Deck 1: Race, Ethnicity and Crime: Americas Continuing Crisis

Question 1

Discrimination is made illegal by the equal protection provision of the:

A)Thirteenth Amendment.
B)Fourteenth Amendment.
C)Eighth Amendment.
D)Ninth Amendment.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The development of theoretical studies of race,ethnicity,and crime:

A)has expanded dramatically since 1998.
B)was a highlight of Stone's report to the President's Initiative on Race.
C)suffers from a pronounced lack of available funding.
D)has been discouraged by the extreme sensitivity of the subject.

Answer 2

has been discouraged by the extreme sensitivity of the subject.

Question 3

Population concentration translates into:

A)diluted political power.
B)the ability to control agencies.
C)political power.
D)political power and the ability to control agencies.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Experts regard the concept of race as:

A)an essential component of social research.
B)a biological categorization of the human species.
C)an unwanted distraction during human research.
D)primarily a social construct.

Question 5

Office of Management and Budget racial and ethnic categories are:

A)a socialpolitical construct.
B)anthropologically based.
C)scientifically based.
D)All of the above.

Question 6

The proper labeling of a group is __________ in the sense that it often involves a power struggle between different racial and ethnic groups.

A)controversial
B)difficult
C)political
D)confrontational

Question 7

The labels applied to groups are:

A)periodically changed for political expedience.
B)essential for clarity and specificity during discourse.
C)usually applied by the politically and culturally dominant group.
D)All of the above.

Question 8

_____ are the fastest-growing racial or ethnic group in the US.

A)Hispanic
B)White
C)African American
D)Asia

Question 9

For many white Americans,the crime issue is:

A)an expression of ethnic fears.
B)an expression of racial fears.
C)overstated.
D)understated.

Question 10

Heather MacDonald argues the primary cause of the high rate of incarceration of African Americans is:

A)discrimination in by the criminal justice system.
B)the racism of police,prosecutors,judges,and correctional personnel.
C)lack of role models.
D)involvement in criminal behavior.

Question 11

The Color of Justice includes material on the following groups:

A)African Americans and whites.
B)All people of color.
C)Hispanics and African Americans.
D)All groups.

Question 12

Discrimination is a difference based on __________ without reference to an individual's behavior or qualifications.

A)bias
B)extralegal factors
C)differential treatment of groups
D)All of the above.

Question 13

In 2009 the incarceration rate for African American males in state and federal prisons was _____ times the rate for whites.

A)40.5
B)6.7
C)20.7
D)2.6

Question 14

The Uniform Crime Reports data are __________ with respect to many important issues related to race,ethnicity,and crime.

A)questionable
B)comprehensive
C)useless
D)confusing

Question 15

People of color are victimized by violent and property crimes at a ______ rate than white Americans.

A)lower
B)higher
C)similar
D)exact same

Question 16

__________discrimination occurs only in certain situations.

A)Contextual
B)Systemic
C)Institutionalized
D)Entrenched

Question 17

It is difficult to make useful comparisons of the criminal justice experiences of different racial and ethnic groups because:

A)there has been little comparative research.
B)there are few willing participants in many minority cultures.
C)Both a and b,above.
D)Neither a nor b,above.

Question 18

The African American population is largely concentrated in:

A)California,Texas,New York,Florida,and Illinois.
B)Hawaii,New Mexico,California,Texas,and New York.
C)the Southwest United States.
D)the Southeast United States.

Question 19

More than half of the Hispanic population in the U.S.lives in:

A)California and Florida.
B)California and Texas.
C)Florida and Texas.
D)California and New Mexico.

Question 20

The Innocence Project has found that among prisoners exonerated by DNA evidence,__ percent are people of color.

A)25
B)50
C)70
D)90

Question 21

W.E.B.Du Bois declared,''The problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the _______ ________."

Question 22

The term pure justice refers to the condition when there is no discrimination at any time or place in the criminal justice system.

Question 23

Employment discrimination law recognizes the phenomenon of institutionalized discrimination with reference to:

A)situational phenomena.
B)conspiratorial activities.
C)disparate impact.
D)managerial malfeasance.

Question 24

For many whites,__________ is a code word for fears of social change,and fears of racial change in particular.

Question 25

Crime rates on Native American reservations tend to remain low because of effective policing by tribal law enforcement agents.

Question 26

The history of the classification and labeling of African American people in the U.S.exemplifies the politics of racial categories.

Question 27

Experts regard the concept of race as primarily a biological construct.

Question 28

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 covers employment discrimination by:

A)private employers.
B)federal agencies.
C)state agencies.
D)private employers and government agencies.

Question 29

The basic premise of _________ theory is that the law is used to maintain the power of a society's dominant group and control the individuals who threaten that power.

A)disparity
B)discrimination
C)consensus
D)conflict

Question 30

Statistics can only be interpreted one way.

Question 31

The UCR reporting format serves to standardize racial and ethnic categories used by participating criminal justice agencies.

Question 32

__________ discrimination involves disparities in outcomes that result from established policies.

A)Contextual
B)Systemic
C)Institutionalized
D)Entrenched

Question 33

In a 2009 survey,52 percent of African Americans opposed the death penalty for murder.

Question 34

The authors of The Bell Curve argue success in life is largely determined by ___.

Question 35

The three traditional racial categories are Caucasian,Negroid,and __________.

Question 36

The FBI provides guidelines for the use of the Hispanic designation among criminal justice agencies in the appendices of its Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics.

Question 37

Traditionally,race has referred to major biological divisions of mankind distinguished by color of skin,color and texture of hair,bodily proportions,and other physical features.

Question 38

__________ discrimination occurs at all stages of the criminal justice system,in all places,and at all times.

A)Contextual
B)Systemic
C)Institutionalized
D)Entrenched

Question 39

The Uniform Crime Reports data are essential to understanding the many important issues related to race,ethnicity,and crime.

Question 40

Racist theories of __________ determinism attribute high rates of crime among racial and ethnic minorities to genetic inferiority.

Question 41

An important contribution of this book is to highlight the significant ______between the experiences of various racial and ethnic groups with respect to crime and justice.

Question 42

Racial profiling - the allegation that police officers stop African American drivers or pedestrians because of the _____ __ ____ ____ and not because of actual violations of traffic laws continues to be a national controversy.

Question 43

__________ refers to differences between groups of people based on cultural customs,such as language,religion,food ways,family patterns,and other characteristics.

Question 44

Experts regard the concept of race as primarily a __________ construct.