Deck 23: A: Studying and Building Memories

Question 1

Which measure of memory did Ebbinghaus use to assess the impact of rehearsal on the retention of nonsense syllables?

A) recall
B) recognition
C) relearning
D) reconstruction

Answer 1

relearning

Question 2

Ebbinghaus' retention curve best illustrates the value of

A) chunking.
B) the peg-word system.
C) rehearsal.
D) implicit memory.

Answer 2

rehearsal.

Question 3

As compared with long-term memory, short-term memory is ________ permanent and ________ limited in storage capacity.

A) less; more
B) more; less
C) less; less
D) more; more

Answer 3

less; more

Question 4

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system is called ________ memory.

A) sensory
B) long-term
C) flashbulb
D) implicit

Question 5

After looking up his friend's phone number, Alex was able to remember it only long enough to dial it correctly. In this case, the phone number was clearly stored in his ________ memory.

A) implicit
B) short-term
C) flashbulb
D) long-term

Question 6

The importance of parallel processing is emphasized by a model of memory known as

A) the three-stage model.
B) connectionism.
C) imagination inflation.
D) the peg-word system.

Question 7

To recognize the active information processing that occurs in short-term memory, researchers have characterized it as ________ memory.

A) iconic
B) working
C) flashbulb
D) implicit

Question 8

Three basic measures of memory retention are

A) priming, chunking, and rehearsing.
B) encoding, storage, and retrieval.
C) recall, recognition, and relearning.
D) sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Question 9

The process of getting information into memory is called

A) priming.
B) chunking.
C) encoding.
D) registering.

Question 10

Which measure of memory retention is used by fill-in-the-blank test questions?

A) relearning
B) rehearsal
C) recall
D) recognition

Question 11

Which measure of memory retention assesses the ability to identify which items of currently presented information one had previously learned?

A) recall
B) recognition
C) rehearsal
D) relearning

Question 12

Forming conscious mental images of the location of your bedroom door requires

A) imagination inflation.
B) working memory.
C) shallow processing.
D) echoic memory.

Question 13

Automatic processing and effortful processing refer to two types of

A) encoding.
B) storage.
C) conscious awareness.
D) short-term memory.

Question 14

Memory is best defined as

A) the conscious encoding of information.
B) stored knowledge that has been semantically encoded.
C) the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information.
D) the retrieval of stored information in precisely the same form in which it was encoded.

Question 15

Which of the following types of memory is of shortest duration?

A) short-term memory
B) flashbulb memory
C) implicit memory
D) sensory memory

Question 16

An eyewitness to a bank robbery is asked to identify the suspects in a police lineup. Which test of memory is being used?

A) recall
B) relearning
C) recognition
D) reconstruction

Question 17

The process of retrieval refers to

A) the persistence of learning over time.
B) the organization of information into manageable units.
C) getting information out of memory storage.
D) conscious repetition of information to be remembered.

Question 18

Memory acquisition is to memory retention as ________ is to ________.

A) recall; recognition
B) rehearsal; relearning
C) interference; repression
D) encoding; storage

Question 19

Which pioneering researcher made extensive use of nonsense syllables in the study of human memory?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) William James
C) Elizabeth Loftus
D) Hermann Ebbinghaus

Question 20

Effortful processing is encoding that requires

A) implicit memory.
B) conscious attention.
C) visual imagery.
D) flashbulb memory.

Question 21

The original Atkinson-Schiffrin three-stage information processing model did not consider the formation of

A) short-term memories.
B) implicit memories.
C) sensory memories.
D) long-term memories.

Question 22

Memories for well-learned automatic skills such as how to tie your shoes are called ________ memories.

A) iconic
B) procedural
C) working
D) state-dependent

Question 23

While reading highly familiar words at a very rapid speed, Megan effortlessly understands almost every word. This ability highlights the importance of

A) flashbulb memory.
B) automatic processing.
C) the spacing effect.
D) the peg-word system.

Question 24

Conscious memories of facts and personal experiences are called ________ memories.

