Deck 11: The Blood

Question 1

The amount of blood in the human body is about ____ liters.

A) 2
B) 5
C) 10
D) 12
E) 15

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following statements concerning erythrocytes is incorrect?

A) They do not contain any organelles.
B) They may take on many different shapes.
C) They originate from the same undifferentiated pluripotential stem cells as leukocytes and platelets.
D) They are unable to utilize the O₂ they contain for their own ATP formation.
E) They only live about five days.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Which is not found within erythrocytes?

A) carbonic anhydrase
B) glycolytic enzymes
C) hemoglobin
D) mitochondria
E) bicarbonate ions

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Plasma albumins primarily

A) contribute to the clotting process
B) function in the body's defense
C) maintain the blood's osmotic pressure
D) transport certain proteins in the blood
E) transport iron in the blood

Question 5

What advantages does the biconcavity of the erythrocyte impart on the cell?

A) It increases the overall surface area.
B) It increases the flexibility of the cell.
C) It prevents toxins from entering the cell.
D) All of these.
E) None of these.

Question 6

Antibodies are

A) a type of globin protein
B) classified as gamma albumins
C) produced by B lymphocytes
D) a type of globin protein and produced by B lymphocytes
E) all of these

Question 7

Albumin belongs to the group of ____ in the blood plasma.

A) hormones
B) electrolytes
C) proteins
D) gases (O₂, CO₂, N₂)
E) red blood cells

Question 8

Which statement is incorrect?

A) Plasma proteins are responsible for the blood colloid osmotic pressure.
B) Plasma proteins provide a source of readily available amino acids to be utilized by the tissue cells for the synthesis of new tissue proteins.
C) Antibodies are gamma globulins important in the body's defense mechanism.
D) Plasma proteins play a role in buffering changes in pH in the body fluids.
E) The presence of plasma proteins in the blood is the primary factor responsible for preventing excessive loss of plasma from the capillaries into the interstitial fluid.

Question 9

If the hematocrit is 40, then the volume occupied by the

A) red blood cells is 60 percent of the total blood volume
B) white blood cells is 40 percent of the total blood volume
C) red blood cells is 40 percent of the total blood volume
D) plasma and other cellular elements is 40 percent of the total blood volume
E) red blood cells is 40 percent of the total blood volume, and by the white blood cells is 40 percent of the total blood volume

Question 10

Carbonic anhydrase is important for

A) CO₂ transport in blood
B) conversion of CO₂ into bicarbonate ion
C) production of NO
D) CO₂ transport in blood and conversion of CO₂ into bicarbonate ion
E) CO₂ transport in blood and production of NO

Question 11

____ are the most abundant type of cellular element in the blood.

A) Erythrocytes
B) Neutrophils
C) Leukocytes
D) Lymphocytes
E) Platelets

Question 12

The red cell count is normally about ____ million cells per cubic millimeter.

A) 2
B) 5
C) 10
D) 15
E) 20

Question 13

Erythrocytes

A) secrete fibrinogen needed for clotting
B) secrete plasminogen that is converted to plasmin and dissolves a clot after wound healing
C) engulf iron to make hemoglobin
D) possess binding sites for oxygen and CO₂
E) secrete fibrinogen needed for clotting and possess binding sites for oxygen and CO₂

Question 14

Erythrocytes

A) do not contain DNA
B) produce ATP via glycolysis
C) do not use the O₂ they transport
D) do not have mitochondria
E) all of these

Question 15

Which organ removes most of the worn-out red blood cells from the circulation?

A) bone marrow
B) kidney
C) large intestine
D) pancreas
E) spleen

Question 16

The buffy coat represents < 1% of the whole blood and is comprised of

A) erythrocytes and platelets
B) leukocytes and platelets
C) leukocytes and clotting factors
D) platelets and clotting factors
E) clotting factors and albumins

Question 17

Blood is comprised of cellular elements and an extracellular matrix comprised primarily of water. What is the name of the blood's extracellular matrix?

A) hematocrit
B) fibrinogen
C) buffy coat
D) plasma
E) none of these

Question 18

Which plasma globulins are the antibodies?

A) Alpha
B) Beta
C) Gamma
D) Delta
E) Sigma

Question 19

The first indication of a high degree of erythropoiesis is when reticulocytes make up more than ____ percent of the circulating red blood cells.

A) 0.3
B) 0.5
C) 1.0
D) 1.5
E) 1.9

Question 20

Why is the advantage of having biconcavity of the erythrocyte important?

A) It prevents osmolarity changes.
B) It increases the rate of gas exchange.
C) It provides an additional area for endocytosis.
D) It encourages cellular respiration.
E) None of these.

