Deck 8: A: Sleep and Dreams

Question 1

Which of the following is most likely to be associated with slow-wave sleep?

A) bed-wetting
B) sleep spindles
C) hallucinations
D) genital arousal

Answer 1

bed-wetting

Question 2

During NREM-1 sleep, people may experience fantastic images that resemble

A) sleep spindles.
B) hallucinations.
C) sleep apnea.
D) night terrors.

Answer 2

hallucinations.

Question 3

Cindi prefers to take exams in the late afternoon rather than during the morning, because her energy level and ability to concentrate are better at that time. Her experience most likely reflects the influence of the

A) REM rebound.
B) menstrual cycle.
C) circadian rhythm.
D) hypnagogic state.

Answer 3

circadian rhythm.

Question 4

Alpha waves are associated with

A) NREM-2 sleep.
B) NREM-3 sleep.
C) REM sleep.
D) a relaxed but awake state.

Question 5

Margie insists that she never dreams, but her roommate feels she can prove otherwise. To prove that Margie does dream, the roommate should

A) feed Margie lots of rich food just before bedtime.
B) make an all-night audiotape of the sounds Margie makes while sleeping.
C) wake Margie after she has been asleep for about 5 minutes and ask her what she's dreaming.
D) wake Margie after 5 minutes of REM sleep and ask her what she's dreaming.

Question 6

Human body temperatures typically

A) rise with the approach of morning and fall with the approach of night.
B) rise with the approach of night and fall with the approach of morning.
C) rise with the approach of NREM-1 sleep and fall with the approach of REM sleep.
D) rise with the approach of REM sleep and fall with the approach of NREM-1 sleep.

Question 7

In the United States and Canada, people today sleep ________ than people did a century ago.

A) less
B) slightly more
C) much more
D) neither more nor less

Question 8

The large, slow brain waves associated with NREM-3 sleep are called

A) alpha waves.
B) beta waves.
C) sleep spindles.
D) delta waves.

Question 9

The impact of circadian rhythms is best illustrated by

A) the differing musical preferences of younger and older persons.
B) fluctuations in energy level and alertness across the span of a day.
C) the different study habits of men and women.
D) the different personalities of people born during different months of the year.

Question 10

When people are experiencing vivid dreams

A) their bodies often move in accordance with what they dream.
B) their eyes are likely to move under their closed eyelids.
C) they are more likely to emit sleep spindles than during any other stage of sleep.
D) their slow brain-wave patterns indicate that they are deeply asleep.

Question 11

The pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle is called the

A) REM rebound.
B) circadian rhythm.
C) alpha wave pattern.
D) dopamine reward system.

Question 12

Which of the following typically occur(s) during REM sleep?

A) night terrors
B) genital arousal
C) bed-wetting
D) muscular tension

Question 13

Sleep spindles are characteristic of ________ sleep.

A) NREM-1
B) NREM-2
C) NREM-3
D) REM

Question 14

NREM-2 sleep is to ________ as NREM-3 sleep is to ________.

A) alpha waves; sleep spindles
B) sleep spindles; delta waves
C) delta waves; alpha waves
D) alpha waves; rapid eye movements

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of REM sleep?

A) Heart and breathing rates increase.
B) The eyes move rapidly under closed lids.
C) Brain waves become more rapid.
D) Voluntary muscles tense and become more active.

Question 16

Paradoxical sleep is to slow-wave sleep as ________ sleep is to ________ sleep.

A) NREM-1; REM
B) REM; NREM-2
C) NREM-2; REM
D) REM; NREM-3

Question 17

Women become increasingly morning-oriented "larks" as they have children and also as they transition to menopause. This best illustrates that age and experience can alter our

A) hypnagogic sensations.
B) circadian rhythm.
C) NREM-2 sleep.
D) REM rebound.

Question 18

Feli is a young adult who has been asleep for three hours. As he continues to sleep, we can expect that

A) NREM-2 sleep will diminish and that NREM-1 sleep will increase in duration.
B) NREM-3 sleep will diminish and that NREM-1 sleep will increase in duration.
C) NREM-3 sleep will diminish and that REM sleep will increase in duration.
D) REM sleep will diminish and that NREM-3 sleep will increase in duration.

Question 19

After Carlos had been asleep for about an hour and a half, his heart began to beat faster, his breathing became fast and irregular, and his closed eyes began to dart back and forth. Carlos was most likely experiencing

A) NREM-3 sleep.
B) sleep apnea.
C) narcolepsy.
D) REM sleep.

Question 20

NREM-1 sleep is likely to be associated with

A) circadian rhythms.
B) delta waves.
C) sleep spindles.
D) hypnagogic sensations.

Question 21

Animals with the ________ need to graze and the ________ ability to hide from danger tend to sleep less.

