Deck 8: Sleep and Dreams

Question 1

Bright light inhibits our feelings of sleepiness by influencing the production of

A) melatonin.
B) dopamine.
C) MDMA.
D) THC.

Answer 1

melatonin.

Question 2

Those who complain of insomnia typically _______ how long it actually takes them to fall asleep and ________ how long they actually slept.

A) underestimate; overestimate
B) overestimate; underestimate
C) underestimate; underestimate
D) overestimate; overestimate

Answer 2

overestimate; underestimate

Question 3

Sleep deprivation increases levels of the hunger-arousing hormone

A) melatonin.
B) ghrelin.
C) leptin.
D) serotonin.

Answer 3

ghrelin.

Question 4

The sleep cycle is approximately ________ minutes.

A) 30
B) 50
C) 75
D) 90

Question 5

The effects of chronic sleep deprivation include

A) suppression of the immune system.
B) diminished productivity.
C) depression.
D) all of these effects.

Question 6

The distinction between manifest content and latent content is central to ________ theory of dreams.

A) the neural activation
B) the information processing
C) Freud's wish-fulfillment
D) Hilgard's dissociation

Question 7

Narcolepsy is associated with a relative absence of a hypothalamic neural center that produces

A) leptin.
B) orexin.
C) melatonin.
D) THC.

Question 8

During which stage of sleep does the body experience increased heart rate, rapid breathing, and genital arousal?

A) NREM-2
B) NREM-3
C) NREM-1
D) REM sleep

Question 9

Which of the following sleep disorders is most strongly associated with obesity?

A) narcolepsy
B) insomnia
C) night terrors
D) sleep apnea

Question 10

Sleep spindles predominate during which stage of sleep?

A) NREM-1
B) NREM-3
C) NREM-2
D) REM sleep

Question 11

Sleepwalking is most likely to be associated with ________ sleep.

A) NREM-1
B) NREM-2
C) NREM-3
D) REM

Question 12

The neural activation theory provides a physiological explanation for

A) dreaming.
B) sleep apnea.
C) narcolepsy.
D) hypnosis.

Question 13

People who claim to have been abducted by space aliens-often shortly after going to bed-commonly recall being floated off their beds. It is most likely that they have incorporated ________ into their memories.

A) sleep spindles
B) narcolepsy
C) hypnagogic sensations
D) sleep apnea

Question 14

Which sleep disorder is most likely to be accompanied by sleepwalking and sleeptalking?

A) narcolepsy
B) night terrors
C) sleep apnea
D) insomnia

Question 15

Chronic sleep deprivation is most likely to contribute to

A) weight loss.
B) increased creativity.
C) suppression of the immune system.
D) decreased blood pressure.

Question 16

The large, slow brain waves associated with NREM-3 sleep are called

A) sleep spindles.
B) delta waves.
C) alpha waves.
D) REMs.

Question 17

The cluster of brain cells that control the circadian rhythm is the

A) amygdala.
B) suprachiasmatic nucleus.
C) NPY.
D) pineal.

Question 18

One effect of sleeping pills is to

A) decrease REM sleep.
B) increase REM sleep.
C) decrease NREM-2 sleep.
D) increase NREM-2 sleep.

Question 19

Staying up especially late on weekends is most likely to have an influence on

A) narcolepsy.
B) sleep apnea.
C) the circadian rhythm.
D) dissociation.

Question 20

A recurring sleep stage during which most vivid dreams commonly occur is known as ________ sleep.

A) NREM-1
B) NREM-2
C) NREM-3
D) REM

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT an example of a biological rhythm?

A) the circadian rhythm
B) the 90-minute sleep cycle
C) the four sleep stages
D) sudden sleep attacks during the day

Question 22

According to Freud, dreams are

A) a symbolic fulfillment of erotic wishes.
B) the result of random neural activity in the brainstem.
C) the brain's mechanism for self-stimulation.
D) the disguised expressions of inner conflicts.

Question 23

A person whose EEG shows a high proportion of alpha waves is most likely

A) dreaming.
B) in NREM-2 sleep.
C) in NREM-3 sleep.
D) awake and relaxed.