Question 21

If 24 packed volume units of cells are separated from 36 volume units of plasma from a blood sample, the hematocrit is ____ percent.

A) 24
B) 36
C) 40
D) 48
E) 67

Question 22

In addition to transporting oxygen, hemoglobin transports

A) some carbon dioxide
B) nitric oxide
C) buffered hydrogen ions
D) carbon monoxide
E) all of these

Question 23

In aplastic anemia,

A) There is insufficient hemoglobin formation due to iron deficiency.
B) There is an acute loss of blood.
C) Destruction of the bone marrow has occurred due to toxic chemicals or radiation.
D) The stomach secretes inadequate intrinsic factor, which is essential for intestinal absorption of vitamin B₁₂.
E) There is increased fragility of the erythrocyte cell membrane.

Question 24

Anemia results from a reduced O₂-carrying capacity of the blood, which can be caused by a decrease in the number of

A) leukocytes
B) lymphocytes
C) macrophages
D) erythrocytes
E) monocytes

Question 25

Erythropoiesis

A) is accomplished in the bone marrow upon stimulation by erythropoietin
B) is accomplished in the kidneys in response to reduced O₂ delivery to the kidneys
C) refers to increased RBC count
D) refers to RBC destruction
E) is accomplished in the bone marrow upon stimulation by erythropoietin and refers to increased RBC count

Question 26

Iron

A) can combine reversibly with O₂
B) deficiency can produce anemia
C) is converted into bilirubin and secreted into the bile when an old red blood cell ruptures and is degraded
D) can combine reversibly with O₂, and a deficiency can produce anemia
E) is converted into bilirubin and secreted into the bile when an old red blood cell ruptures and is degraded; and deficiency can produce anemia

Question 27

Which type of anemia is caused by a genetic abnormality?

A) pernicious
B) hemorrhagic
C) sickle-cell
D) nutritional
E) iron-deficient

Question 28

Erythropoietin

A) is secreted by the bone marrow
B) stimulates red blood cell production
C) converts prothrombin to thrombin
D) is deficient in pernicious anemia
E) stimulates red blood cell production and converts prothrombin to thrombin

Question 29

The hormone controlling erythropoiesis is produced in the

A) pancreas
B) brain
C) heart
D) kidney
E) intestine

Question 30

Hemoglobin

A) is found in the nuclei of red blood cells
B) contains carbonic anhydrase
C) can combine with O₂, CO₂, H⁺, NO, and CO
D) is found in the nuclei of red blood cells and contains carbonic anhydrase
E) all of these

Question 31

What form of polycythemia occurs when an individual lives in a high altitude environment?

A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) relative
E) none of these

Question 32

Which of the following is not a function of white blood cells?

A) activation of factor XII, which triggers the clotting cascade
B) production of antibodies
C) destruction of cancer cells
D) phagocytosis of foreign invaders
E) phagocytosis of cellular debris

Question 33

Which statement is incorrect?

A) Iron is found in the heme portion of the hemoglobin molecule.
B) Iron is converted into bilirubin upon erythrocyte degradation.
C) Iron readily combines reversibly with O₂.
D) Diets deficient in iron can lead to anemia.
E) Iron is not adequately absorbed from the digestive tracts in pernicious anemia.

Question 34

The stimulus for increased erythropoiesis secretion is

A) low oxygen levels in the bone marrow
B) low oxygen levels in the kidney
C) a hormone produced by the bone marrow
D) a hormone produced by the liver
E) none of these

Question 35

White blood cells

A) are the most abundant type of blood cell
B) do not have nuclei
C) are actually only cell fragments
D) defend the body against foreign invasion
E) are found only in the blood

Question 36

Pernicious anemia develops from a deficiency of

A) ATP
B) carbonic anhydrase
C) cobalt
D) several hormones
E) the intrinsic factor

Question 37

Which of the following is not a possible cause of anemia?

A) dietary deficiency of folic acid
B) deficiency of intrinsic factor
C) malaria
D) carbon monoxide poisoning
E) living at high altitude

Question 38

Which of these conditions would increase the rate of erythropoiesis?

A) high altitudes
B) increased physical activity
C) loss of blood
D) increased hormone secretion from kidneys
E) all of these

Question 39

One reason why men have a higher hematocrit than women is due to

A) having smaller leucocytes
B) having a larger muscle mass
C) testosterone interactions with erythropoietin
D) having a lower concentration of albumin in the plasma
E) having smaller leucocytes and testosterone interactions with erythropoietin

Question 40

Hemoglobin

A) consists of a protein made up of four highly folded polypeptide chains and four iron-containing nonprotein, nitrogenous groups
B) appears reddish when combined with O₂ and bluish when deoxygenated
C) can combine only with O₂
D) consists of a protein made up of four highly folded polypeptide chains and four iron-containing nonprotein, nitrogenous groups, and appears reddish when combined with O₂ and bluish when deoxygenated
E) all of these

Question 41

Which statement is incorrect?

