Deck 32: Basic Motivational Concepts and Hunger

Question 1

Few human behaviors are rigidly patterned enough to qualify as

A) needs.
B) drives.
C) instincts.
D) incentives.

Answer 1

instincts.

Question 2

After spending years in the ocean, a mature salmon swims up its home river to return to its birthplace. This behavior is an example of

A) homeostasis.
B) a set point.
C) a drive.
D) an instinct.

Answer 2

an instinct.

Question 3

Instinct theory and drive-reduction theory both emphasize ________ factors in motivation.

A) environmental
B) cognitive
C) psychological
D) biological

Answer 3

biological

Question 4

Feelings of hunger accompany ________ levels of blood glucose and ________ levels of ghrelin.

A) low; low
B) high; high
C) low; high
D) high; low

Question 5

According to health psychologists, which of the following would be the BEST advice to offer someone who wants to lose excess weight?

A) "Avoid complex carbohydrates like potatoes and pasta."
B) "Permanent weight loss requires a lifelong change in eating and exercise habits."
C) "Your self-esteem will increase dramatically if you can successfully lose weight."
D) "Once you lose your excess weight, you will experience a big reduction in your appetite for food."

Question 6

In a classic experiment, obese patients whose daily caloric intake was dramatically reduced lost only 6 percent of their weight. This limited weight loss was due, at least in part, to the fact that their dietary restriction led to a(n)

A) decrease in their secretion of ghrelin.
B) elevation of their set points.
C) decrease in their metabolic rate.
D) elevation of their blood glucose levels.

Question 7

Which of the following is a difference between a drive and a need?

A) Needs are learned; drives are inherited.
B) Needs are physiological states; drives are psychological states.
C) Drives are generally stronger than needs.
D) Needs are generally stronger than drives.

Question 8

One problem with the idea of motivation as drive reduction is that

A) because some motivated behaviors do not seem to be based on physiological needs, they cannot be explained in terms of drive reduction.
B) it fails to explain any human motivation.
C) it cannot account for homeostasis.
D) it does not explain the hunger drive.

Question 9

The brain area known as the arcuate nucleus is notable in the study of motivation because it

A) secretes hormones that affect appetite.
B) secretes hormones that affect the sex drive.
C) is enlarged in heterosexuals.
D) is enlarged in homosexuals.

Question 10

The text suggests that a neophobia for unfamiliar tastes

A) is more common in children than in adults.
B) protected our ancestors from potentially toxic substances.
C) may be an early warning sign of obesity.
D) only grows stronger with repeated exposure to those tastes.

Question 11

Which of the following is a hunger-arousing hormone secreted by the hypothalamus?

A) PYY
B) ghrelin
C) leptin
D) orexin

Question 12

Motivation is best understood as a state that

A) reduces a drive.
B) aims at satisfying a biological need.
C) energizes an organism to act.
D) energizes and directs behavior.

Question 13

Need is to ________ as drive is to ________.

A) food deprivation; hunger
B) motivation; incentive
C) thirst; basal metabolic rate
D) instinct; incentive

Question 14

Increases in insulin will

A) lower blood sugar and trigger hunger.
B) raise blood sugar and trigger hunger.
C) lower blood sugar and trigger satiety.
D) raise blood sugar and trigger satiety.

Question 15

Some students work hard in school to attain high grades. This best illustrates the importance of

A) homeostasis.
B) set points.
C) instincts.
D) incentives.

Question 16

One shortcoming of the instinct theory of motivation is that it

A) places too much emphasis on environmental factors.
B) focuses on cognitive aspects of motivation.
C) applies only to animal behavior.
D) does not explain human behaviors; it simply names them.

Question 17

One gene scan of 40,000 people worldwide identified a variant of a gene called FTO. This gene nearly doubles the risk of

A) neophobia.
B) a low set point.
C) homeostasis.
D) obesity.

Question 18

Our weight thermostats are somewhat flexible and are influence by environmental as well as biological factors. Some researchers have therefore adopted the term

A) relative deprivation.
B) drive reduction.
C) basal metabolic rate.
D) settling point.

Question 19

By motivating us to satisfy our physical needs, hunger and thirst serve to

A) raise the set point.
B) maintain homeostasis.
C) lower hormone levels.
D) lessen basal metabolic rate.