A) mood-congruent
B) procedural
C) explicit
D) iconic

Question 25

Four-year-old Aaron doesn't recall ever seeing a hypodermic needle, and he can't remember the series of painful injections he received when he was a 2-year-old. When shown a hypodermic needle, however, he reacted with a classically conditioned fear response. Aaron's fear reaction indicates that he retains a(n) ________ memory.

A) iconic
B) echoic
C) implicit
D) procedural

Question 26

People can show classically conditioned emotional reactions without any conscious recollection of how or when those reactions were learned. This best illustrates ________ memory.

A) implicit
B) short-term
C) sensory
D) flashbulb

Question 27

Effortful processing is to automatic processing as ________ is to ________.

A) encoding; retrieval
B) proactive interference; retroactive interference
C) anterograde amnesia; retrograde amnesia
D) explicit memory; implicit memory

Question 28

We encode explicit memories by means of

A) connectionism.
B) effortful processing.
C) sensory memory.
D) automatic processing.

Question 29

Peterson and Peterson asked people to count aloud backward after they were presented with three consonants. This study finds that ________ memories will quickly disappear without active processing and rehearsal.

A) long-term
B) mood-congruent
C) short-term
D) flashbulb

Question 30

For a fraction of a second after the lightning flash disappeared, Ileana retained a vivid mental image of its ragged edges. Her experience most clearly illustrates the nature of _______ memory.

A) iconic
B) flashbulb
C) procedural
D) short-term

Question 31

Unconsciously encoding incidental information regarding space, time, and frequency best illustrates

A) flashbulb memory.
B) the misinformation effect.
C) automatic processing.
D) the serial position effect.

Question 32

Our immediate short-term memory for new material is limited to roughly ________ bits of information.

A) 3
B) 7
C) 12
D) 24

Question 33

To remember her way from her new home to her school, Julie consciously formed a mental image of each street corner at which she needed to turn. This best illustrates

A) echoic memory.
B) effortful processing.
C) the serial position effect.
D) flashbulb memory.

Question 34

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ________ is to ________.

A) short-term memory; long-term memory
B) explicit memory; implicit memory
C) visual stimulation; auditory stimulation
D) shallow processing; deep processing

Question 35

During the course of a day, people may unconsciously encode the sequence of the day's events. This best illustrates

A) the spacing effect.
B) automatic processing.
C) procedural memory.
D) the self-reference effect.

Question 36

By showing people three rows of three letters each for only a fraction of a second, Sperling demonstrated that people have ________ memory.

A) state-dependent
B) flashbulb
C) iconic
D) procedural

Question 37

Which of the following is a form of sensory memory?

A) procedural memory
B) working memory
C) echoic memory
D) flashbulb memory

Question 38

Sounds and words that are not immediately attended to can still be recalled a couple of seconds later because of our ________ memory.

A) flashbulb
B) echoic
C) procedural
D) iconic

Question 39

Our two-track mind is most clearly illustrated by the difference between

A) encoding and retrieval.
B) iconic memory and echoic memory.
C) implicit memory and explicit memory.
D) short-term memory and long-term memory.

Question 40

Iconic memory refers to

A) the encoded meanings of words and events in short-term memory.
B) photographic, or picture-image, memory that lasts for only a few tenths of a second.
C) the effortlessly processed incidental information about the timing and frequency of events.
D) the visually encoded images in long-term memory.

Question 41

To remember a list of the school supplies she needs, Marcy mentally visualizes each item at a certain location in her house. Marcy's tactic best illustrates use of

A) iconic memory.
B) the serial position effect.
C) a mnemonic technique.
D) the spacing effect.

Question 42

The letters Y, M, O, M, R, E are presented. Jill remembers them by rearranging them to spell the word "MEMORY." This provides an illustration of

A) chunking.
B) automatic processing.
C) the spacing effect.
D) the peg-word system.

Question 43

Deep and shallow processing refer to different types of

A) chunking.
B) encoding.
C) retrieval.
D) mnemonics.

