Deck 41: Humanistic Theories

Question 1

In promoting personality growth, the person-centered perspective emphasizes all but

A) empathy.
B) acceptance.
C) genuineness.
D) altruism.

Answer 1

altruism.

Question 2

Self-actualized people, as described by Maslow, are LEAST likely to be highly

A) compassionate.
B) religious.
C) conforming.
D) self-accepting.

Answer 2

conforming.

Question 3

According to Carl Rogers, people who are self-disclosing and open with their own feelings are demonstrating

A) free association.
B) the spotlight effect.
C) identification.
D) genuineness.

Answer 3

genuineness.

Question 4

Humanistic psychology has been most closely associated with an emphasis on the importance of

A) empirically derived tests.
B) reciprocal determinism.
C) a positive self-concept.
D) an external locus of control.

Question 5

Who emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard in healthy personality development?

A) Gordon Allport
B) Albert Bandura
C) Carl Rogers
D) Alfred Adler

Question 6

Which personality theorists have been criticized the most for encouraging individual selfishness and self-indulgence?

A) trait theorists
B) social-cognitive theorists
C) psychoanalytic theorists
D) humanistic theorists

Question 7

According to Maslow, the desire to fulfill one's potential is the motivation for

A) personal control.
B) self-actualization.
C) self-esteem.
D) unconditional positive regard.

Question 8

Humanistic theorists have been criticized for

A) overestimating the impact of childhood experiences on adult personality.
B) underestimating the inconsistency of behavior from one situation to another.
C) overestimating the degree of similarity among people.
D) underestimating the inherent human capacity for destructive and evil behaviors.

Question 9

Which of the following is a common criticism of the humanistic perspective?

A) Its concepts are vague and subjective.
B) The emphasis on the self encourages selfishness in individuals.
C) Humanism fails to appreciate the reality of evil in human behavior.
D) All of these are common criticisms.

Question 10

The humanistic perspective emphasized the importance of

A) projective tests.
B) self-determination.
C) reciprocal determinism.
D) factor analysis.

Question 11

Maslow placed ________ at the base of his hierarchy of needs.

A) cognitive needs
B) social needs
C) bodily needs
D) spiritual needs

Question 12

According to Maslow, the desire for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self refers to the motive for

A) reciprocal determinism.
B) the reality principle.
C) self-transcendence.
D) unconditional positive regard.

Question 13

Humanistic theories of personality

A) emphasize the driving force of unconscious motivations in personality.
B) emphasize the growth of potential of "healthy" individuals.
C) emphasize the importance of interaction with the environment in shaping personality.
D) describe personality in terms of scores on various personality scales.

Question 14

Abraham Maslow studied the lives of people such as Abraham Lincoln in order to understand the nature of

A) reciprocal determinism.
B) an internal locus of control.
C) self-actualization.
D) the false consensus effect.

Question 15

For humanistic psychologists, many of our behaviors and perceptions are ultimately shaped by whether our ________ is ________ or ________.

A) ego; strong; weak
B) locus of control; internal; external
C) personality structure; introverted; extraverted
D) self-concept; positive; negative

Question 16

According to Rogers, three conditions are necessary to promote growth in personality. These are

A) honesty, sincerity, and empathy.
B) high self-esteem, honesty, and empathy.
C) high self-esteem, genuineness, and acceptance.
D) genuineness, acceptance, and empathy.

Question 17

Abraham Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied the need for

A) reciprocal determinism.
B) an external locus of control.
C) self-actualization.
D) unconditional positive regard.

Question 18

Abraham Maslow suggested that individuals who are open, spontaneous, and not paralyzed by others' opinions illustrate

A) extraversion.
B) reaction formation.
C) self-actualization.
D) an external locus of control.

Question 19

Carl Rogers emphasized that a positive self-concept is promoted by

A) an external locus of control.
B) unconditional positive regard.
C) reciprocal determinism.
D) free association.

Question 20

Jin is searching for a sense of purpose in life that goes beyond fulfilling her own potential for growth and self-actualization. According to Maslow, Jin is striving for

A) identification.
B) self-transcendence.
C) free association.
D) reciprocal determinism.

Question 21

Which psychologists are most likely to criticize standardized personality tests for failing to capture the unique subjective experience of the individual personality?

A) psychoanalytic theorists
B) trait theorists
C) social-cognitive theorists
D) humanistic theorists

Question 22

Mrs. Sunstedt believes that parents should accept and try to understand their children's feelings and should honestly disclose their own inner feelings to their children. Her approach to parent-child interaction was most explicitly recommended by

A) Albert Bandura.
B) Gordon Allport.
C) Carl Rogers.
D) Carl Jung.

Question 23

Which of the following have been criticized the most for offering concepts that are vague and subjective?

A) trait theorists
B) humanistic theorists
C) social-cognitive theorists
D) terror-management theorists

Question 24

Carl Rogers referred to an attitude of total acceptance toward another person as

A) the spotlight effect.
B) unconditional positive regard.
C) self-actualization.
D) free association.

Question 25

Which theorist emphasized that an individual's personal growth is promoted by interactions with others who are genuine, accepting, and empathic?

A) Gordon Allport
B) Carl Rogers
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Albert Bandura

Question 26

Humanistic psychologists would most likely be criticized for underestimating the value of

A) an internal locus of control.
B) self-serving bias.
C) social obligations.
D) the spotlight effect.

Question 27

Carl Rogers believed that most people consider themselves worthless and unlovable. What do you consider to be the strengths or weaknesses of his position? Use psychological research findings to support your arguments.

Question 28

Carl Rogers suggested that the ________ is a central feature of personality.

A) collective unconscious
B) inferiority complex
C) Barnum effect
D) self-concept

Question 29

Maslow's description of self-actualized individuals was said to reflect his own personal values because he

A) selectively studied people with qualities he admired.
B) interpreted their flattering self-descriptions as a self-serving bias.
C) overemphasized the value of their loyalty to cultural norms.
D) used projective tests to assess their motives.

Question 30

Carl Rogers would have suggested that many of the defense mechanisms described by Freud are used to minimize the perceived discrepancy between

A) manifest content and latent content.
B) the collective unconscious and the personal unconscious.
C) the actual self and the ideal self.
D) an internal locus of control and an external locus of control.