Question 20

In their study of men on a semistarvation diet, researchers found that

A) the metabolic rate of the men increased.
B) the men eventually lost interest in food.
C) the men became obsessed with food.
D) the men's behavior directly contradicted predictions made by Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

Question 21

Which theory has been accused of simply naming rather than explaining behaviors?

A) drive-reduction theory
B) set point theory
C) arousal theory
D) instinct theory

Question 22

Psychologists have used four perspectives in their efforts to explain motivation. These include an emphasis on instincts, optimum arousal, a hierarchy of motives, and

A) drive reduction.
B) biological predispositions.
C) set point.
D) basal metabolic rate.

Question 23

It is characteristic of bears to hibernate. This behavior is an example of

A) an instinct.
B) homeostasis.
C) an incentive.
D) a drive.

Question 24

According to drive-reduction theory, a need refers to

A) a physiological state that usually triggers motivational arousal.
B) anything that is perceived as having positive or negative value in motivating behavior.
C) a desire to perform a behavior in order to avoid punishment.
D) a rigidly patterned behavioral urge characteristic of all people.

Question 25

Which theory of motivation most clearly emphasizes the importance of genetically predisposed behaviors?

A) drive-reduction theory
B) instinct theory
C) hierarchy of needs theory
D) arousal theory

Question 26

Homeostasis refers to

A) the tendency to maintain a steady internal state.
B) the tendency to seek external incentives for behavior.
C) the setting of the body's "weight thermostat."
D) a theory of the development of sexual orientation.

Question 27

Motivation is defined by psychologists as

A) an impulse to accomplish something of significance.
B) rigidly patterned behavior characteristic of all people.
C) a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal.
D) the cause of behavior.

Question 28

Unit bias refers to the research finding that people tend to

A) eat more when a portion of food is supersized.
B) avoid unfamiliar tasting foods.
C) overeat during celebrations with other people.
D) do all of these things.

Question 29

Research on obesity indicates that

A) pound for pound, fat tissue requires more calories to maintain than lean tissue.
B) given an obese parent, boys are more likely than girls to be obese.
C) one pound of weight is lost for every 3500-calorie reduction in diet.
D) when weight drops below the set point, hunger increases.

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT necessarily a reason that obese people have trouble losing weight?

A) Fat tissue has a lower metabolic rate than lean tissue.
B) Once a person has lost weight, it takes fewer calories to maintain his or her current weight.
C) The tendency toward obesity may be genetically based.
D) Obese people tend to lack willpower.

Question 31

An aroused, motivated state that is often triggered by a physiological need is called a(n)

A) instinct.
B) incentive.
C) drive.
D) set point.

Question 32

Research on genetic influences on obesity reveals that

A) the body weights of adoptees correlate with that of their biological parents.
B) the body weights of adoptees correlate with that of their adoptive parents.
C) identical twins usually have very different body weights.
D) the body weights of identical twin women are more similar than those of identical twin men.

Question 33

A complex, unlearned, and fixed pattern of behavior common to all members of a species is called a(n)

A) set point.
B) drive.
C) instinct.
D) incentive.

Question 34

According to Maslow's theory

A) the most basic motives are based on physiological needs.
B) needs are satisfied in a specified order.
C) the highest motives relate to self-transcendence.
D) all of these statements are true.

Question 35

An instinctive behavior is one that is

A) designed to reduce drives.
B) triggered by a sexual incentive.
C) similar in all living organisms.
D) unlearned.

Question 36

Mr. Porter believes that aggression is an unlearned behavior characteristic of all children. He obviously believes that aggression is a(n)

A) incentive.
B) homeostatic mechanism.
C) instinct.
D) drive.

Question 37

Beginning with the most basic needs, which of the following represents the correct sequence of needs in the hierarchy described by Maslow?

A) safety; physiological; esteem; belongingness and love; self-fulfillment
B) safety; physiological; belongingness and love; esteem; self-fulfillment
C) physiological; safety; esteem; belongingness and love; self-fulfillment
D) physiological; safety; belongingness and love; esteem; self-fulfillment

Question 38

Which of the following is inconsistent with the drive-reduction theory of motivation?

A) When body temperature drops below 98.6° Fahrenheit, blood vessels constrict to conserve warmth.
B) A person is driven to seek a drink when his or her cellular water level drops below its optimum point.
C) Monkeys will work puzzles even if not given a food reward.
D) A person becomes hungry when body weight falls below its biological set point.

