Deck 1: The Story of Psychology

Question 1

The importance of inherited behavioral traits was most clearly highlighted by

A) John Locke.
B) Charles Darwin.
C) John B. Watson.
D) B. F. Skinner.

Answer 1

Charles Darwin.

Question 2

Focusing on the extent to which personality is influenced by motives outside our own awareness is most relevant to the ________ perspective.

A) neuroscience
B) behavioral
C) psychodynamic
D) social-cultural

Answer 2

psychodynamic

Question 3

Wilhelm Wundt was both a

A) psychoanalyst and psychiatrist.
B) physiologist and philosopher.
C) sociologist and psychiatrist.
D) theologian and philosopher.

Answer 3

physiologist and philosopher.

Question 4

Compared with the structuralists, early behaviorists were much less likely to focus on the study of

A) smiling.
B) screaming.
C) fighting.
D) thinking.

Question 5

Edward Titchener was concerned primarily with the study of

A) sensory experiences.
B) psychological disorders.
C) inherited traits.
D) social relationships.

Question 6

To study inner sensations, images, and feelings, Edward Titchener engaged people in self-reflective

A) psychoanalysis.
B) introspection.
C) positive psychology.
D) spaced practice.

Question 7

The suggestion that psychology is less a set of facts than a method of evaluating ideas best highlights the ________ character of psychology.

A) naturalistic
B) humanistic
C) scientific
D) introspective

Question 8

Which perspective is most relevant to understanding the links between hormone levels and sexual motivation?

A) behavioral
B) cognitive
C) psychodynamic
D) neuroscience

Question 9

SQ3R is an acronym for an effective

A) neuroscience perspective.
B) study method.
C) biopsychosocial approach.
D) form of psychotherapy.

Question 10

Who was the functionalist who authored a textbook for the emerging discipline of psychology?

A) Wilhelm Wundt
B) John B. Watson
C) Edward Titchener
D) William James

Question 11

Dr. Stevens provides psychotherapy to people who suffer from excessive anxiety. Dr. Stevens is most likely a ________ psychologist.

A) social
B) developmental
C) clinical
D) cognitive

Question 12

A study of the relationship between reasoning capacities and brain functions would be of most direct interest to

A) behaviorism.
B) humanistic psychology.
C) cognitive neuroscience.
D) the psychodynamic perspective.

Question 13

The growth potential of healthy people was emphasized by

A) Freudian psychology.
B) cognitive neuroscience.
C) structuralism.
D) humanistic psychology.

Question 14

The scientific study of behavior without reference to mental processes was of special interest to

A) Edward Titchener.
B) William James.
C) Sigmund Freud.
D) B. F. Skinner.

Question 15

In debating the origins of human traits, Plato and Aristotle disagreed about the relative importance of

A) basic and applied research.
B) nature and nurture.
C) behavior and mental processes.
D) structuralism and functionalism.

Question 16

Professor Reed attempts to assess the relative contributions of heredity and home environment on children's susceptibility to depression. Her research best illustrates the concerns of the ________ perspective.

A) psychodynamic
B) behavior genetics
C) cognitive
D) behavioral

Question 17

Professor Helms conducts basic research on the progressive changes in infants' perceptual skills during the first year of life. Professor Helms is most likely a ________ psychologist.

A) social
B) clinical
C) personality
D) developmental

Question 18

Which school of psychology was most clearly concerned with the adaptive value of complex mental processes?

A) structuralism
B) behaviorism
C) psychoanalysis
D) functionalism

Question 19

The marriage rituals of different ethnic groups are of most relevance to the _______ perspective.

A) evolutionary
B) social-cultural
C) psychodynamic
D) cognitive

Question 20

The early school of psychology that used introspection was known as

A) psychiatry.
B) behaviorism.
C) naturalism.
D) structuralism.

Question 21

An integrated explanation of human behavior provided by the neuroscience, cognitive, social-cultural, and other perspectives in psychology is most clearly provided by

A) SQ3R.
B) behaviorism.
C) a psychodynamic perspective.
D) a biopsychosocial approach.

Question 22

In its earliest days, psychology was defined as the

A) science of mental life.
B) study of conscious and unconscious activity.
C) science of observable behavior.
D) science of behavior and mental processes.

Question 23

In the context of debates over the origins of ideas, nature is to nurture as ________ is to Locke.

A) Aristotle
B) Plato
C) Darwin
D) Descartes

Question 24

Which perspective would be most helpful for understanding the role of retrieval practice on long-term memory of information?

A) psychodynamic
B) social-cultural
C) cognitive
D) behavior genetics

Question 25

Professor Schroeder argues that children have an innate concept of justice that enables them to distinguish between fair and unfair rules. This argument is most consistent with the views of

A) Aristotle.
B) Plato.
C) John Locke.
D) John B. Watson.

Question 26

Debates as to whether alcohol abuse is biologically determined or culturally influenced are most relevant to the issue of

A) nature and nurture.
B) observation and introspection.
C) behavior and mental processes.
D) structuralism and functionalism.