A) Platelets do not adhere to normal vascular surfaces.
B) Aggregated platelets release ADP, which causes other platelets to become sticky and adhere to the platelet plug.
C) Platelets directly convert fibrinogen to fibrin.
D) A platelet plug releases chemicals that cause the injured vessel to constrict.
E) Platelets are produced in the bone marrow.

Question 42

Myeloid stem cells give rise to all leukocytes except

A) neutrophils
B) eosinophils
C) basophils
D) lymphocytes
E) monocytes

Question 43

Granulocytes include

A) lymphocytes
B) eosinophils
C) monocytes
D) thrombocytes
E) lymphocytes and eosinophils

Question 44

Which leukocyte contains histamine in its granules?

A) neutrophils
B) eosinophils
C) basophils
D) lymphocytes
E) monocytes

Question 45

Neutrophilia frequently accompanies

A) bacterial infections
B) viral infections
C) parasitic infestations
D) allergic conditions
E) all of these

Question 46

Which statement is incorrect?

A) Platelets are produced in the bone marrow.
B) Platelets form the meshwork of a blood clot upon which the other cellular elements become entrapped.
C) Platelets form a plug when they adhere to the exposed collagen of a damaged vessel.
D) Aggregated platelets release serotonin, epinephrine, and thromboxane A2.
E) Aggregated platelets release ADP, which causes the surface of nearby circulating platelets to become sticky so that they also adhere to the enlarging platelet plug.

Question 47

The least abundant type of polymorphonuclear components in the blood is

A) macrophages
B) eosinophils
C) basophils
D) lymphocytes
E) thrombocytes

Question 48

Which leukocyte is implicated in certain allergic reactions and attacks internal parasites such as worms?

A) neutrophils
B) eosinophils
C) basophils
D) lymphocytes
E) monocytes

Question 49

Which cellular element has the lowest count in the blood?

A) platelets
B) neutrophils
C) erythrocytes
D) basophils
E) eosinophils

Question 50

The tissue phagocytes called macrophages are derived from

A) neutrophils
B) eosinophils
C) basophils
D) lymphocytes
E) monocytes

Question 51

The most abundant agranulocyte is the

A) basophil
B) eosinophil
C) lymphocyte
D) monocyte
E) neutrophil

Question 52

An increase in the circulating number of ____ is associated with parasite infestations.

A) neutrophils
B) eosinophils
C) basophils
D) lymphocytes
E) monocytes

Question 53

Which is not a step in hemostasis?

A) vascular spasms
B) platelet aggregation
C) coagulation
D) thrombopoeisis
E) fibrinogen activation

Question 54

Select the platelet count per cubic millimeter that is within the normal range.

A) 100,000
B) 130,000
C) 200,000
D) 600,000
E) 800,000

Question 55

Which of the following can occur with leukemia?

A) inadequate defense against foreign invasion despite an excessive number of white blood cells
B) anemia
C) internal bleeding
D) lower production of thrombocytes
E) all of these

Question 56

Platelets

A) are small cell fragments derived from large megakaryocytes in the bone marrow
B) lack nuclei
C) contain high concentrations of actin and myosin, which enable them to contract
D) all of these
E) are small cell fragments derived from large megakaryocytes in the bone marrow and contain high concentrations of actin and myosin, which enable them to contract

Question 57

Basophils

A) contain granules that preferentially take up a basic blue dye
B) leave the blood to become macrophages
C) synthesize and store histamine and heparin
D) contain granules that preferentially take up a basic blue dye and leave the blood to become macrophages
E) contain granules that preferentially take up a basic blue dye, and synthesize and store histamine and heparin

Question 58

Neutrophils

A) are the most abundant type of white blood cell
B) attach to a parasitic worm and secrete substances that kill it
C) are stimulated to replicate and be released from the bone marrow in response to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
D) are similar structurally to mast cells
E) are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are stimulated to replicate and be released from the bone marrow in response to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

Question 59

Lymphocytes

A) are polymorphonuclear granulocytes
B) are the most abundant type of leukocyte
C) can be produced in lymphoid organs as well as in the bone marrow
D) are the most abundant type of leukocyte and can be produced in lymphoid organs as well as in the bone marrow
E) all of these

Question 60

____ leave the blood after circulating for only a day or two and become the large-tissue phagocytes known as macrophages.