Question 39

Which of the following influences on hunger motivation does NOT belong with the others?

A) set/settling point
B) attraction to sweet and salty tastes
C) reduced production of ghrelin after stomach bypass surgery
D) memory of time elapsed since your last meal

Question 40

The tendency to overeat when food is plentiful

A) is a recent phenomenon that is associated with the luxury of having ample food.
B) emerged in our prehistoric ancestors as an adaptive response to periods when food was scarce.
C) is greater in developed, than in developing, societies.
D) is stronger in women than in men.

Question 41

According to Maslow, our need for ________ must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need for ________.

A) love; food
B) adequate clothing; self-esteem
C) self-actualization; friendship
D) political freedom; economic security

Question 42

Victims of a famine will often eat unappetizing and nutritionally poor foods simply to relieve their constant hunger. Their behavior is best explained in terms of

A) arousal theory.
B) instinct theory.
C) drive-reduction theory.
D) incentive theory.

Question 43

The arousal theory of motivation would be most useful for understanding the aversive effects of

A) sensation-seeking.
B) set points.
C) hunger.
D) boredom.

Question 44

The role of learning in motivation is most obvious from the influence of

A) instincts.
B) homeostasis.
C) arousal.
D) incentives.

Question 45

On some college football teams, players are rewarded for outstanding performance with a gold star on their helmets. This practice best illustrates the use of

A) set points.
B) drive reduction.
C) incentives.
D) homeostasis.

Question 46

Homeostasis, which is the goal of drive reduction, is defined as

A) a rigidly patterned behavior characteristic of an entire species.
B) an aroused tension state that is often triggered by a physiological need.
C) the body's tendency to maintain a constant internal state.
D) a physical need that usually triggers motivational arousal.

Question 47

Which theory would be most likely to predict that rats are motivated to explore precisely those areas of an experimental maze where they receive mild electric shocks?

A) arousal theory
B) hierarchy of needs theory
C) instinct theory
D) drive-reduction theory

Question 48

Food deprivation is to ________ as hunger is to ________.

A) homeostasis; thirst
B) incentive; instinct
C) need; drive
D) set point; glucose

Question 49

On the basis of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, one would be LEAST likely to predict that a

A) starving person might sell his or her child to obtain food.
B) teacher with high self-esteem might seek a career change to use his or her abilities more fully.
C) successful business executive might show greater concern for his or her family relationships than for becoming president of his corporation.
D) prisoner might choose to die rather than betray his or her country.

Question 50

For a hungry person, the consumption of food serves to

A) lower the set point.
B) reduce the incentives.
C) maintain homeostasis.
D) reduce blood glucose levels.

Question 51

Financial satisfaction is more strongly predictive of subjective well-being in poor nations than in wealthy ones. This fact would most clearly be anticipated by

A) instinct theory.
B) arousal theory.
C) evolutionary theory.
D) hierarchy of needs theory.

Question 52

Ancel Keys and his colleagues observed that men on a semistarvation diet

A) became apathetic and lost interest in food.
B) remained interested in food but avoided talking or thinking about it.
C) lost interest in sex and social activities.
D) became increasingly preoccupied with political and religious issues.

Question 53

Adventurous people who relish the pursuit of novel and intense experiences are said to be

A) sensation-seekers.
B) self-transcendent.
C) instinct-driven.
D) self-actualized.

Question 54

For a thirsty person, drinking water serves to reduce

A) a drive.
B) an instinct.
C) the set point.
D) basal metabolic rate.

Question 55

Lack of body fluids is to cold water as ________ is to ________.

A) need; incentive
B) need; drive
C) instinct; set point
D) homeostasis; basal metabolic rate

Question 56

Which theory would be most helpful for explaining why people are motivated to watch horror movies?

A) instinct theory
B) drive-reduction theory
C) hierarchy of needs theory
D) arousal theory

Question 57

Which of the following is clearly NOT an example of an incentive?

A) $1000
B) threat of punishment
C) smell of popcorn
D) dehydration

Question 58

Maslow referred to the needs for purpose and meaning that lie beyond the self as

A) belongingness needs.
B) self-esteem needs.
C) self-transcendence needs.
D) self-actualization needs.

