Deck 13: Urban Patterns

Question 1

According to the sector model, the best housing is located in

A) a corridor from downtown to the edge of the city.
B) an outer ring surrounding the city.
C) nodes near universities and parks.
D) renovated inner-city neighborhoods.
E) gated communities.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

According to this plan of the CBD of Wilkes-Barre,

A) public and business services are concentrated mainly along the riverfront.
B) there is a mixture of public, semipublic, and business services in the suburbs.
C) there is a mixture of public, semipublic, and business services in the downtown area.
D) business services and consumer services hardly ever adjoin.
E) there are separate districts for business services and public services.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

A land use typically excluded from a North American CBD is

A) public administration.
B) industrial.
C) office.
D) retail.
E) legal.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According to the concentric zone model, a city develops in a series of

A) corridors.
B) nodes.
C) rings.
D) sectors.
E) quadrants.

Question 5

What activity tends to locate on the street-level floor of a skyscraper in a typical North American CBD?

A) government
B) industrial
C) office
D) retail
E) education

Question 6

The multiple nuclei theory

A) involves four linked CBDs.
B) includes nodes such as a port, a university, airport, and a park.
C) includes a nucleus in the CBD which is connected to a nucleus in the suburbs.
D) links a seaport, an airport, and a railway station.
E) disregards the use of nodes.

Question 7

As a result of high land costs, the American CBD is characterized by

A) less intensive land use.
B) the construction of skyscrapers.
C) suburban sprawl.
D) a high threshold and range.
E) the reuse of existing buildings.

Question 8

Cities tend to situate convention centers and sports complexes in their CBDs because

A) they hope to lower real estate prices and tax revenues in their downtown areas.
B) of their low ranges and thresholds.
C) they hope to stimulate more business for downtown restaurants, bars, and hotels.
D) they have a need for the kind of rapid transportation that is only available in the CBD.
E) the CBD offers large amounts of horizontal space.

Question 9

According to Homer Hoyt's sector model, once a district with high-class housing is established, the most expensive new housing is built

A) on the outer edge of that district, farther out from the center.
B) on the inner edge of that district, closer to the center.
C) in the skyscrapers of the CBD.
D) in old industrial buildings and retail shops.
E) on the outer edge of the suburban area, farther out from the center.

Question 10

A recent change in the typical U.S. density gradient has been

A) the elimination of the gap traditionally found in the center.
B) an increase in the extremes between the inner and outer areas.
C) an increase in the number of people living in the center.
D) a reduction in the differences in densities found within an urban area.
E) an increase in the differences in densities found within an urban area.

Question 11

Even with the diffusion of modern telecommunications, many lawyers, financial analysts, and public officials in CBDs still exchange information with colleagues primarily through

A) face-to-face contact.
B) high-cost influence peddling.
C) interstate highway systems.
D) the Internet.
E) television and radio broadcasts.

Question 12

In a simplified model of a city, the zone where retail and office activities are clustered is the

A) central business district.
B) central commerce zone.
C) urbanized downtown area.
D) metropolitan statistical area.
E) hub.

Question 13

Land values are high in the CBD primarily because of

A) competition for limited space.
B) high threshold and range.
C) less intensive land use.
D) the lack of skyscrapers.
E) the lack of residential space.

Question 14

The zone in transition in U.S. cities typically contains which of the following?

A) legal offices and parking lots
B) skyscrapers, suburbs, agricultural land, parking lots, and restaurants
C) agricultural land
D) suburbs, agricultural land, parking lots, and transportation hubs
E) warehouses, industry, and poorer-quality housing

Question 15

Retail activities which tend to concentrate in the CBD include those which have

A) no threshold.
B) no range.
C) services for office workers.
D) a need for rapid transportation.
E) a need for large amounts of horizontal space.

Question 16

European CBDs are similar to those in North America because they both contain

A) retail and office activities.
B) extensive residential areas.
C) large numbers of skyscrapers.
D) structures inherited from medieval times.
E) ancient Roman structures.

