Deck 3: The Southern Colonies in the Seventeenth Century 1601-1700

Question 1

King James's land grant to the Virginia Company of over 6 million acres allowed English settlers to

A) poach on Spanish claims and on Indian lands.
B) ally with France to weaken Spain's control over Europe.
C) challenge the Catholic Church's authority to legitimize conquests.
D) declare war against Powhatan and the Roanoke Indians.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

"Irish Nell told [his mother] the day she expected to be married,she was early up intending to clear the house out,and a Gentleman ...asked her if she was the Girl that was to be married that day to the negro? She said Yes,he then chid her,and told her,she would put a mark by that upon her Children and bring them into Slavery,that if she would marry a white man her Children might be of Credit in the world,otherwise they wou'd be in Slavery,upon which she fell a crying,and said it was to her Choice,she wou'd rather have Charles than have your Lordship." Why did the witnesses' testimony in "Analyzing Historical Evidence: Enslavement by Marriage" accuse Irish Nell of putting "a mark ...upon her Children?"

A) Because she married an African,her free white children from her first marriage had to become slaves.
B) Because she married an African,all of her future descendants would be slaves.
C) Because she had a child out of wedlock,she subjected this child to public shame.
D) Because she wanted to marry unencumbered,she sold her own children into slavery.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

When Pocahontas intervened to save John Smith,she may have been participating in an Algonquian ceremony that

A) expressed Powhatan's willingness to incorporate Smith into Powhatan's empire.
B) reflected the Algonquian matriarchal society.
C) showed deference to Europeans by ensuring that Smith would not be harmed.
D) appeased the Algonquian gods who disapproved of the killing of outsiders.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which statement characterizes most hired workers in the Chesapeake?

A) Workers earned two to three times more in the Chesapeake than in England.
B) They refused to work as indentured servants because the rewards were too small.
C) Workers avoided tobacco labor because they could not make enough money.
D) They quickly returned to England in order to escape the harsh working conditions.

Question 5

Under royal government in Virginia,the colony's inhabitants could vote for

A) members of Parliament.
B) taxation measures.
C) the colony's governor.
D) local burgesses.

Question 6

What did Opecancanough do only four years after the death of his brother Powhatan?

A) Sell Indian land to the English
B) Convert to Christianity
C) Wage an attack on the English
D) Form an allegiance with Spain

Question 7

How did the English of the Virginia Company differ from the Spanish colonists in the New World?

A) The English cared less about converting Indians to Christianity.
B) The Spanish expressed less interest in finding great wealth.
C) The English intermarried with the Indians much more frequently.
D) The Spanish were more likely to slaughter the Indians.

Question 8

According to Map 3.1: Chesapeake Colonies in the Seventeenth Century,what river led most directly to the earliest established Chesapeake settlements?

A) James River
B) Potomac River
C) Rappahannock River
D) Susquehanna River

Question 9

Virginia tobacco farmers confronted what major obstacle in the 1600s?

A) A lack of affordable land
B) Too few workers
C) The lack of a market for their crops
D) The need for expensive machinery

Question 10

A servant labor system in the British colonies was made possible by the New World's labor shortage and

A) the decrease in job opportunities in England.
B) the many English people who fled to escape religious persecution.
C) the racial equality that forbade African slavery.
D) the crown's endorsement of Spain's labor system.

Question 11

Seventeenth-century Chesapeake society was essentially a society of

A) noblemen seeking to enhance their fortunes.
B) free adult male workers.
C) small slaveowning families.
D) servants and free workers.

Question 12

Which factor,along with Opecancanough's uprising,led King James to revoke the Virginia Company charter and make Virginia a royal colony in 1624?

A) The king's jealousy of the Virginia Company's success
B) The Indian execution of two of the younger sons of English aristocrats
C) A report highlighting the mismanagement of the Virginia Company
D) Evidence that the colonists were not paying the crown proper taxes

Question 13

The majority of the original settlers who came to Jamestown and the Virginia colony were

A) soldiers and their families.
B) gentlemen and their servants.
C) artisans and laborers.
D) planters and ex-convicts.

