Deck 16: C: Cultural Transformations Religion and Science 1450-1750

Question 1

Which of the following marked a major turning point in the relationship between China and Christian missionaries?

A) The Catholic Church's crushing of the Taki Onqoy movement
B) The pope's claim of authority over Chinese Christians
C) The issuance of the Edict of Nantes
D) The emergence of Wahhabi Islam

Answer 1

The pope's claim of authority over Chinese Christians

Question 2

What did the New England Puritans in North America emphasize?

A) Religious tolerance and missionary activity
B) Conversion of native peoples to Christianity
C) Education and a sense of civic responsibility
D) Reconciliation with the Catholic Church

Answer 2

Education and a sense of civic responsibility

Question 3

Both Wang Yangmin in his view of Confucianism and Martin Luther in his view of Christianity

A) attacked local customs as idolatry and sought to purify their respective traditions.
B) invoked divine will to justify the power and privileges of the elite.
C) argued that individuals could find their own path to virtue and salvation.
D) fought for religious tolerance and social justice for the poor and oppressed.

Answer 3

argued that individuals could find their own path to virtue and salvation.

Question 4

What factor made some parts of the world more receptive to Christianity than others?

A) The absence of a literate world religion
B) The strength of state religions
C) The absence of military conquest
D) The early conversion of local rulers

Question 5

Which of the following is a principle or practice upheld in Sikhism?

A) Seclusion of women
B) Universalism of Islam
C) Equality of men and women
D) Respect for caste distinctions

Question 6

Which of the following describes the reception of modern European science in China,Japan,and the Ottoman Empire during the early modern era?

A) Adoption of European advances in medicine only
B) Rejection of the applications of European science
C) Selective adoption of European scientific learning
D) Wholesale adoption of Western scientific learning

Question 7

Which of the following was a goal of the Wahhabi movement?

A) To return to what was considered the pure faith of early Islam
B) To promote religious blending to create a new Islamic faith
C) To teach religious tolerance and encourage syncretism
D) To eliminate the patriarchal framework of Islamic law

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of how Mughal India handled religious differences in the early modern era?

A) All subjects were required to follow Hinduism but were allowed to practice Islam in their homes.
B) The emperor encouraged fighting among different religious groups to maintain his power.
C) The Tokugawa shogun expelled all Christian missionaries and forced Christian converts to recant.
D) Akbar formulated a state cult that combined elements of Islam,Hinduism,and Zoroastrianism.

Question 9

How did the Peace of Westphalia seek to settle religious differences?

A) It closed the rift between Catholicism and Protestantism and paved the way for a unified Christianity.
B) It acknowledged the Catholic Church's acceptance of local religious traditions in Spanish colonies.
C) It ended the religious wars in Africa between advocates of religious syncretism and defenders of Islam.
D) It granted the ruler of each European state the authority to control religious affairs within his own domain.

Question 10

Which of the following was the most intent on converting native peoples to their religion?

A) Puritans
B) Catholics
C) Buddhists
D) Hindus

Question 11

Scholars have identified which of the following as a key factor that contributed to the Scientific Revolution in Europe?

A) The relative independence of European universities
B) The superiority of the libraries in Western Europe
C) Europe's leadership in the fields of mathematics and medicine before 1000 C.E.
D) The merging of the study of the natural order with philosophy and theology

Question 12

Why did the Chinese imperial court initially welcome the Jesuit missionaries?

A) The Chinese state saw the political and military success of the European states as a demonstration of the power of the Christian God.
B) The Chinese people had been defeated,their societies disrupted,and their cultural confidence shattered.
C) The Jesuits' knowledge in mathematics,astronomy,technology,geography,and mapmaking was useful to the Chinese.
D) The Jesuits far outnumbered the Chinese and had already converted the vast majority of the nomadic peoples in the steppes north of China.

Question 13

How was the Enlightenment related to the Scientific Revolution?

A) The Enlightenment applied the idea of natural laws to human affairs rather than the physical universe.
B) The Enlightenment refers to people's growing awareness of the Scientific Revolution.
C) The Enlightenment introduced a new way of thinking that led to the Scientific Revolution.
D) The Enlightenment was a Protestant movement,while the Scientific Revolution was a Catholic movement.