Question 17

Chicago is a good location in which to develop urban models because it is located

A) at the end of the nation's transportation system.
B) in the center of the country.
C) on a relatively flat prairie.
D) on the shore of Lake Michigan.
E) near other primate cities.

Question 18

According to the multiple nuclei model, an airport is likely to attract nearby

A) hotels and warehouses.
B) residences and highways.
C) retail and wholesale shops.
D) universities and colleges.
E) hospitals and clinics.

Question 19

Social area analysis attempts to explain

A) the changing location of retail and office activities in North American cities.
B) the development of squatter settlements in developing countries.
C) the distribution of different types of people in an urban area.
D) which of the three models of urban structure is the most accurate in the United States.
E) regions ideal for social services.

Question 20

According to this plan of the CBD of Wilkes-Barre,

A) most business services are concentrated along the riverfront.
B) several business services are concentrated around a railway station.
C) several business services are concentrated around a park.
D) there is a lack of parking lots in the downtown area.
E) there are virtually no residential areas in the CBD.

Question 21

According to the sector model, if family X has an income of $100,000 and family Y has an income of $40,000 but family Z has an income of $115,000

A) families Y and Z are likely to live in the same sector of the city.
B) families X and Z are likely to live in the same sector of the city.
C) families X and Y are likely to live in the same sector of the city.
D) families X, Y, and Z are likely to live in the same sector of the city.
E) none of these families are likely to live in the same sector of the city.

Question 22

People in the United States are attracted to suburbs in part because suburbs are characterized by

A) heavy traffic.
B) lower opportunity for home ownership.
C) private land surrounding the house.
D) row houses and apartments.
E) closer proximity to cultural institutions.

Question 23

In the United States, which of the following definitions of a city covers the largest land area?

A) central business district
B) central city
C) urbanized area
D) metropolitan statistical area
E) regional government federation

Question 24

British cities are surrounded by open space known as

A) greenbelts.
B) public housing.
C) sprawl.
D) squatter settlements.
E) suburbs.

Question 25

Compared to the United States, poor families in European cities are more likely to be

A) clustered in inner-city neighborhoods.
B) dispersed throughout the city.
C) clustered in suburbs.
D) distributed uniformly in the city.
E) living along major boulevards.

Question 26

The laws enacted in 1573 that specifically outlined how colonial Spanish cities were to be constructed were called the

A) Bills of the Americas.
B) Laws of the Indies.
C) American Indian Laws.
D) Colonial Center Laws.
E) Laws of the Real Corona.

Question 27

Sprawl is the

A) change in density within an urban area from the periphery to the center.
B) development of new housing sites not contiguous to the existing built-up area.
C) land maintained as open space surrounding an urban area.
D) period in the morning and evening with the heaviest volumes of traffic.
E) increasing population density in rings two and three of the concentric zone model.

Question 28

A legal form of segregation in U.S. cities is achieved through

A) blockbusting.
B) redlining.
C) zoning.
D) greenbelts.
E) busing.

Question 29

The areas on the periphery of cities in less developed countries are sometimes known as

A) barriadas, favelas bidonvilles, bastees, or kampongs.
B) young city and old city zones.
C) public housing, barmiadelas, fonelongas, or kuhpinongs.
D) the zone in transition, suburbs, or public zone.
E) suburbs, barmiadelas, fonelongas, or kuhpinongs.

Question 30

When the models of urban structure developed in Chicago are applied to Sao Paulo, one conclusion is that

A) both cities are located near large lakes.
B) Sao Paulo doesn't have high income neighborhoods.
C) the models don't work in Sao Paulo.
D) the poorest people are located in different areas.
E) physical geography has not influenced the distribution of social classes Sao Paulo.