A) most; most
B) least; least
C) most; least
D) least; most

Question 22

Sleep deprivation ________ levels of the hormone ghrelin and _______ levels of the hormone leptin.

A) increases; increases
B) decreases; decreases
C) increases; decreases
D) decreases; increases

Question 23

Slow-wave sleep promotes

A) effective memory.
B) REM rebound.
C) narcolepsy.
D) insomnia.

Question 24

After four years of working nights, Raymond now works days. His present difficulty in getting to sleep at night is most likely due to a disruption of his normal

A) circadian rhythm.
B) hypnagogic sensations.
C) alpha wave pattern.
D) sleep apnea.

Question 25

Deep sleep appears to play an important role in

A) REM rebound.
B) hypnagogic sensations.
C) paradoxical sleep.
D) physical growth.

Question 26

Which of the following is a sleep-inducing hormone?

A) epinephrine
B) serotonin
C) norepinephrine
D) melatonin

Question 27

Kevin needs to remember what he learned in today's classes. His memory of the material is most likely to be facilitated by

A) circadian rhythm.
B) slow-wave sleep.
C) NREM-1 sleep.
D) sleep apnea.

Question 28

Which of the following helps to restore and repair neurons following the body's production of excess free radicals?

A) hypnagogic sensations
B) REM rebound
C) magnetic resonance imaging
D) sleep

Question 29

When light strikes the retina, it signals the suprachiasmatic nucleus to suppress the production of ________by the pineal gland.

A) melatonin
B) serotonin
C) acetylcholine
D) dopamine

Question 30

An increase in accident rates following the change to "daylight savings" time best illustrates the dangers of

A) narcolepsy.
B) sleep apnea.
C) REM rebound.
D) sleep deprivation.

Question 31

Pushing back school start times has been found to ________ adolescent mood states and ________ adolescent alertness.

A) impair; improve
B) improve; impair
C) impair; impair
D) improve; improve

Question 32

Chronic sleep debt is most likely to promote

A) sleep apnea.
B) obesity.
C) insomnia.
D) night terrors.

Question 33

Terry has not had a decent night's sleep in over a week. If this sleep deprivation continues, he will become increasingly susceptible to

A) viral infections.
B) sleep apnea.
C) insomnia.
D) night terrors.

Question 34

When allowed to sleep 9 hours a night on a regular basis, college students are most likely to

A) experience REM rebound.
B) study more effectively.
C) show signs of sleep apnea.
D) demonstrate apathy and loss of energy.

Question 35

After completing a full night of sleep, people are most likely to

A) experience REM rebound.
B) think more creatively.
C) show signs of sleep apnea.
D) demonstrate apathy and loss of energy.

Question 36

Insomnia is a disorder involving

A) the excessive use of sleeping pills or other drugs that induce sleep.
B) recurring difficulty in falling or staying asleep.
C) the cessation of breathing during sleep.
D) uncontrollable attacks of overwhelming sleepiness.

Question 37

Production of the human growth hormone necessary for muscle development is ________ by slow-wave sleep, which occurs mostly in the ________ half of a long night's sleep.

A) inhibited; first
B) facilitated; first
C) inhibited; second
D) facilitated; second

Question 38

Sleep deprivation increases levels of the stress hormone

A) cortisol.
B) melatonin.
C) leptin.
D) serotonin.

Question 39

To cure his insomnia, Mr. Ming takes a sleeping pill just before bedtime. Research suggests that this practice

A) may actually make Mr. Ming's insomnia worse when it is discontinued.
B) may help Mr. Ming permanently overcome his insomnia.
C) has probably increased Mr. Ming's REM sleep.
D) may make Mr. Ming more vulnerable to sleep apnea.

Question 40

Neural connections supporting "muscle memories" learned while practicing tennis are strengthened by

A) hypnagogic sensations.
B) serotonin.
C) sleep spindles.
D) REM sleep.

Question 41

Mr. Dayton occasionally stops breathing while sleeping. He wakes up to snort air for a few seconds before falling back to sleep. Mrs. Dayton complains that her husband snores. Clearly, Mr. Dayton suffers from

A) sleep apnea.
B) narcolepsy.
C) insomnia.
D) night terrors.

Question 42

Brain regions that are active as rats learn to navigate a maze show similar activity patterns again as the rats later experience

A) REM sleep.
B) hypnagogic sensations.
C) sleep spindles.
D) circadian rhythms.

Question 43

Researchers have discovered genes that cause

A) REM rebound.
B) narcolepsy.
C) paradoxical sleep.
D) hypnagogic sensations.

Question 44

Josef, a high school student, tells his therapist that he has had a recurring dream in which he hunts and kills a ferocious tiger. The therapist explains that the dream reflects Josef's unresolved feelings of hostility toward his father. According to Freud, the therapist is revealing the possible ________ content of Josef's dream.