Question 24

Hypnagogic sensations are most closely associated with ________ sleep.

A) NREM-1
B) NREM-2
C) NREM-3
D) REM

Question 25

Which of the following statements regarding REM sleep is true?

A) Adults spend more time than infants in REM sleep.
B) REM sleep deprivation results in a REM rebound.
C) People deprived of REM sleep adapt easily.
D) Sleeping medications tend to increase REM sleep.

Question 26

People who heard unusual phrases prior to sleep were awakened each time they began REM sleep. The fact that they remembered less the next morning provides support for the ________ theory of dreaming.

A) manifest content
B) physiological
C) information-processing
D) cognitive development

Question 27

Circadian rhythm refers to

A) the pattern of emotional ups and downs we routinely experience.
B) a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle.
C) the experience of sleep apnea following an extensive transoceanic flight.
D) the cycle of four distinct stages that we experience during a normal night's sleep.

Question 28

When working an occasional night shift, people often feel groggiest in the middle of the night but experience new energy around the time they normally would wake up. This best illustrates the impact of

A) sleep spindles.
B) alpha waves.
C) the circadian rhythm.
D) REM rebound.

Question 29

Circadian rhythms are the

A) brain waves that occur during deep sleep.
B) muscular tremors that occur during opiate withdrawal.
C) regular body cycles that occur on a 24-hour schedule.
D) brain waves that are indicative of NREM-2 sleep.

Question 30

Jordanna has decided to go to bed early. Although her eyes are closed and she's very relaxed, she has not yet fallen asleep. An EEG is most likely to indicate the presence of

A) delta waves.
B) alpha waves.
C) sleep spindles.
D) rapid eye movements.

Question 31

Fast and jerky movements of the eyes are especially likely to be associated with

A) sleep spindles.
B) narcolepsy.
C) REM sleep.
D) sleep apnea.

Question 32

Which of the following is characteristic of REM sleep?

A) genital arousal
B) increased muscular tension
C) night terrors
D) alpha waves

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT a theory of dreaming mentioned in the text?

A) Dreams facilitate information processing.
B) Dreaming stimulates the developing brain.
C) Dreams result from random neural activity originating in the brainstem.
D) Dreaming is an attempt to escape from social stimulation.

Question 34

Sensory experiences that occur without an external sensory stimulus are called

A) night terrors.
B) dreams.
C) sleep spindles.
D) hallucinations.

Question 35

A periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness that involves distinct stages is known as

A) the circadian rhythm.
B) narcolepsy.
C) manifest dreaming.
D) sleep.

Question 36

The sleep-waking cycles of young people who stay up too late typically are ________ hours in duration.

A) 23
B) 24
C) 25
D) 26

Question 37

According to one physiological theory, dreaming represents

A) the brain's efforts to integrate unrelated bursts of activity in visual brain areas with the emotional tone provided by limbic system activity.
B) a mechanism for coping with the stresses of daily life.
C) a symbolic depiction of a person's unfulfilled wishes.
D) an information-processing mechanism for converting the day's experiences into long-term memory.

Question 38

With the approach of night, our body temperatures begin to drop. This best illustrates the dynamics of the

A) hypnagogic state.
B) circadian rhythm.
C) alpha wave pattern.
D) REM rebound.

Question 39

The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during NREM-2 sleep are called

A) alpha waves.
B) circadian rhythms.
C) sleep spindles.
D) delta waves.

Question 40

Most college students are "owls," with performance ________ across the day. Most older adults are "larks," with performance ________ as the day progresses.

A) improving; declining
B) declining; improving
C) declining; staying the same
D) staying the same; declining

Question 41

During the course of a full night's sleep, people are most likely to spend more time in

A) NREM-3 sleep than in NREM-2 sleep.
B) REM sleep than in NREM-1 sleep.
C) NREM-1 sleep than in NREM-3 sleep.
D) REM sleep than in NREM-2 sleep.

Question 42

Genital arousal is most likely to be associated with

A) sleep apnea.
B) REM sleep.
C) NREM-3 sleep.
D) sleep spindles.