Question 31

The strongest criticism of suburbs argued that historically,

A) low-income people and minorities are unable to live in some areas because of the high cost of the housing, the unfriendliness (or discrimination) of established residents, and fears that property values would decline if minorities were allowed to buy property there.
B) low-income people and minorities are able to live in some areas because of the low cost of the housing, the friendliness of established residents, and the myth that property values would decline if minorities were allowed to buy property there.
C) legal devices, such as requiring several small houses to sit on a large lot of land amid several different apartments, prevented low-income families from living in many suburbs.
D) low-income people and minorities are unable to live in some areas because of the high cost of the private schools there, the unfriendliness of African American and Hispanic minorities there, and the fear that property values would not change if other minorities were allowed to buy property there.
E) they encouraged the buying and selling of too many automobiles.

Question 32

Many of the poor on the periphery of cities in less developed countries live in areas known as

A) squatter settlements.
B) council estates.
C) public housing.
D) the zone in transition.
E) suburbs.

Question 33

Compared to the United Kingdom, the amount of sprawl in the United States is

A) greater.
B) less.
C) about the same.
D) better controlled.
E) declining.

Question 34

The largest component of the U.S. population lives in

A) central cities.
B) suburbs.
C) nonmetropolitan areas.
D) rural settlements.
E) the second and third rings of the concentric zone model.

Question 35

The "Boswash" corridor that stretches from Boston to Washington, D.C., was named "Megalopolis"

A) by geographer Jean Gottmann.
B) because it covered more than one-fourth of total U.S. land area.
C) because it was planned to house more than half of the U.S. population.
D) as a counterbalance to the plans of geographer Hugh Separalle.
E) by economist, philanthropist, and geographer Harvey Keitel.

Question 36

The city plus its surrounding built-up suburbs is the

A) central city.
B) urbanized area.
C) metropolitan statistical area.
D) consolidated metropolitan statistical area.
E) regional government federation.

Question 37

Factories have moved to suburban locations in part because of

A) access to main highways.
B) adequate space to build vertical structures.
C) availability of large tracts of high-priced land.
D) good rail connections.
E) access to cheap labor.

Question 38

According to this map of the St. Louis area, the

A) Metropolitan Statistical Area extends to every county on the map.
B) city is primarily on the east bank of the Mississippi River.
C) there are several urban clusters within the urbanized area that are not within the Metropolitan Statistical Area.
D) there are several urban clusters within the Metropolitan Statistical Area that are not within the urbanized area.
E) there are several CBDs within the Metropolitan Statistical Area that are also parts of the urbanized area but not parts of the Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Question 39

After 1573, most Spanish colonial cities were designed to have

A) neighborhoods built around central, smaller plazas with parish churches and older quarters with narrow, winding streets and cramped residences.
B) gridiron street plans centered on a church and plaza, walls around houses, and wider streets than are in the centers of most European cities.
C) winding street plans centered on a church and plaza, garden lawns around houses, and wider streets than the centers of most European cities.
D) gridiron street plans centered on a church and plaza, walls around houses, and narrower, more winding streets than are in the centers of most European cities.
E) a gridiron street plan, a cathedral, and at least 20 parish churches for each city.

Question 40

According to this map of the St. Louis area, the

A) city itself extends to the east bank of the Mississippi River but the urbanized area does not.
B) urbanized area extends through Washington and Clinton counties.
C) urbanized area extends through Madison, Jefferson, and Lincoln counties.
D) urbanized area extends through Madison and Jefferson counties.
E) increase in the differences in densities is found throughout the entire urban area.

Question 41

During the process of ________, the owner may abandon the property because the rents that can be collected are less than the costs involved in upkeep.

A) blockbusting
B) filtering
C) gentrification
D) redlining
E) urban blight

Question 42

The city of ________ declined from 1.8 million inhabitants in 1950 to 700,000 in 2010.

A) San Diego
B) St. Louis
C) Miami
D) Detroit
E) Chicago

Question 43

Hybrid automobile sales in the United States increased during the early 2000s primarily because of the success of Toyota's

A) line of fuel-efficient SUVs.
B) Tundra.
C) Prius.
D) Prion.
E) Honda Civic.

