Deck 49: Mood Disorders

Question 1

Which of the following is the most pervasive of the psychological disorders?

A) depression
B) schizophrenia
C) bipolar disorder
D) generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 1

depression

Question 2

Between 1994 and 2003, there was a 40-fold increase in the number of people 19 and under diagnosed each year with

A) panic disorder.
B) bipolar disorder.
C) bulimia nervosa.
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Answer 2

bipolar disorder.

Question 3

The prominent feature of mood disorders is the experience of

A) social anxiety.
B) flat affect.
C) emotional extremes.
D) paranoia.

Answer 3

emotional extremes.

Question 4

Which neurotransmitter is present in overabundant amounts during the manic phase of bipolar disorder?

A) dopamine
B) serotonin
C) epinephrine
D) norepinephrine

Question 5

Social-cognitive theorists contend that depression is linked with

A) negative moods.
B) maladaptive explanations of failure.
C) self-defeating beliefs.
D) all of these characteristics.

Question 6

Which of the following has been shown to be a risk factor for future suicide attempts?

A) OCD
B) PTSD
C) DID
D) NSSI

Question 7

Elaine feels that her life is empty, has lost all interest in her career and hobbies, and wonders if she would be better off dead. She is most likely suffering from

A) PTSD.
B) antisocial personality disorder.
C) major depressive disorder.
D) generalized anxiety disorder.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT true concerning depression?

A) Depression is more common in women than in men.
B) Most depressive episodes appear not to be preceded by any particular factor or event.
C) With each new generation, depression is striking earlier.
D) Most people recover from depression without professional therapy.

Question 9

The experience of depression ________ risk taking and ________ aggression.

A) inhibits; stimulates
B) stimulates; inhibits
C) inhibits; inhibits
D) stimulates; stimulates

Question 10

Inanna suffers from chronic depression. According to the social-cognitive perspective, how is she most likely to respond when told that she performed very poorly on a test she took the previous day?

A) "I'm academically incompetent and always will be."
B) "Yesterday was just my unlucky day."
C) "I suspect that none of the students in my class did well on that test."
D) "Hardly any of the professors are effective teachers."

Question 11

Mr. Hoffman has always been cautious with his money, but over the past two weeks he has developed grandiose plans to bet his entire life savings on a single horse race. With unrestrained exuberance he has also been giving everybody he sees unsolicited advice on how to make millions in the stock market. Mr. Hoffman's behavior is most indicative of

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B) antisocial personality disorder.
C) mania.
D) panic disorder.

Question 12

In treating depression, a psychiatrist would probably prescribe a drug that would

A) increase levels of acetylcholine.
B) decrease levels of dopamine.
C) increase levels of norepinephrine.
D) decrease levels of serotonin.

Question 13

According to the social-cognitive perspective, a person who experiences unexpected aversive events may develop helplessness and manifest a(n)

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B) dissociative disorder.
C) personality disorder.
D) mood disorder.

Question 14

An overabundance of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine is most likely to be associated with

A) a manic episode.
B) schizophrenia.
C) a dissociative disorder.
D) antisocial personality disorder.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT true of mood disorders, according to the biological perspective?

A) Activity in the left frontal lobe is increased during a depressed state.
B) Norepinephrine is scarce during depression.
C) Brain reward centers are less active during a depressed state.
D) The hippocampus, which is linked with the brain's emotion circuitry, is vulnerable to stress-related damage.

Question 16

Bipolar disorder is most likely to be characterized by

A) a massive dissociation of self from ordinary consciousness.
B) the simultaneous experience of delusions of persecution and delusions of grandeur.
C) offensive and unwanted thoughts that persistently intrude into conscious awareness.
D) alternations between extreme hopelessness and unrealistic optimism.

Question 17

Major depressive disorder is said to occur when signs of depression last at least

A) one week.
B) two weeks.
C) two months.
D) four months.

Question 18

Gender differences in the prevalence of depression may be partly due to the fact that when stressful experiences occur

A) women tend to act, while men tend to think.
B) women tend to think, while men tend to act.
C) women tend to distract themselves by drinking, while men tend to delve into their work.
D) women tend to delve into their work, while men tend to distract themselves by drinking.