Question 27

Inherited traits are to learned habits as the ________ perspective is to the ________ perspective.

A) behavioral; social-cultural
B) evolutionary; behavioral
C) social-cultural; neuroscience
D) neuroscience; evolutionary

Question 28

Who introduced the early school of structuralism?

A) Edward Titchener
B) Wilhelm Wundt
C) William James
D) Mary Whiton Calkins

Question 29

The seventeenth-century philosopher who believed that the mind is blank at birth and that most knowledge comes through sensory experience is

A) Plato.
B) Aristotle.
C) René Descartes.
D) John Locke.

Question 30

Who wrote the early textbook Principles of Psychology?

A) Wilhelm Wundt
B) Ivan Pavlov
C) Jean Piaget
D) William James

Question 31

Professor Thurstone investigates whether a teacher's negative perceptions of some students can affect the students' test scores. Professor Thurstone is most likely a ________ psychologist.

A) clinical
B) social
C) biological
D) personality

Question 32

Which psychological perspective emphasizes the interaction of the brain and body in behavior?

A) neuroscience
B) cognitive
C) behavioral
D) behavior genetics

Question 33

Which of the following exemplifies the issue of the relative importance of nature and nurture on our behavior?

A) the issue of the relative influence of biology and experience on behavior
B) the issue of the relative influence of rewards and punishments on behavior
C) the debate as to the relative importance of heredity and instinct in determining behavior
D) the debate as to whether mental processes are a legitimate area of scientific study

Question 34

Which seventeenth-century philosopher believed that some ideas are innate?

A) Aristotle
B) Plato
C) René Descartes
D) John Locke

Question 35

Testing your ability to recall information you have just studied improves your long-term retention of that information. Psychologists have referred to this as

A) SQ3R.
B) introspection.
C) the testing effect.
D) positive psychology.

Question 36

Basic research on persistent human traits like optimism and pessimism is most characteristic of the specialty known as ________ psychology.

A) biological
B) personality
C) social
D) developmental

Question 37

Understanding why the fear of darkness may have contributed to the survival of our human ancestors is most relevant to the ________ perspective.

A) behavioral
B) cognitive
C) evolutionary
D) psychodynamic

Question 38

Psychologists who study the degree to which genes influence our personality are working from the ________ perspective.

A) behavioral
B) evolutionary
C) behavior genetics
D) neuroscience

Question 39

Who would be most likely to agree with the statement, "Psychology should investigate only behaviors that can be observed"?

A) Wilhelm Wundt
B) Sigmund Freud
C) John B. Watson
D) William James

Question 40

Today, psychology is defined as the

A) science of mental phenomena.
B) science of conscious and unconscious activity.
C) science of behavior.
D) science of behavior and mental processes.

Question 41

A psychologist who explores how Asian and North American definitions of attractiveness differ is working from the ________ perspective.

A) behavioral
B) evolutionary
C) cognitive
D) social-cultural

Question 42

Dr. Ernst explains behavior in terms of different situations. Dr. Ernst is working from the ________ perspective.

A) behavioral
B) evolutionary
C) social-cultural
D) cognitive

Question 43

Psychologists who study how brain activity is linked to memory, perception, and other thought processes are called

A) humanistic psychologists.
B) psychiatrists.
C) clinical psychologists.
D) cognitive neuroscientists.

Question 44

A psychologist who studies how worker productivity might be increased by changing office layout is engaged in ________ research.

A) applied
B) basic
C) clinical
D) developmental

Question 45

Psychologists who study, assess, and treat troubled people are called

A) basic researchers.
B) applied psychologists.
C) clinical psychologists.
D) psychiatrists.

Question 46

The way we encode, process, store, and retrieve information is the primary concern of the ________ perspective.

A) neuroscience
B) evolutionary
C) social-cultural
D) cognitive

Question 47

Who would be most likely to agree with the statement, "Psychology is the science of mental life"?

A) Wilhelm Wundt
B) John Watson
C) Ivan Pavlov
D) virtually any American psychologist during the 1960s

Question 48

(Close-Up) In order, the sequence of steps in the SQ3R method is

A) survey, review, retrieve, question, read.
B) review, question, survey, read, retrieve.
C) question, review, survey, read, retrieve.
D) survey, question, read, retrieve, review.

Question 49

Today, psychology is a discipline that

A) connects with a diversity of other fields.
B) is largely independent of other disciplines.
C) is focused primarily on basic research.
D) is focused primarily on applied research.

Question 50

In defining psychology, the text notes that psychology is most accurately described as a

A) way of asking and answering questions.
B) field engaged in solving applied problems.
C) set of findings related to behavior and mental processes.
D) nonscientific approach to the study of mental disorders.

Question 51

Two historical roots of psychology are the disciplines of

A) philosophy and chemistry.
B) physiology and chemistry.
C) philosophy and biology.
D) philosophy and physics.

