Question 1

In one experiment, Dutch children were more likely to share their candy with others if they had been primed with items related to&#10;A) Snow White.&#10;B) Barack Obama.&#10;C) Saint Nicholas.&#10;D) Mickey Mouse.

Accepted Answer

The experiment was conducted in the Netherlands, where Saint Nicholas is a well-known figure who is associated with gift-giving and generosity. Therefore, priming the children with items related to Saint Nicholas would likely increase their pro-social behavior, such as sharing candy with others.

Question 2

A stimulus linked to a specific memory is a(n)&#10;A) memory trace.&#10;B) implicit memory.&#10;C) retrieval cue.&#10;D) explicit memory.

Accepted Answer

A retrieval cue is a stimulus that triggers the activation of information stored in long-term memory. This stimulus can be a word, a smell, a sound or any other sensory input. When a person is trying to remember something, the retrieval cue provides a starting point for memory search. Without a retrieval cue, memories may remain inaccessible.

Question 3

Lars was feeling depressed at the time of his high school graduation. Lars is especially likely to recall his high school graduation when he is&#10;A) depressed.&#10;B) happy.&#10;C) relaxed.&#10;D) unemotional.

Accepted Answer

Emotions at the time of an event can strongly affect its encoding and subsequent memory retrieval. Lars is likely to recall his high school graduation when he is feeling depressed because emotional congruency between the emotional state at encoding (depressed) and the emotional state at retrieval (also depressed) can enhance the retrieval of memories.

Question 4

Compared with formerly depressed people, those who are currently depressed are more likely to recall their parents as rejecting and punitive. This best illustrates&#10;A) the misinformation effect.&#10;B) source amnesia.&#10;C) the spacing effect.&#10;D) mood-congruent memory.

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is an example of mood-congruent memory, in which current mood or emotional state can influence the retrieval of memories that are consistent with that mood. Depressed individuals may be more likely to recall negative events and experiences, including perceived rejection and punishment from their parents, which can further exacerbate their depressive symptoms. This bias in memory retrieval can contribute to the maintenance of depression over time.

Question 5

Context-dependent memory best illustrates that the specific location in which we learned something often provides us with effective&#10;A) spacing effects.&#10;B) peg-word systems.&#10;C) serial position effects.&#10;D) retrieval cues.

Accepted Answer

Context-dependent memory suggests that the environment or context in which information is learned serves as a retrieval cue, facilitating memory recall. Therefore, the best choice is D, retrieval cues.

Question 6

Mood-congruent memory refers to the effect of emotional states on the process of&#10;A) encoding.&#10;B) storage.&#10;C) retrieval.&#10;D) relearning.

Accepted Answer

Mood-congruent memory affects the retrieval process. It occurs when individuals are more likely to remember information that is consistent with their current emotional state or mood. For example, if someone is feeling sad, they are more likely to retrieve and remember sad or negative memories. This phenomenon is thought to occur because the emotional state at the time of encoding becomes a cue for retrieval.

Question 7

The smell of freshly baked bread awakened in Mr. Hutz vivid memories of his early childhood. The aroma apparently acted as a powerful&#10;A) flashbulb memory.&#10;B) retrieval cue.&#10;C) implicit memory.&#10;D) memory trace.

Accepted Answer

The smell of freshly baked bread acted as a retrieval cue, triggering memories from Mr. Hutz's early childhood. Retrieval cues are stimuli that can aid in the retrieval of memories that have been stored in long-term memory.

Question 8

Effective retrieval cues trigger the process known as&#10;A) mnemonics.&#10;B) chunking.&#10;C) overlearning.&#10;D) priming.

Accepted Answer

Effective retrieval cues trigger the process known as priming, which refers to the activation of information already in the memory banks to facilitate retrieval.

Question 9

What we learn under the influence of a drug may be more easily recalled when we are once again under the influence of that very same drug. This best illustrates&#10;A) the serial position effect.&#10;B) source amnesia.&#10;C) state-dependent memory.&#10;D) the spacing effect.

Accepted Answer

State-dependent memory is the phenomenon that suggests that we are more likely to recall information when we are in the same state (physiological or emotional) as when the information was learned. In this case, the drug creates a certain state, and when the drug is once again used, the individual returns to that same state and is therefore more likely to recall the information learned while under the influence.

Question 10

Words heard underwater are later better recalled underwater than on land. This best illustrates&#10;A) the testing effect.&#10;B) source misattribution.&#10;C) the spacing effect.&#10;D) context-dependent memory.

Accepted Answer

The fact that words heard underwater are better recalled underwater than on land reflects context-dependent memory. Memory is often best retrieved in the same context or state in which it was initially formed, which is known as context-dependent memory. In this case, the underwater context serves as a retrieval cue and improves memory retrieval. The testing effect refers to the finding that testing, or actively practicing retrieving information, improves memory retention. Source misattribution occurs when people misremember when, where, or how they learned something. The spacing effect refers to the finding that distributing practice over time is more effective for memory retention than massed practice.

Question 11

The often unconscious activation of particular associations in memory is called&#10;A) deep processing.&#10;B) repression.&#10;C) priming.&#10;D) the misinformation effect.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The often unconscious activation of particular associations...

Question 12

The serial position effect refers to the tendency to recall best the ________ items in a list.&#10;A) first&#10;B) first and last&#10;C) middle&#10;D) middle and last

Accepted Answer

The answer of The serial position effect refers to the...

Question 13

Your relative success in recalling a dozen different names a week after you heard them listed in order is likely to illustrate&#10;A) implicit memory.&#10;B) a recency effect.&#10;C) iconic memory.&#10;D) a primacy effect.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Your relative success in recalling a dozen...

Question 14

Shortly after you see a missing-child poster you are more likely to interpret an ambiguous adult-child interaction as a possible kidnapping. This best illustrates the impact of&#10;A) priming.&#10;B) chunking.&#10;C) source amnesia.&#10;D) repression.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Shortly after you see a missing-child poster...

Question 15

Reading a romantic novel caused Consuela to recall some old experiences with a high school boyfriend. The effect of the novel on Consuela's memory retrieval is an illustration of&#10;A) priming.&#10;B) chunking.&#10;C) automatic processing.&#10;D) the spacing effect.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Reading a romantic novel caused Consuela to...

Deck 25: A: Retrieval