Question 44

In U.S. cities, the underclass is largely

A) clustered in inner-city neighborhoods.
B) dispersed throughout the city.
C) clustered in suburbs.
D) distributed even between the suburbs and the city.
E) distributed across the commuter zone.

Question 45

Under certain conditions, according to U.S. law when a family is forced by a city to relocate,

A) old houses are renovated for them, and the government must help them find new jobs.
B) moving expenses and rent increases are paid by the government for up to four years.
C) new public housing is built for them in a neighborhood of their choosing.
D) middle-class families are attracted to the inner-city by government policies for four years.
E) public transportation is provided for up to four years unless they have wealthy relatives.

Question 46

Compared to whites, African Americans in U.S. cities are more likely to be

A) clustered in inner-city neighborhoods.
B) dispersed throughout the city.
C) clustered in suburbs.
D) distributed uniformly in the city.
E) distributed across the commuters zone.

Question 47

Compared to the private automobile, public transportation offers more

A) energy efficiency.
B) flexibility.
C) pollution.
D) privacy.
E) range.

Question 48

The U.S. government has encouraged the use of cars in part by

A) building interstate highways.
B) charging high gasoline taxes.
C) constructing new subways.
D) protecting prime agricultural land.
E) tax credits for automobile owners.

Question 49

Gentrification

A) is the process by which lower-class people move into deteriorated middle-income neighborhoods and subdivide the housing.
B) allows lower income families to remain in their homes through public subsidies.
C) is the process by which upper-class people move into deteriorated middle-income neighborhoods and subdivide the housing so that lower-income people can move in.
D) is the process by which middle-class people move into deteriorated inner-city neighborhoods and renovate the housing.
E) has almost no influence on housing prices and taxes.

Question 50

A process by which banks designate an area within which they refuse to lend money for improvements is

A) blockbusting.
B) filtering.
C) gentrification.
D) redlining.
E) zoning.

Question 51

The energy efficiency of a hybrid car is tied to

A) the use of hybrid gasolines.
B) the generation of electricity from rooftop solar panels and wind turbines affixed to the sides and undercarriage of the car.
C) the use of a gasoline engine at high speeds, whereas at low speeds an electric motor takes over; moreover, energy that would have otherwise escaped as heat is captured and stored while the car is coasting and braking.
D) the use of a gasoline engine at low speeds, whereas at high speeds an electric motor takes over; moreover, energy that would have otherwise escaped as heat is captured and stored while the car is coasting and braking.
E) the use of a gasoline engine at high speeds, and at low speeds, when the gas engine is at its most efficient, an electric motor takes over. Energy that would otherwise be gained while coasting and braking is lost as electricity and heat when it would otherwise be needed.

Question 52

The underclass is characterized in part by high rates of

A) drug addiction and illiteracy.
B) employment and illiteracy.
C) fire protection and police protection.
D) literacy and education.
E) social mobility and government services.

Question 53

Megalopolis refers to

A) adjacent, overlapping Metropolitan Statistical Areas.
B) central cities.
C) consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas and their CBDs.
D) central cities plus urbanized areas.
E) regional government federation.

Question 54

Large numbers of employees of suburban businesses may suffer hardships because they do not

A) commute to the CBD on privately funded transportation systems.
B) experience sprawl.
C) own automobiles, although in this new urban landscape public transportation is widely available.
D) own automobiles, in an urban landscape where public transportation is limited.
E) have new school districts, in an urban landscape where public schools are almost nonexistent.

Question 55

Detroit is trying to figure out how to shut down and close off ________ because the city cannot afford to pay for street lights, garbage pickup, and police protection for the entire 360 square kilometers (139 square miles).