Question 59

The most basic or lowest-level need in Maslow's hierarchy of human motives includes the need for

A) self-esteem.
B) love and friendship.
C) religious fulfillment.
D) food and water.

Question 60

Positive and negative environmental stimuli that motivate behavior are called

A) needs.
B) incentives.
C) set points.
D) drives.

Question 61

Destruction of an appetite-suppressing area within the hypothalamus of a rat is most likely to

A) lower the rat's set point for body weight.
B) cause the rat to become extremely fat.
C) lower the rat's blood insulin levels.
D) increase the rat's basal metabolic rate.

Question 62

When an organism's weight rises above its set point, the organism is likely to experience a(n)

A) decrease in both hunger and basal metabolic rate.
B) increase in hunger and a decrease in basal metabolic rate.
C) decrease in hunger and an increase in basal metabolic rate.
D) increase in both hunger and basal metabolic rate.

Question 63

In addition to secreting orexin, the ________ monitors levels of the body's other appetite hormones.

A) hippocampus
B) amygdala
C) cerebellum
D) hypothalamus

Question 64

Leptin is a hunger-dampening hormone secreted by

A) the adrenal gland.
B) the pancreas.
C) fat cells.
D) the hypothalamus.

Question 65

People's preferences for sweet tastes are ________, and their preferences for excessively salty tastes are ________.

A) needs; incentives
B) incentives; needs
C) universal; learned
D) learned; universal

Question 66

Insulin, a hormone that influences appetite, is secreted by the

A) hypothalamus.
B) pancreas.
C) stomach.
D) liver.

Question 67

Feelings of hunger are decreased by the hormone

A) ghrelin.
B) orexin.
C) serotonin.
D) PYY.

Question 68

Orexin is a ________ hormone secreted by the ________.

A) hunger-arousing; hypothalamus
B) hunger-suppressing; hypothalamus
C) hunger-arousing; stomach
D) hunger-suppressing; stomach

Question 69

People become obsessed with water when thirsty and obsessed with food when hungry. This illustrates that activated motives

A) increase basal metabolic rate.
B) shorten homeostasis.
C) trigger a state of flow.
D) dominate consciousness.

Question 70

Basal metabolic rate is the body's resting rate of

A) drive reduction.
B) insulin secretion.
C) energy expenditure.
D) homeostasis.

Question 71

An explanation of motivation in terms of homeostasis is best illustrated by the concept of

A) instinct.
B) set point.
C) flow.
D) incentive.

Question 72

The level of serotonin in the brain is

A) decreased by a diet high in sugar.
B) decreased by a diet high in salt.
C) increased by a diet high in protein.
D) increased by a diet high in carbohydrates.

Question 73

When people with severe obesity undergo bypass surgery that seals off part of the stomach, the remaining stomach then produces much less

A) PYY.
B) orexin.
C) ghrelin.
D) insulin.

Question 74

People's dislike of novel foods best illustrates

A) unit bias.
B) neophobia.
C) homeostasis.
D) social facilitation.

Question 75

Our weight thermostats are somewhat flexible and are influenced by environmental as well as biological factors. Some researchers have therefore adopted the term

A) flow.
B) homeostasis.
C) basal metabolic rate.
D) settling point.

Question 76

Appetite-stimulating hormones and appetite-suppressing hormones are secreted by different neural centers within the

A) amygdala.
B) hippocampus.
C) frontal lobes.
D) arcuate nucleus.

Question 77

Increases in the hormone insulin lead to

A) increasing estrogen levels.
B) decreasing blood glucose levels.
C) increasing PYY levels.
D) decreasing orexin levels.

Question 78

Research on the physiological basis of hunger has indicated that

A) stomach contractions are unrelated to feelings of hunger.
B) hunger continues in humans whose cancerous stomachs have been removed.
C) rats whose stomachs have been removed must be force-fed to prevent starvation.
D) less ghrelin is secreted when the stomach is empty.

Question 79

The set point is

A) the point at which hunger-arousing and hunger-suppressing hormones are equal.
B) the body temperature of a healthy organism, for example, 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit in humans.
C) the point at which energy expenditures from exercise and from metabolism are equal.
D) the specific body weight maintained automatically by most adults over long periods of time.

Question 80

People are most likely to dislike the taste of ________ foods.

A) salty
B) starchy
C) novel
D) familiar