staged emergencies, Darley and Latané (1970) found that _____ greatly decreased intervention.

A) social alienation
B) a lack of empathy
C) the presence of other bystanders
D) self-concern

Question 59

_____ is the vicarious experience of another's feelings and putting oneself in another's shoes.

A) Egoism
B) Empathy
C) Reciprocity
D) Narcissism

Question 60

Myers suggests that there are a number of reasons why individuals who live in big cities tend to be less helpful. Which of the following is NOT one of those reasons?

A) They are seldom alone in public places.
B) They become cold and uncaring after living in a city.
C) They experience "compassion fatigue."
D) They experience "sensory overload."

Question 61

In helping situations,

A) women offer more than men in dangerous circumstances.
B) men offer more than women to help in safer circumstances.
C) there are gender differences depending on the situation.
D) men respond to a friend's problem more than women.

Question 62

In an enactment of the Good Samaritan situation, Darley and Batson (1973) studied the helpfulness of Princeton seminarians in order to assess whether helping behavior was influenced by

A) religious education.
B) age differences.
C) gender differences.
D) time pressures.

Question 63

Which is NOT one of the factors that influence a person's helping behavior?

A) the number of bystanders
B) impact biases
C) time pressures
D) prosocial models

Question 64

We are most likely to help when

A) we have just observed someone else helping.
B) we are rushed.
C) the person is perceived to be different from us.
D) we are in a group of people.

Question 65

People in a hurry may be less willing to help because they

A) have weighed the costs of helping and have decided that the costs are too high.
B) simply do not take time to tune in to a person in need.
C) tend to be selfish and primarily concerned with meeting their own needs.
D) tend to be more driven by conviction than by context.

Question 66

In the context of research ethics, researchers who studied the bystander effect have

A) always first obtained the participant's informed consent.
B) been careful to debrief their laboratory participants.
C) subsequently found that most research participants believe the laboratory experiments have little, if any, value or application to everyday life.
D) been unable to replicate real-life situations.

Question 67

Research on the relationship between personality traits and helping behavior revealed that

A) personality traits have little to no influence on helping.
B) the person and the situation interact to predict helping.
C) assertiveness strongly predicts helping across a variety of situations.
D) gender is the only characteristic that predicts helping better than any other factor.

Question 68

Identify a true statement about religiosity and helping.

A) Religious individuals are less likely to be involved in jury service, community projects than other types of organizations.
B) Individuals high in religiosity are most likely to engage in self-serving lies or fraud.
C) Membership in religious organizations is hardly associated with civic activities like voting or talking to neighbors.
D) Tendency to engage in charity is strongest for religious individuals were religious behavior is a matter of personal choice.

Question 69

DeBruine (2002) found that when students played an interactive game with a supposed other player, participants were _____ when the other person's pictured face had some features of their own face morphed into it.

A) more trusting but less generous
B) more trusting and more generous
C) less trusting but more generous
D) less trusting and less generous

Question 70

According to Robert Putnam (2000), membership in _____ were most closely associated with other forms of civic involvement, like voting, jury service, community projects, and giving to charity.

A) self-help groups
B) service clubs
C) hobby clubs
D) religious groups

Question 71

When looking at ingroup similarity and helping, researchers noted all of the following EXCEPT

A) people tend to help those that are perceived similar in a narrowly defined group.
B) people tend to help those that are perceived similar in an inclusive larger defined group.
C) one way to increase people's willingness to help others is to promote social identities that are more inclusive than exclusive.
D) one way to increase people's willingness to help others is to promote social identities that are more exclusive than inclusive.

Question 72

When faced with potentially dangerous situations where strangers need help,

A) women help most.
B) men help most.
C) men and women help equally.
D) older people help most.

Question 73

According to the bystander effect,

A) we are more likely to help others when others are present.
B) we are less likely to help others when others are present.
C) we are unaffected by bystanders when help is needed.
D) we are more likely to receive help from bystanders.

Question 74

Which of the following factors is likely to increase helping behavior?

A) the presence of others who offer help
B) the presence of others who do nothing
C) time pressure
D) being non-religious

Question 75

Miller and his colleagues (2001) reported that we are more empathic and helpful toward those who are _____ us.

A) close in proximity to
B) similar to
C) different from
D) older than

Question 76

Research evidence indicates that prosocial models of helping

A) create an environment of narcissism among youth.
B) promote altruism in children but not in adults.
C) promote altruism in the observers.
D) decrease helping because observers seem to believe that aid is less necessary.

Question 77

Confederates who were dressed either conservatively or in counterculture garb approached either "straight" or "hip" college students and asked for change to make a phone call. Results of this experiment confirmed a _____ bias in helping.

A) familiarity
B) similarity
C) credibility
D) complementary

Question 78

Which of the following statements is NOT true? As the number of bystanders at an emergency increases, any given bystander is

A) less likely to notice the situation.
B) less likely to interpret it as an emergency.
C) less likely to assume responsibility.
D) less likely to walk away.

Question 79

The network of traits that predisposes a person to be helpful are all of the following EXCEPT

A) high in positive emotionality.
B) high in narcissism.
C) high in empathy.
D) high in self-efficacy.

Question 80

Who among the following is LEAST likely to help an injured pedestrian?

A) Tatiana, who has just found $10 in a grocery store.
B) Ivan, who is five minutes late for a committee meeting.
C) Anastasia, who has just lost a dollar bill in a poker game.
D) Boris, who is happy after receiving the news over the phone that he has been promoted.