Question 43

During REM sleep, your skeletal muscles are relaxed because messages from the motor cortex are blocked by the

A) brainstem.
B) hypothalamus.
C) suprachiasmatic nucleus.
D) dopamine reward system.

Question 44

Our inability to fall asleep early, as we had planned, is most likely a reflection of

A) sleep paralysis.
B) narcolepsy.
C) the circadian rhythm.
D) sleep apnea.

Question 45

Forty-year-old Lance insists that he never dreams. Research suggests that he probably

A) would report a vivid dream if he were awakened during REM sleep.
B) dreams during NREM-1 rather than during REM sleep.
C) experiences more NREM-2 sleep than most people.
D) cycles through the distinct sleep stages much more rapidly than most people.

Question 46

Three hours after going to sleep, Shoshanna's heart rate increases, her breathing becomes more rapid, and her eyes move rapidly under her closed lids. Research suggests that Shoshanna is

A) dreaming.
B) emitting delta waves.
C) exhibiting a sleep spindle.
D) experiencing a night terror.

Question 47

After flying from California to New York, Arthur experienced a restless, sleepless night. His problem was most likely caused by a disruption of his normal

A) change blindness.
B) circadian rhythm.
C) hypnagogic sensations.
D) sleep paralysis.

Question 48

The activation of light-sensitive retinal proteins in our eyes signals our brains to decrease production of

A) melatonin.
B) serotonin.
C) acetylcholine.
D) dopamine.

Question 49

The brain waves associated with REM sleep are most similar to those of

A) NREM-1 sleep.
B) NREM-2 sleep.
C) NREM-3 sleep.
D) an awake but relaxed state.

Question 50

At 3 o'clock in the morning, John has already slept for 4 hours. As long as his sleep continues, we can expect an increasing occurrence of

A) hypnagogic sensations.
B) muscle tension.
C) REM sleep.
D) Stage 4 sleep.

Question 51

The human sleep cycle repeats itself about every

A) 30 minutes.
B) 90 minutes.
C) 2 1/2 hours.
D) 4 hours.

Question 52

REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because

A) our heart rate is slow and steady, while our breathing is highly irregular.
B) we are deeply asleep but can be awakened easily.
C) our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move.
D) it leads to highly imaginative dreams that are perceived as colorless images.

Question 53

Bats need a lot of sleep because their high waking metabolism produces ________ that are toxic to neurons.

A) amphetamines
B) hypnagogic sensations
C) free radicals
D) alpha waves

Question 54

Which of the following animals tend to sleep the least?

A) giraffes
B) dolphins
C) cats
D) bats

Question 55

The circadian rhythm is influenced by light-sensitive retinal proteins that trigger signals to the

A) suprachiasmatic nucleus.
B) dopamine reward system.
C) thyroid gland.
D) sleep spindles.

Question 56

Exposure to bright light causes the

A) thyroid gland to increase the production of melatonin.
B) thyroid gland to decrease the production of melatonin.
C) pineal gland to increase the production of melatonin.
D) pineal gland to decrease the production of melatonin.

Question 57

After sleeping for about an hour and a half, José enters a phase of paradoxical sleep. He is likely to

A) be easily awakened.
B) have slower, more regular breathing.
C) emit slower brain waves.
D) have very relaxed muscles.

Question 58

The occasional experience of sleep paralysis is most likely as you awaken from

A) NREM-1 sleep.
B) NREM-2 sleep.
C) NREM-3 sleep.
D) REM sleep.

Question 59

Bed-wetting is most likely to occur at the end of ________ sleep.

A) NREM-1
B) NREM-2
C) NREM-3
D) REM

Question 60

Research on sleep patterns indicates that

A) older adults and newborns have very similar sleep patterns.
B) different sleep patterns reflect differences in latent dream content.
C) everyone needs a minimum of 8 hours of sleep per night to function well.
D) sleep patterns may be genetically influenced.

Question 61

When 909 working women reported on their daily moods, researchers noted that less time pressure at work mattered ________ and a good night's sleep mattered ________.

A) little; a lot
B) a lot; little
C) little; little
D) a lot; a lot

Question 62

Sleep deprivation has been shown to

A) increase attentiveness to highly motivating tasks.
B) reduce REM rebound.
C) diminish immunity to disease.
D) decrease narcolepsy.