Question 44

Using your working memory to link an unfamiliar textbook glossary term with the first letter sound required to pronounce the term illustrates

A) shallow processing.
B) the peg-word system.
C) the serial position effect.
D) automatic processing.

Question 45

High intelligence and an ability to maintain one's focus of attention is most closely associated with a high level of

A) sensory-memory capacity.
B) short-term memory capacity.
C) working-memory capacity.
D) long-term memory capacity.

Question 46

Which of the following questions about the word pen would best prepare you to correctly remember tomorrow that you had seen that word in today's test?

A) Does the word consist of three letters?
B) Is the word written in capital letters?
C) Would the word fit in this sentence: "The boy put the ________ on his desk"?
D) Does the word rhyme with den?

Question 47

The tendency for distributed study to yield better long-term retention than massed study is known as

A) the serial position effect.
B) state-dependent memory.
C) the spacing effect.
D) semantic processing.

Question 48

Students often remember more information from a one-semester course than from an intensive three-week course. This best illustrates the importance of

A) the serial position effect.
B) automatic processing.
C) implicit memory.
D) the spacing effect.

Question 49

Encoding verbal information based on the meaning of words is called

A) connectionism.
B) the serial position effect.
C) semantic processing.
D) chunking.

Question 50

The use of acronyms to improve one's memory of unfamiliar material best illustrates the value of

A) chunking.
B) the spacing effect.
C) the serial position effect.
D) automatic processing.

Question 51

Deep processing of verbal information involves encoding the ________ of words.

A) meanings
B) sounds
C) sizes
D) shapes

Question 52

Short-term memory capacity can be increased through

A) connectionism.
B) chunking.
C) the serial position effect.
D) automatic processing.

Question 53

Enhanced memory after retrieving rather than simply reading information is demonstrated by

A) imagination inflation.
B) automatic processing.
C) the testing effect.
D) chunking.

Question 54

Which of the following is a mnemonic that makes effective use of vivid imagery?

A) chunking
B) the spacing effect
C) the peg-word system
D) echoic memory

Question 55

Most people misrecall the sentence, "The angry rioter threw the rock at the window" as "The angry rioter threw the rock through the window." This best illustrates the importance of

A) iconic memory.
B) chunking.
C) semantic processing.
D) procedural memory.

Question 56

Memory aids that involve the use of vivid imagery and clever ways of organizing material are called

A) procedural memories.
B) implicit memories.
C) iconic memories.
D) mnemonics.

Question 57

The organization of individual items into larger familiar units is called

A) the spacing effect.
B) chunking.
C) hierarchical organization.
D) the peg-word system.

Question 58

Young adults have ________ working-memory capacity than children and ________ working-memory capacity than older adults.

A) more; less
B) less; more
C) more; more
D) less; less

Question 59

By creating an outline in which specific facts and theories are located within the larger framework of major topics and subtopics, Jasmine can remember much more of what she reads in her textbooks. This best illustrates the benefits of

A) implicit memory.
B) the serial position effect.
C) hierarchical organization.
D) the spacing effect.

Question 60

Encoding a word on the basis of its meaning produces a better memory of the word than encoding a word on the basis of its sound. This best illustrates the value of

A) iconic memory.
B) deep processing.
C) the spacing effect.
D) chunking.

Question 61

Rephrasing text material in your own words is an effective way of facilitating

A) implicit memory.
B) hierarchical organization.
C) mood-congruent memory.
D) deep processing.

Question 62

The self-reference effect best illustrates the value of

A) deep processing.
B) source misattribution.
C) implicit memory.
D) connectionism.

Question 63

Wei Dong was asked to memorize a long list of words that included "ship, effort, professor, and inquire." He later recalled these words as "boat, work, teacher, and question." This best illustrates the impact of

A) source amnesia.
B) the spacing effect.
C) implicit memory.
D) semantic processing.

Question 64

One reason adults typically recall little of their first three years of life is that during infancy they were unable to verbally label their experiences. This best illustrates that the formation of long-term memories often requires

A) implicit memory.
B) shallow processing.
C) source amnesia.
D) semantic processing.