A) advertising revenue
B) the rap video industry
C) corporate investment
D) entire neighborhoods
E) the entire CBD

Question 56

Public housing is

A) a conversion of low-income housing to middle-class housing.
B) illegally established low-income housing.
C) housing that has changed from single-family owner occupancy to abandonment.
D) low-income government-owned housing.
E) buildings housing public services, such as government agencies.

Question 57

Public transit is more extensive in Western European cities than in the United States primarily because

A) Europeans can't afford cars.
B) European governments subsidize public transit.
C) density is lower in the United States than in Europe.
D) the typical European central city contains fewer high-rises.
E) suburbs are built at subway terminals.

Question 58

The process that includes subdividing a house from single-family owner occupancy to multiple occupancy, is

A) blockbusting.
B) filtering.
C) gentrification.
D) redlining.
E) urban blight.

Question 59

The largest number of daily trips are made primarily for

A) legal reasons.
B) shopping.
C) social meetings.
D) work.
E) recreational endeavors.

Question 60

A process of converting a neighborhood from low-income to middle-class or upper-class is

A) blockbusting.
B) filtering.
C) gentrification.
D) redlining.
E) zoning.

Question 61

Relatively wealthy individuals live in the center of most cities in the world outside of North America.

Question 62

A central city and its contiguous built-up suburbs is called a metropolitan statistical area.

Question 63

Most urban residents in the United States live in central cities rather than suburbs.

Question 64

The process of legally adding land area to a city in the United States is

A) annexation.
B) accreditation.
C) an application of eminent domain.
D) defined by urbanized area.
E) zoning.

Question 65

In the early 1900s most people in the world lived in rural communities.

Question 66

Suburban sprawl has resulted in the loss of most of the prime agricultural land in the United States.

Question 67

U.S. inner cities face fiscal problems because

A) federal and state funds are available.
B) low-income people are concentrated there.
C) middle-class families are attracted there.
D) redlining is no longer legal.
E) blockbusting has strengthened ethnic neighborhoods.

Question 68

The future health of urban areas depends on relieving traffic congestion by increasing road capacity and increasing the demand for people to visit, work, and live in urban areas.

Question 69

The attractions of shopping malls include all but which of the following?

A) frequent concerts and exhibitions
B) generous parking lots
C) place to meet friends
D) sheltered environments
E) walking distance from homes

Question 70

The supply of land for new housing is more severely restricted outside European cities than U.S. cities.

Question 71

The U.S. government estimated in 2011 that the number of homeless people on any given night was about

A) 636,000.
B) 836,000.
C) 216,000.
D) 10,116,000.
E) 2,436,000.

Question 72

About ________ of the homeless people in the United States are single men, and the remainder are women and children.

A) two-fifths
B) nine-tenths
C) one-tenth
D) three-fourths
E) half

Question 73

Cities in less developed countries have eliminated most signs of European colonial rule.

Question 74

The basic building block for MSAs is the county, because of the ease of obtaining data.

Question 75

The density gradient in American and European cities is becoming flatter.

Question 76

One should be careful when attempting to apply the three models of urban structure outside of the United States because those in other countries may have different reasons for selecting neighborhoods.

Question 77

While public transportation ridership has declined in the United States, a number of cities have invested in new public transportation systems.

Question 78

Most people are homeless because they

A) cannot afford housing and lack a regular source of income, perhaps because of job loss, mental illness, or family problems.
B) cannot afford medicine and lack a middle-class source of income, usually because of mental illness, pregnancy, and family problems.
C) fail to achieve the level of "survival of the fittest" as prescribed by social Darwinism.
D) cannot afford a college education, which is required in order to obtain and maintain a steady job in the United States.
E) are lazy or lack the kind of work ethic that wealthy people have.

Question 79

Because so few people live in the CBD, urban areas are characterized by a high degree of

A) blockbusting.
B) commuting.
C) threshold.
D) skyscrapers.
E) restrictive zoning.

Question 80

In general, higher status families in the United States are more likely to live farther away from a city center while lower status people tend to live closer to the city center.