Question 14

What was an employer required to give a servant after she or he completed an indenture?

A) A share of the master's crop
B) Free land
C) Freedom dues
D) Nothing

Question 15

Why did Richard Hakluyt support English colonization?

A) It would enhance England's power among European nations.
B) Colonies would provide a place for the unemployed to work.
C) It would give England strategic political outposts.
D) The sons of the nobility could achieve political power overseas.

Question 16

Most indentured servants in the Chesapeake came from which class?

A) American-born men
B) Poor men from England
C) Young women from England
D) English prisoners

Question 17

Which factor contributed to the high mortality rate of the Englishmen who made the first voyage to what would become Jamestown,Virginia?

A) Cannibalism
B) Indian attacks
C) War with Spain
D) Disease

Question 18

How did Powhatan help the English stave off starvation?

A) He taught them to grow tobacco for trade.
B) He showed them how to hunt big game.
C) He brought corn to the colony for barter.
D) He gave the colonists wheat for cooking.

Question 19

Why were Powhatan and his people suspicious of English intentions?

A) Colonists often resorted to violence toward the Indians.
B) Powhatan believed the English worshiped the devil.
C) Colonists frequently intermarried with Indian women.
D) The English colonists often adopted Indian children.

Question 20

Why did the Indians refrain from attacking the English settlers during the first fifteen years of English settlement?

A) The Indians sought to convert to Christianity.
B) They were intimidated by the settlers' religion.
C) The Indians hoped to convert the settlers to their religion.
D) They wanted to trade with the settlers to obtain wheat.

Question 21

How did the decline in the price of tobacco in the third quarter of the seventeenth century change the Chesapeake?

A) Tobacco became less important.
B) More freed servants bought land.
C) Fewer servants survived their indenture.
D) Social divisions emerged.

Question 22

Why did Nathaniel Bacon's demands distress the royal government and the elite planters of Virginia?

A) His plan transferred power to newcomers and small farmers.
B) The demands were unfair to Indians and set slaves free.
C) His plan lowered the price of land and hurt landlords' investments.
D) The demands challenged the king and Parliament's right to rule.

Question 23

By the 1670s,the Chesapeake social structure was polarized along what lines?

A) Land ownership
B) Race
C) Religion
D) Gender

Question 24

The availability of land during the first half of the seventeenth century shaped what kind of society in the Chesapeake?

A) A relatively classless society governed by religious doctrine
B) A society with a degree of frontier equality
C) One with a pattern of settlement similar to that of England
D) A society sharply divided along class lines

Question 25

How did the Indian leader Popé respond to Spanish exploitation and the work of Spanish missionaries in New Mexico in 1680?

A) He and his people converted to Christianity.
B) Popé adopted some,but not all,tenets of Christianity.
C) He and his people fled New Mexico to escape the Spanish.
D) Popé organized a violent revolt against the Spanish.

Question 26

Spanish missionaries considered European ideas about civilization to be

A) incompatible with the teachings of Christianity.
B) necessary for the full conversion of Indians to Christianity.
C) different and separate from the task of converting Indians.
D) no better than the Indians' ideas about civilization.

Question 27

What happened in Maryland,Lord Baltimore's planned refuge for Catholics?

A) Catholics feuded with the Protestant majority.
B) Catholics created a religious society that farmed tobacco.
C) Wealthy Protestants dominated the colony.
D) Catholics returned to England,where they were in favor.

Question 28

What happened to the Spanish colonial outposts in New Mexico and Florida?

A) They grew rapidly because of economic support from the crown.
B) They grew because of profits from tobacco cultivation.
C) They stagnated and primarily attracted missionaries.
D) They stagnated before being wiped out by an Indian rebellion.

Question 29

What is a yeoman farmer?

A) A poor farmer who wears the yoke of an ox and pulls his own plow
B) One whose small plot of land is worked by himself and his family
C) A farmer who rents part of his land to others for profit
D) A wealthy farmer who owns only a few slaves and servants

Question 30

Indentured servants in the Chesapeake viewed themselves as

A) people with little likelihood of getting their "freedom dues."
B) workers who had the same social status as African slaves.
C) free people who were servants only temporarily.
D) virtual prisoners without hope of gaining release.