Question 19

Amanda's therapist suggests that her depression results from mistakenly blaming herself rather than a slumping economy for her recent job loss. Her therapist's suggestion best illustrates a

A) DSM-5 diagnosis.
B) linkage analysis.
C) medical model.
D) social-cognitive perspective.

Question 20

In general, women are more vulnerable than men to

A) external disorders such as anxiety.
B) internal disorders such as depression.
C) external disorders such as antisocial conduct.
D) internal disorders such as alcohol use disorder.

Question 21

In which disorder do people alternate between states of lethargic hopelessness and wild overexcitement?

A) panic disorder
B) bipolar disorder
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder
D) schizophrenia

Question 22

The highest rates of depression occur in ________ countries among ________.

A) developed; children
B) underdeveloped; children
C) developed; young adults
D) undeveloped; young adults

Question 23

Suicide rates in the United States are ________ among Whites than Blacks and ________ among men than women.

A) higher; higher
B) lower; lower
C) higher; lower
D) lower; higher

Question 24

Elmer, the owner of an auto service station, suddenly began smashing the front fenders and hoods of two customers' cars. When asked why, he excitedly explained that he was transforming the cars into "real racing machines." When an employee tried to restrain him, he shouted that everybody was fired and quickly began breaking the car windows. Elmer is exhibiting symptoms of

A) a dissociative disorder.
B) a phobia.
C) a panic attack.
D) mania.

Question 25

Of those who commit suicide, about ________ have tried to kill themselves before and ________ discussed suicide beforehand.

A) one-third; only a minority
B) one-tenth; only a minority
C) one-third; most
D) one-tenth; most

Question 26

A major depressive disorder is most likely to be characterized by

A) delusions of persecution.
B) alternations between extreme hopelessness and unrealistic optimism.
C) a persistent irrational fear of other people.
D) feelings of personal worthlessness.

Question 27

Gender differences in depression are least noticeable among

A) preadolescent children.
B) teen children.
C) young adults.
D) old adults.

Question 28

A disorder in which an individual is overexcited, hyperactive, and wildly optimistic is known as

A) paranoia.
B) mania.
C) a panic attack.
D) catatonia.

Question 29

Research regarding depression indicates that

A) depression is typically unrelated to stressful life events.
B) depression is unlikely to be overcome without professional help.
C) depression is associated with abnormally high levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin.
D) with each new generation, depression is increasing in its prevalence.

Question 30

Professor Pott emphasizes that normal depression serves an adaptive function by slowing people down and preventing them from engaging in life-threatening behaviors. The professor's emphasis best illustrates the ________ perspective.

A) social-cognitive
B) evolutionary
C) psychoanalytic
D) learning

Question 31

Depression is more likely to be a shared tendency between identical twins than between fraternal twins. This most clearly supports explanations of this mood disorder from a ________ perspective.

A) psychoanalytic
B) biological
C) social-cognitive
D) humanistic

Question 32

For the last month, Gabrielle has felt lethargic and has been unable to get out of bed in the morning. She has withdrawn from friends and family because she feels worthless and unlovable. Gabrielle is most likely suffering from

A) agoraphobia.
B) major depressive disorder.
C) PTSD.
D) bipolar disorder.

Question 33

Compared with the general population, those who have suffered ________ have at least five times greater risk of suicide.

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder
B) dissociative identity disorder
C) major depressive disorder
D) panic disorder

Question 34

During the manic phase of bipolar disorder, individuals are most likely to

A) be overactive.
B) experience delusions of persecution.
C) feel uncontrollable grief and despair.
D) experience visual or auditory hallucinations.

Question 35

Sluggishness and inactivity are most likely to be associated with

A) antisocial disorder.
B) major depressive disorder.
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D) dissociative disorder.

Question 36

Suicide rates in the United States are ________ among Whites than Blacks and ________ among men than women.

A) higher; higher
B) lower; lower
C) higher; lower
D) lower; higher

Question 37

The heritability of bipolar disorder has been estimated to be ________ than the heritability of major depressive disorder and ________ than the heritability of generalized anxiety disorder.

A) less; greater
B) greater; less
C) less; less
D) greater; greater

Question 38

Cognitive changes that accompany depression include a(n)

A) decrease in self-focused thinking.
B) increased expectation of negative outcomes.
C) increased externalization of blame.
D) increased obsession with experiencing physical pleasure.