Question 14

What facilitated the spread of the Protestant Reformation in Europe?

A) Illuminated manuscripts
B) The printing press
C) The Council of Trent
D) The Society of Jesus

Question 15

Which group had the greatest success in converting people outside Europe to Christianity?

A) Jesuit missionaries in China
B) Spanish missionaries in the Philippines
C) Puritan missionaries in New England
D) Portuguese missionaries in West Africa

Question 16

Which of the following describes a feature of the syncretic religions of African slave communities in the New World?

A) The emphasis on education,moral purity,and personal conversion
B) The rejection of science,reason,and logic in religious practice
C) The exclusive focus on animal sacrifice and spirit possession
D) The identification of West African deities with Catholic saints

Question 17

In what way did nineteenth-century developments in the sciences depart from Enlightenment principles?

A) They emphasized conflict and struggle as the motors of progress.
B) They challenged the validity of universal laws in science.
C) They challenged the very idea of progress.
D) They rejected the techniques of science.

Question 18

What made Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses revolutionary?

A) The validation of the Roman Catholic Church's selling of indulgences
B) The idea that an individual could find salvation by faith alone
C) The proposal that knowledge should be based on observations
D) The theory that the sun was the center of the universe

Question 19

Why did Sikhism evolve from a peaceful religion into a militant community?

A) Violence offered a more effective means of gaining converts.
B) Punjab,where Sikhism was founded,was torn apart by a civil war.
C) The British colonial presence encouraged Sikhs to be militants.
D) They had to defend themselves against both Mughal and Hindu hostility.

Question 20

Which of the following represents a form of Hinduism that shared features with mystical Sufi forms of Islam?

A) The kaozheng movement
B) The bhakti movement
C) The Wahhabi movement
D) The Taki Onqoy movement

Question 21

Which of the following reflects the Enlightenment view of the innate qualities of the individual?

A) Intolerant,close-minded,and hypocritical
B) Conservative,complacent,and obedient
C) Aggressive,neurotic,and irrational
D) Thoughtful,rational,and independent

Question 22

During the centuries between 1450 and 1750,the spread of Islam was usually the

A) work of Muslim holy men,scholars,and traders.
B) result of conquest and forced conversions.
C) product of state indoctrination programs.
D) responsibility of specially chosen missionaries.

Question 23

The early scientists in the Scientific Revolution

A) were all women.
B) rejected Christianity.
C) confirmed Aristotle's and Ptolemy's speculations.
D) viewed science and religion as compatible.

Question 24

What did the kaozheng movement in China emphasize?

A) Introspection and contemplation as a means to achieve the virtuous life
B) Withdrawal from the world as a means to gain spiritual enlightenment
C) Verification,precision,accuracy,and rigorous analysis in all fields of inquiry
D) Attention to church sacraments and good works as the only path to salvation

Question 25

Europeans who participated in the Scientific Revolution placed value on knowledge that was acquired through

A) the writings of classical philosophers.
B) rational inquiry based on evidence.
C) cultural tradition and social practice.
D) the Roman Catholic Church's interpretation of the Bible.

Question 26

What similar feature did Andean Christianity and Mexican Christianity share?

A) Both defined Christian rituals as civil observances rather than religious practices.
B) Both condemned the ritual of Holy Communion as a kind of cannibalism.
C) Both used Christian communities to organize rebellions against Spanish rule.
D) Both reinterpreted Christian practices within the framework of local customs.

Question 27

Which of the following figures is associated with the Scientific Revolution?

A) Mirabai
B) Newton
C) Voltaire
D) Condorcet

Question 28

Which of the following did all Enlightenment thinkers share?

A) The notion of the divine right of kings
B) The principle of gender equality
C) The belief in progress and reason
D) The repudiation of Christianity

Question 29

Refer to Map 15.2 in the textbook.In which country was the spread of Christianity in the early modern era not accompanied by European conquest?

A) Japan
B) Mexico
C) Peru
D) The Philippine Islands

Question 30

Which of the following was a reaction against too much reliance on human reason during the eighteenth century in Europe?

A) Romanticism
B) Deism
C) Sikhism
D) Pantheism