Question 31

Why did the social and political distance between planters and small farmers decrease between 1660 and 1700?

A) The number of indentured servants in the colony increased.
B) The colony increased its dependence on slave labor.
C) Virginia diversified its commercial activity beyond tobacco.
D) More people of the middling classes came to the colony.

Question 32

Bacon's Rebellion erupted in 1676 as a dispute over Indian policy and ended as a conflict between

A) the planter elite and small farmers.
B) indentured servants and their masters.
C) Indians and the Virginia militia.
D) small farmers and newly freed servants.

Question 33

Unlike servants in England,Chesapeake servants

A) could vote in local elections while serving their indenture.
B) rarely earned their freedom or owned land.
C) had no control over who purchased their labor.
D) could not be sold by their original purchaser.

Question 34

What happened in Virginia after Nathaniel Bacon's death?

A) Governor Berkeley and his loyalists returned to power.
B) Royal officials nullified Bacon's Laws.
C) Indentured servitude ceased to exist in the colony.
D) Tensions lessened between the servant and slave classes.

Question 35

Indentured servants in the Chesapeake could have their servitude extended by years if they

A) committed a crime.
B) did not sign a contract.
C) failed to work hard.
D) did not have children.

Question 36

What did the concept of mercantilism dictate about the colonial economy?

A) Parity between merchants and farmers would maximize profits.
B) Economic policies must favor the business of agriculture.
C) Merchants and bankers should hold decision-making positions.
D) What was good for England should become colonial policy.

Question 37

How had political equality in Virginia actually decreased by 1670?

A) Laws incorporated literacy tests for voting rights.
B) Only members of the Anglican Church could vote.
C) Only male landowners and heads of households could vote.
D) The king and royal government denied free elections.

Question 38

How did tobacco farming shape Chesapeake settlement?

A) Chesapeake settlers established a large number of towns for trading tobacco.
B) Tobacco farmers sought land that fronted a navigable river to ease transport.
C) Farmers settled small plots of land and cultivated all of it at once.
D) Tobacco farming did not exhaust the soil,so farmers rarely moved once settled.

Question 39

Why did planters maintain the servant system through the 1680s?

A) Servants made excellent workers.
B) Family labor made slaves unnecessary.
C) Planters did not want their young children to work.
D) Free people preferred to work for themselves.

Question 40

How did indentured servitude differ between women and men in the Chesapeake?

A) Women could set the price of their labor.
B) Only men did the most grueling work.
C) Women had more rights than men.
D) Women servants could not marry.

Question 41

The slave population grew in Barbados because

A) of the large number of families.
B) of the low mortality rate.
C) planters imported more slaves from the Americas.
D) planters imported more slaves from Africa.

Question 42

Chesapeake and Maryland colonists considered tobacco cultivation and trade their primary concern and,unlike fellow colonists in New England,religion a secondary concern.Discuss the reasons for this lack of religious zeal in the southern colonies.

Question 43

Why did the colonies shift from an indentured servant labor force to a slave labor force?

A) Many indentured servants returned to England.
B) Slavery provided a perpetual labor force.
C) Indentures all ended at the same time.
D) The mortality rate among servants was rising.

Question 44

Before 1650,relative equality existed among free families in Chesapeake.Around 1650,Chesapeake society splintered into two social groups who mistrusted each other.Identify the social groups and the causes of this polarity.

Question 45

Which of the following British colonies brought in the greatest profit in 1700?

A) Barbados
B) Newfoundland
C) Virginia
D) Carolina

Question 46

By 1700,the British Caribbean annually exported nearly 50 million pounds of

A) rice.
B) sugar.
C) tobacco.
D) indigo.

Question 47

Defend the following statement with specific evidence: The servant labor system perpetuated the gender imbalance in seventeenth-century Virginia.