A) Neutrophils
B) Eosinophils
C) Basophils
D) Lymphocytes
E) Monocytes

Question 61

Select the incorrect statement about heparin.

A) It is normally present in the body.
B) It is present in basophils.
C) It is present in mast cells.
D) It is used in blood samples.
E) It stimulates the coagulation of blood.

Question 62

Clots are slowly dissolved by

A) tissue thromboplastin
B) prostacyclin
C) plasmin
D) calcium
E) plasminogen

Question 63

In the last step of blood coagulation

A) Fibrin is converted to fibrinogen.
B) Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin.
C) Platelet factor enters numerous reactions.
D) Prothrombin is converted to thrombin.
E) Thrombin is converted to prothrombin.

Question 64

Platelets are normally attracted to a

A) collection of white blood cells
B) disrupted surface of a blood vessel
C) smooth surface
D) source of ATP production
E) surface where the blood meets the air

Question 65

Which is the correct sequence of events leading to clot formation?

A) prothrombin¾thrombin¾fibrin¾fibrinogen
B) fibrin¾prothrombin¾fibrinogen¾thrombin
C) prothrombin¾thrombin¾fibrinogen¾fibrin
D) fibrin¾thrombin¾prothrombin¾fibrinogen
E) fibrinogen¾thrombin¾fibrin¾prothrombin

Question 66

What forms the meshwork of a clot?

A) red blood cells
B) fibrin
C) platelets
D) thrombin
E) Hageman factor

Question 67

Exposed collagen in a damaged vessel

A) activates factor XII to initiate blood clotting
B) initiates platelet aggregation
C) secretes ADP, which causes platelets to become sticky
D) activates factor XII to initiate blood clotting, and initiates platelet aggregation
E) all of these

Question 68

Prostacyclin

A) activates the clotting cascade
B) induces vasoconstriction of an injured vessel
C) inhibits platelet aggregation
D) is released by aggregated platelets
E) dissolves the clot

Question 69

Since fibrinogen is always present in the blood but the blood does not clot, ____ must normally be absent.

A) prothrombin
B) thrombin
C) calcium
D) red blood cells
E) platelets

Question 70

Which of the following is not a function of thrombin?

A) stimulates conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
B) activates tissue thromboplastin, which initiates the extrinsic clotting pathway
C) activates factor XIII (fibrin-stabilizing factor)
D) enhances platelet aggregation
E) acts in positive-feedback fashion to facilitate its own formation

Question 71

Which of the following lacks DNA?

A) platelets
B) erythrocytes
C) agranular leukocytes
D) erythrocytes and Platelets
E) all of these

Question 72

Tissue thromboplastin

A) is released from traumatized tissue and triggers the extrinsic clotting pathway
B) converts fibrinogen to fibrin
C) forms the meshwork of the clot
D) activates factor XII (Hageman factor)
E) all of these

Question 73

Platelet aggregation is reinforced by what signal?

A) ADP
B) fibrinogen
C) thromboxane
D) prostacyclin
E) thrombopoietin

Question 74

Platelets

A) convert prothrombin to thrombin
B) form the meshwork upon which the erythrocytes become trapped to produce a clot
C) adhere and aggregate when they contact exposed collagen in the walls of a broken blood vessel
D) release fibrinogen once a platelet plug is formed
E) none of these

Question 75

What chemical signal released by healthy endothelial tissue prevents overgrowth of platelet plugs?

A) ATP
B) fibrinogen
C) prostacyclin
D) thromboxane
E) thrombopoietin

Question 76

Which is not a required factor in the intrinsic clotting mechanism?

A) calcium ions
B) factor XII
C) platelet factor 3
D) factor VII
E) factor XI

Question 77

Platelets trapped within the fibrous meshwork of the clot

A) release plasmin
B) release prostacyclin
C) retract the clot
D) inactivate thrombin
E) none of these

Question 78

The chemical signal that makes platelets sticky upon aggregation is

A) ADP
B) ATP
C) prostacyclin
D) thromboxane
E) thrombopoietin

Question 79

The extrinsic clotting pathway

A) is initiated by platelet factor
B) is primarily responsible for clotting in tissues
C) has more steps than the intrinsic pathway
D) is set off when Hageman factor comes into contact with collagen in an injured vessel
E) none of these

Question 80

When small blood vessels are damaged, loss of blood is prevented by

A) platelet aggregation
B) vasoconstriction of these vessels
C) formation of a platelet plug
D) all of these
E) platelet aggregation and formation of a platelet plug