Question 39

The risk of suicide is greatest when people

A) anticipate the onset of a depressive episode.
B) experience the first symptoms of a depressive episode.
C) experience depressive symptoms at their most extreme levels of severity.
D) begin to rebound from their depression.

Question 40

George Frideric Handel composed his Messiah during three weeks of intense, creative energy. Many believe Handel suffered a mild form of

A) panic disorder.
B) dissociation.
C) bipolar disorder.
D) catatonia.

Question 41

Rates of nonsuicidal self-injury in the United States are highest among

A) adolescent males.
B) adolescent females.
C) older adult males.
D) older adult females.

Question 42

Internal, stable, and global explanations of one's own failures are indicative of

A) optimism.
B) extraversion.
C) pessimism.
D) introversion.

Question 43

Linkage analysis is of greatest interest to those who attempt to explain mood disorders from a ________ perspective.

A) psychoanalytic
B) biological
C) social-cognitive
D) humanistic

Question 44

One difficulty with a purely attributional explanation of depression is that negative attributions

A) are more characteristic of men than of women.
B) may be a consequence rather than a cause of depression.
C) do not coincide with actual episodes of depression.
D) are more clearly associated with mania than with depression.

Question 45

Neuroscientists have found decreased axonal white matter in the brains of people with

A) PTSD.
B) agoraphobia.
C) depression.
D) bipolar disorder.

Question 46

Women are at greater risk of depression than men partially because women are more likely to ________ in response to stressful circumstances.

A) overthink
B) externalize blame
C) suffer memory loss
D) become socially withdrawn

Question 47

A therapist suggests that Margaret is depressed because she attributes her failures to her own incompetence instead of blaming her parents and teachers for the unreasonable demands they place on her. The therapist's interpretation most clearly reflects a ________ perspective.

A) biological
B) psychoanalytic
C) humanistic
D) social-cognitive

Question 48

Abnormally low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin are associated with

A) panic attacks.
B) schizophrenia.
C) depression.
D) dissociative disorders.

Question 49

To break the vicious cycle of depression, the social-cognitive perspective suggests that people should be encouraged to explain their failures in terms that are both

A) internal and stable.
B) external and global.
C) internal and global.
D) external and temporary.

Question 50

Stressful events interpreted with a negative explanatory style can encourage dampened mood states that lead to behavioral withdrawal and subsequent social rejection by others. This best illustrates

A) bipolar disorder.
B) free-floating anxiety.
C) depression's vicious cycle.
D) post-traumatic stress disorder.

Question 51

According to the social-cognitive perspective, women are more vulnerable to depression than men because they are more likely to

A) have unrealistically optimistic goals in life.
B) feel overwhelmed by all they have to do.
C) experience low levels of norepinephrine.
D) experience cyclical variations in hormone levels.

Question 52

Which perspective has emphasized the impact of learned helplessness on depression?

A) psychoanalytic
B) biological
C) social-cognitive
D) humanistic

Question 53

People who suffer chronic depression are at high risk for experiencing

A) unrealistic optimism.
B) reduced self-awareness.
C) excessive levels of norepinephrine.
D) social rejection.

Question 54

Gaining relief from negative thoughts through the distraction of pain is one of the motives for

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B) attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
C) post-traumatic stress disorder.
D) nonsuicidal self-injury.

Question 55

Drugs that alleviate mania tend to reduce levels of the neurotransmitter

A) acetylcholine.
B) norepinephrine.
C) dopamine.
D) estrogen.

Question 56

A guest on a TV talk show claims that "major depressive disorder is not a psychological problem; it's a disease that can be medically treated." Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of this claim.

Question 57

Depressed people explain their failures in terms that are internal, stable, and global. Their explanations tend to be self-focused and

A) catatonic.
B) dissociative.
C) overgeneralized.
D) free-floating.

Question 58

Which perspective suggests that explaining our own failures in terms that are global, stable, and internal contributes to depression?

A) psychoanalytic
B) biological
C) learning
D) social-cognitive

Question 59

The social-cognitive perspective has emphasized that depression is perpetuated by

A) motivational conflict.
B) self-blaming attributions.
C) catatonia.
D) conscious role playing.

Question 60

By boosting serotonin, antidepressant drugs stimulate the growth of neurons in the

A) cerebellum.
B) hippocampus.
C) reticular formation.
D) sympathetic nervous system.