Question 48

On what basis could a student of history conclude that the slave-labor system reduced the tensions between poor white farmers and prosperous planters in the Chesapeake region after 1670?

Question 49

The slave labor system that was introduced to the Chesapeake was "exported" from

A) the African gold coast.
B) Spanish colonies.
C) Barbados.
D) the East Indies.

Question 50

Planters preferred a slave labor system over a servant labor system because slaves

A) cost less than indentured servants.
B) could be controlled politically.
C) never ran away from their masters.
D) naturally worked harder than servants.

Question 51

Briefly identify the major reason for Bacon's Rebellion in 1676.Include Bacon's principal demand of Governor Berkeley,Berkeley's response,and the result of Berkeley's response.

Question 52

Provide the rationale behind the following statement: Both economically and socially,seventeenth-century South Carolina was a frontier outpost of the West Indian sugar economy.

Question 53

Compared to slavery in Barbados,slaves in the Chesapeake

A) were allowed more freedom of movement.
B) were subjected to more constant surveillance by whites.
C) had greater legal protection from white violence.
D) had greater white support for their calls for emancipation.

Question 54

Discuss the 1680 Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish in New Mexico.

Question 55

Which profitable export crop depended on the expertise of slaves brought from West Africa to Carolina?

A) Tobacco
B) Cotton
C) Indigo
D) Rice

Question 56

List the major reasons tobacco planters converted their plantations from servant labor to slave labor beginning around 1670.

Question 57

Which statement describes the sugar economy of Barbados in 1680?

A) The wealthiest Barbadians were four times richer than Chesapeake tobacco farmers.
B) Poor farmers saw a rise in profits thanks to the success of sugar plantations.
C) Sugar barons in Barbados turned to indentured servitude to match the success of the Chesapeake farmers.
D) Although the total number of slaves increased,the average sugar baron owned fewer than twenty-five.

Question 58

Until the 1670s,almost all Chesapeake colonists were English;by 1700,how many were African?

A) One in ten
B) One in five
C) One in eight
D) One of two

Question 59

Identify two ways in which the features of the government of Virginia-the first established under the Virginia Company-changed when King James I revoked its corporate charter in 1624 and made Virginia a royal colony.

Question 60

List the stipulations of the Navigation Acts of 1660 and 1663 and explain these acts' purpose.

Question 61

The early English colonists who arrived at Jamestown in 1607 found themselves subordinate to,and under the initial protection of,the Algonquians and their leader,Powhatan.This relationship had changed by 1622.Explain why the Native Americans were initially important to the survival of the Chesapeake newcomers,what benefits the newcomers derived from their association with the Algonquians,and how and why their relationship changed by 1622.

Question 62

King James I of England granted a charter to the Virginia Company of London to establish a colony in the New World.In a very real sense,this was an illegitimate grant on the part of James I.Provide a rationale for the statement that James's grant was illegitimate.Identify and discuss the benefits a corporate colony was supposed to provide to the monarchy and the Virginia Company.Finally,explain why King James I revoked the charter in 1624 and made Virginia a royal colony.

Question 63

In the sixteenth century,Spain and Portugal established sugar plantations in the Americas based on an entrenched system of coerced African labor.England followed their example by the seventeenth century.Discuss England's development of sugar plantations and the use of African slave labor in the Caribbean and in the Carolinas.Explain how the tobacco economy of the Chesapeake transitioned to the same system of slavery.

Question 64

Because of their determination to profit from tobacco farming,Chesapeake colonists did not reproduce the rural landscape of their homeland in England,and their patterns of community life were not as they had been accustomed to in England.Write an essay in which you describe colonist life in seventeenth-century Chesapeake in the first thirty to forty years of settlement by discussing settlement patterns and the daily lives of colonists,including social and religious aspects.

Question 65

The labor system that existed in Virginia until the 1670s profoundly influenced nearly every feature of Chesapeake society.Identify the source of labor and explain the major characteristics of this labor system.Explain the conditions that caused this system to flourish.Discuss the effects of this system on Chesapeake society up to the 1670s.