Question 63

Which of the following is bad advice for a person trying to overcome insomnia?

A) Drink a glass of milk 15 minutes before bedtime.
B) Avoid taking short naps during the day.
C) Drink a glass of wine 15 minutes before bedtime.
D) Don't engage in strenuous physical exercise just before bedtime.

Question 64

A need to take larger and larger doses of sleeping pills to avoid insomnia indicates

A) narcolepsy.
B) tolerance.
C) sleep apnea.
D) REM rebound.

Question 65

Sleep deprivation increases levels of the hunger-arousing hormone _______ and decreases levels of the hunger-suppressing hormone ________.

A) melatonin; cortisol
B) serotonin; dopamine
C) ghrelin; leptin
D) epinephrine; norepinephrine

Question 66

The absence of a hypothalamic neural center that produces orexin has been linked to

A) insomnia.
B) sleep apnea.
C) narcolepsy.
D) night terrors.

Question 67

Neural activity that reenacts and promotes recall of prior novel experiences is most closely associated with

A) hypnagogic sensations.
B) slow-wave sleep.
C) REM sleep.
D) sleep spindles.

Question 68

Narcolepsy is a disorder in which a person

A) temporarily stops breathing during sleep.
B) has sudden uncontrollable seizures.
C) experiences uncontrollable attacks of overwhelming sleepiness.
D) has difficulty falling and staying asleep.

Question 69

Which of the following is the best advice for a person concerned about occasional insomnia?

A) Relax and drink a glass of milk before bedtime.
B) Eat a big dinner late in the evening so you'll feel drowsy at bedtime.
C) Relax with a drink of your favorite alcoholic beverage just before bedtime.
D) Engage in some form of vigorous physical exercise shortly before bedtime.

Question 70

The best time for athletes to engage in heavy exercise workouts is

A) early in the morning.
B) shortly before noon.
C) late afternoon or early evening.
D) within three hours of bedtime.

Question 71

A recurring difficulty in falling or staying asleep is called

A) narcolepsy.
B) insomnia.
C) sleep apnea.
D) paradoxical sleep.

Question 72

A recurring difficulty in falling or staying asleep is called

A) narcolepsy.
B) insomnia.
C) sleep apnea.
D) paradoxical sleep.

Question 73

Sleep deprivation ________ the production of body fat by ________ levels of the stress hormone cortisol.

A) stimulates; increasing
B) inhibits; increasing
C) stimulates; decreasing
D) inhibits; decreasing

Question 74

Compared with when they were only 20 years old, 60-year-olds

A) spend less time in deep sleep.
B) spend less time in NREM-1 sleep.
C) spend more time in paradoxical sleep.
D) complete the sleep cycle more slowly.

Question 75

Production of the human growth hormone necessary for muscle development is most strongly associated with

A) sleep spindles.
B) slow-wave sleep.
C) hypnagogic sensations.
D) REM sleep.

Question 76

REM sleep is

A) inhibited by alcohol and inhibited by sleeping pills.
B) facilitated by alcohol and inhibited by sleeping pills.
C) inhibited by alcohol and facilitated by sleeping pills.
D) facilitated by alcohol and facilitated by sleeping pills.

Question 77

Traffic accident rates have been found to ________ after the spring change to daylight savings time and to ________ after the fall change back to standard time.

A) increase; increase
B) decrease; decrease
C) increase; decrease
D) decrease; increase

Question 78

During a heated argument with his teenage daughter, Mr. Reid suddenly lapsed into a state of REM sleep. Mr. Reid apparently suffers from

A) narcolepsy.
B) insomnia.
C) sleep apnea.
D) REM rebound.

Question 79

People who regularly sleep less than normal experience a(n) ________ risk of depression and a(n) ________ risk of obesity.

A) decreased; decreased
B) increased; increased
C) decreased; increased
D) increased; decreased

Question 80

Susan is a political cartoonist whose work requires her to think imaginatively and present ideas in visually novel ways. Her work is most likely to be facilitated by

A) hypnagogic sensations.
B) sleep spindles.
C) full nights of sleep.
D) delta waves.