A) manifest
B) latent
C) circadian
D) hypnagogic

Question 45

Sleep apnea is a disorder involving

A) temporary cessations of breathing during sleep.
B) periodic uncontrollable attacks of overwhelming sleepiness.
C) hypnagogic sensations of falling or floating weightlessly.
D) the excessive use of sleeping pills or other sleep-inducing drugs.

Question 46

According to Freud, people dream in order to

A) give expression to personally threatening drives and wishes.
B) prepare themselves for the challenges of the following day.
C) strengthen their memories of the preceding day's events.
D) accomplish all of these goals.

Question 47

Sequences of images notable for their hallucinatory quality are most likely to be associated with

A) sleep spindles.
B) REM dreams.
C) delta waves.
D) manifest content.

Question 48

It has been found that night terrors

A) are usually recalled vividly for days following their occurrence.
B) are typically accompanied by a state of temporary muscular immobility or paralysis.
C) jolt the sleeper to a sudden state of full waking alertness.
D) typically occur during NREM-3 sleep.

Question 49

According to Freud, the manifest content of a dream refers to the

A) hypnagogic sensations preceding a dream.
B) rapid eye movements during a dream.
C) remembered story line of a dream.
D) underlying meaning of a dream.

Question 50

Eighty-year-old Mrs. West feels she has trouble falling asleep at night. She typically gets about 6 or 7 hours of sleep every 24 hours. What should she do about this?

A) take a sleeping pill every night
B) sleep with the bedroom lights on
C) drink an alcoholic beverage before bedtime
D) relax and remind herself that her sleep patterns are normal

Question 51

Which of the following sleep disorders would be the most incapacitating for a commercial bus driver?

A) night terrors
B) insomnia
C) sleepwalking
D) narcolepsy

Question 52

When dreamers' faces were lightly sprayed with cold water, they were more likely than other dreamers to experience

A) sleep apnea.
B) hypnagogic sensations.
C) dreams about water.
D) paradoxical sleep.

Question 53

Sleepwalking typically occurs during

A) NREM-1 sleep.
B) NREM-2 sleep.
C) NREM-3 sleep.
D) REM sleep.

Question 54

Sleeptalking may occur during

A) NREM-1 sleep.
B) NREM-2 sleep.
C) REM sleep.
D) any stage of sleep.

Question 55

According to Freud, the personally threatening and censored meaning of a dream is its

A) manifest content.
B) paradoxical content.
C) latent content.
D) hallucinatory content.

Question 56

After suffering a trauma, people commonly report an increase in

A) sleep apnea.
B) narcolepsy.
C) threatening dreams.
D) hallucinations.

Question 57

The disorder involving uncontrollable attacks of overwhelming sleepiness is known as

A) narcolepsy.
B) insomnia.
C) sleep apnea.
D) paradoxical sleep.

Question 58

Shane, a straight-A student, remembers dreaming that he failed an important chemistry test. According to Freud, Shane's account represents the ________ content of his dream.

A) paradoxical
B) rebound
C) hypnagogic
D) manifest

Question 59

Which sleep disorder is more likely to be experienced by children than by adults?

A) narcolepsy
B) sleep apnea
C) night terrors
D) insomnia

Question 60

About three hours after he falls asleep, Bobby often sits up in bed screaming incoherently. His mother tries to awaken him, but with no success. The next morning, he remembers nothing. It appears that Bobby suffers from

A) night terrors.
B) narcolepsy.
C) sleep spindles.
D) sleep apnea.

Question 61

The emotional tone of our dreams is especially likely to be influenced by activation of the ________ during REM sleep.

A) sensory cortex
B) limbic system
C) frontal lobes
D) pineal gland

Question 62

Evidence that dreams reflect the brain maturation and style of thinking associated with a dreamer's age and life experience would best support the ________ theory of dream content.

A) wish-fulfillment
B) neural activation
C) behavioral
D) cognitive development

Question 63

As a participant in a sleep-research study for the past three nights, Tim has been repeatedly disturbed during REM sleep. Tonight, when allowed to sleep undisturbed, Tim will likely experience

A) an increase in REM sleep.
B) sleep apnea.
C) insomnia.
D) night terrors.

Question 64

Preserving and expanding the brain's neural pathways has been suggested as an important function of

A) hallucinations.
B) circadian rhythms.
C) latent content.
D) dreaming.

Question 65

The occurrence of REM rebound supports the notion that

A) as people grow older they need to spend progressively more time dreaming.
B) dreams are triggered by random bursts of neural activity.
C) dreams help to solidify our memories of daytime experiences.
D) humans, like most other mammals, need REM sleep.

Question 66

One version of neural activation theory best helps to explain why

A) most dreams are realistic portrayals of pleasant life events.
B) people often experience sudden visual images during REM sleep.
C) dreams typically express unacceptable feelings in a symbolically disguised form.
D) individuals with sleep apnea are unable to recall any of their dreams.