Question 52

Dr. Jones' research centers on the relationship between changes in our thinking over the life span and changes in moral reasoning. Dr. Jones is most likely a

A) clinical psychologist.
B) personality psychologist.
C) psychiatrist.
D) developmental psychologist.

Question 53

The first psychology laboratory was established by ________ in the year________.

A) Wundt; 1879
B) James; 1890
C) Freud; 1900
D) Watson; 1913

Question 54

The Greek philosopher who believed that intelligence was inherited was

A) Aristotle.
B) Plato.
C) Descartes.
D) Simonides.

Question 55

Which subfield is most directly concerned with studying human behavior in the workplace?

A) clinical psychology
B) personality psychology
C) industrial-organizational psychology
D) psychiatry

Question 56

Which perspective emphasizes the learning of observable responses?

A) behavioral
B) social-cultural
C) neuroscience
D) cognitive

Question 57

In psychology, behavior is best defined as

A) anything a person says, does, or feels.
B) any action we can observe and record.
C) any action, whether observable or not.
D) anything we can infer from a person's actions.

Question 58

Which of the following individuals is also a physician?

A) clinical psychologist
B) experimental psychologist
C) psychiatrist
D) biological psychologist

Question 59

A psychologist who conducts experiments solely intended to build psychology's knowledge base is engaged in

A) basic research.
B) applied research.
C) industrial-organizational research.
D) clinical research.

Question 60

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are most closely associated with

A) cognitive psychology.
B) behaviorism.
C) psychodynamic theory.
D) humanistic psychology.

Question 61

Research participants were asked to monitor and report their own immediate sensory reactions to differently colored objects. This research involved a technique known as

A) behavior genetics.
B) psychoanalysis.
C) massed practice.
D) introspection.

Question 62

Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association?

A) Jean Piaget
B) Margaret Floy Washburn
C) Rosalie Rayner
D) Mary Whiton Calkins

Question 63

From the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of

A) genetic influences.
B) self-esteem.
C) conscious thoughts and feelings.
D) observable behavior.

Question 64

Humanistic psychologists focused attention on the importance of people's

A) childhood memories.
B) genetic predispositions.
C) unconscious thought processes.
D) potential for healthy growth.

Question 65

Behaviorists dismissed the value of

A) science.
B) introspection.
C) spaced practice.
D) applied research.

Question 66

John B. Watson is to Edward Titchener as ________ is to ________.

A) biology; environment
B) observable behavior; inner sensations
C) mental illness; psychiatry
D) cognitive perspective; psychoanalytic perspective

Question 67

Who was the American philosopher-psychologist who authored a textbook in 1890 for the emerging discipline of psychology?

A) Wilhelm Wundt
B) John B. Watson
C) Sigmund Freud
D) William James

Question 68

Introspection was the basic research tool used by ________ in order to study people's inner sensations and mental images.

A) John B. Watson
B) Charles Darwin
C) Edward Titchener
D) B. F. Skinner

Question 69

The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies observable human activity without reference to mental processes is known as

A) behaviorism.
B) cognitive neuroscience.
C) humanistic psychology.
D) positive psychology.

Question 70

Which major force in psychology emphasized unconscious thought processes?

A) evolutionary psychology
B) Freudian psychology
C) behavior genetics
D) behaviorism

Question 71

The biopsychosocial approach emphasizes the importance of

A) different levels of analysis in exploring behavior and mental processes.
B) basic research over pure research.
C) pure research over basic research.
D) having a single academic perspective to guide research.

Question 72

The unreliability of introspection contributed to the waning popularity of

A) structuralism.
B) psychiatry.
C) cognitive psychology.
D) behaviorism.

Question 73

(Close-Up) A major principle underlying the SQ3R study method is that

A) people learn and remember material best when they actively process it.
B) many students overestimate their mastery of text and lecture material.
C) study time should be spaced over time rather than crammed into one session.
D) overlearning disrupts efficient retention.

Question 74

Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory work involved experimental studies of

A) animal intelligence.
B) personality development.
C) social influence.
D) mental processes.

Question 75

William James was a prominent American

A) psychoanalyst.
B) behaviorist.
C) functionalist.
D) structuralist.

Question 76

Aristotle suggested that a meal makes us sleepy by causing heat to collect around the

A) brain.
B) throat.
C) heart.
D) stomach.

Question 77

Looking inward and reporting your immediate sensations, images, and feelings is called

A) cognitive neuroscience.
B) introspection.
C) behaviorism.
D) humanistic psychology.

Question 78

In the 1960s, the cognitive revolution in psychology involved a renewal of interest in the scientific study of

A) mental processes.
B) hereditary influences.
C) unconscious motives.
D) learned behaviors.

Question 79

Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the

A) adaptive value of conscious thoughts and emotions.
B) component elements of sensory experience.
C) disruptive effects of unconscious motives.
D) treatment of psychological disorders.

Question 80

Edward Titchener is to structuralism as William James is to ________.

A) behaviorism
B) humanistic psychology
C) cognitive neuroscience
D) functionalism