Deck 22: A: Effects of Biology and Cognition

Question 1

The best evidence that animals develop cognitive maps comes from studies of

A) shaping.
B) generalization.
C) latent learning.
D) secondary reinforcement.

Answer 1

latent learning.

Question 2

Pigs trained to pick up large wooden coins subsequently delayed receiving a food reinforcer because they would repeatedly drop and push the coins with their snouts. This best illustrates

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) higher-order conditioning.
C) instinctive drift.
D) latent learning.

Answer 2

instinctive drift.

Question 3

Animals most readily learn the specific associations that promote

A) shaping.
B) survival.
C) extrinsic motivation.
D) prosocial behavior.

Answer 3

survival.

Question 4

Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats challenged the previously accepted principle that

A) positive reinforcement is more effective than punishment in changing behavior.
B) the US must immediately follow the CS for conditioning to occur.
C) learning is influenced by the frequency of association between the CS and US.
D) learning occurs only if a response is followed by reinforcement.

Question 5

Evidence that organisms are biologically predisposed to learn the associations that most readily aid their survival has been provided by

A) Watson and Rayner's study of fear conditioning in Little Albert.
B) Bandura's study of observational learning and aggression in children.
C) Pavlov's study of salivary conditioning in dogs.
D) Garcia and Koelling's study of taste aversion in rats.

Question 6

Pigeons learn to flap their wings to avoid shock ________ easily than they learn to peck a disk to avoid shock. They learn to flap their wings to obtain food ________ easily than they learn to peck a disk to obtain food.

A) more; more
B) more; less
C) less; less
D) less; more

Question 7

A CS for sexual arousal is ecologically relevant if it is similar to stimuli associated with sexual activity in an organism's

A) cognitive map.
B) natural environment.
C) operant chamber.
D) mirror neurons.

Question 8

Birds appear to be biologically predisposed to develop aversions to the ________ of tainted food.

A) taste
B) smell
C) sight
D) sound

Question 9

Some psychologists believe that rats developmental representations of mazes they have explored. These representations are called

A) primary reinforcers.
B) operant chambers.
C) discriminative stimuli.
D) cognitive maps.

Question 10

Latent learning can occur in the absence of

A) reinforcement.
B) cognition.
C) experience.
D) any of these factors.

Question 11

Elijah has learned to expect that whenever he studies diligently for tests, he will receive good grades. This suggests that associative learning involves

A) respondent behavior.
B) cognitive processes.
C) primary reinforcers.
D) intermittent reinforcement.

Question 12

Classical conditioning occurs most rapidly when the learner perceives the ________ to cause the ________.

A) US; UR
B) CS; CR
C) UR; CR
D) CS; US

Question 13

After repeatedly drinking alcohol spiked with a nauseating drug, people with alcohol use disorder may fail to develop an aversion to alcohol because they blame their nausea on the drug. This illustrates the importance of ________ in classical conditioning.

A) biological predispositions
B) negative reinforcement
C) cognitive processes
D) spontaneous recovery

Question 14

It is easier to train a dog to bark for food than to train it to stand on its hind legs for food. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in learning.

A) primary reinforcement
B) generalization
C) biological predispositions
D) negative reinforcement

Question 15

Research on the role of cognitive processes in learning indicates that the strength of a conditioned response depends primarily on the ________ of the CS-US association.

A) frequency
B) distinctiveness
C) duration
D) predictability

Question 16

If a shock is always preceded by a tone, and then sometimes also is preceded by a light that accompanies the tone, a rat will react

A) with no fear either to the tone or to the light.
B) with fear to the tone but not to the light.
C) with fear to the light but not to the tone.
D) with equally high levels of fear both to the tone and to the light.

Question 17

Which of the following has helped prevent coyotes and wolves from attacking sheep?

A) observational learning
B) conditioned taste aversion
C) positive reinforcement
D) spontaneous recovery

Question 18

Professor Kingston emphasizes that learned fears reflect the interacting influences of a person's inborn emotional reactivity, family life history, and capacity to generalize from previous experiences. The professor's emphasis best illustrates

A) behaviorism.
B) the law of effect.
C) prosocial behavior.
D) a biopsychosocial approach.

Question 19

The speed with which people learn associations between the color red and sexuality suggests that classical conditioning is influenced by

A) biological predispositions.
B) the law of effect.
C) extrinsic motivation.
D) cognitive processes.

Question 20

Many psychologists have criticized Skinner for discounting the influence of ________ on behavior.

A) spontaneous recovery
B) associative learning
C) negative reinforcement
D) private thought processes

Question 21

Without any explicit training from adults, many 8-year-old children know how to turn the ignition key to start their parents' cars. This best illustrates the importance of

A) observational learning.
B) classical conditioning.
C) operant conditioning.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 22

Which of the following are thought to become active both when people watch an action being performed and when they perform that action themselves?

A) cognitive maps
B) fixed-ratio schedules
C) mirror neurons
D) operant chambers

Question 23

The process of modeling is most closely associated with

A) operant conditioning.
B) observational learning.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 24

Neuroscientists have discovered mirror neurons in the

A) frontal lobe adjacent to the motor cortex.
B) temporal lobe adjacent to the auditory cortex.
C) parietal lobe adjacent to the sensory cortex.
D) occipital lobe adjacent to the visual cortex.

Question 25

When Julie saw her brother being praised for cleaning his bedroom, she increasingly engaged in cleaning her own bedroom. This best illustrates the impact of

A) instinctive drift.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) vicarious reinforcement.
D) intrinsic motivation.

Question 26

Observational learning was illustrated by a famous experiment involving

A) Pokémon characters.
B) a Skinner box.
C) Little Albert.
D) a Bobo doll.

Question 27

When observing movie characters smoking, smokers' brains spontaneously simulate the act of smoking. This most likely can be attributed to

A) mirror neurons.
B) instinctive drift.
C) extrinsic motivation.
D) partial reinforcement.

Question 28

Mr. Zandee has stopped smoking because he wants to model healthy behavior patterns for his children. Mr. Zandee is apparently aware of the importance of ________ in his children's development.

A) shaping
B) observational learning
C) generalization
D) delayed reinforcement

Question 29

Pavlov is to classical conditioning as ________ is to ________.

A) Thorndike; modeling
B) Skinner; latent learning
C) Bandura; observational learning
D) Garcia; computer-assisted instruction

Question 30

Copying an adult, young children will wave a stick over a box and then use the stick to push on a knob that opens the box when all they needed to do to open the box was to pull on the knob. This best illustrates

A) respondent behavior.
B) partial reinforcement.
C) overimitation.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 31

The transmission of fads and traditions best illustrates the impact of

A) respondent behavior.
B) immediate reinforcement.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) observational learning.

Question 32

The tendency for children to imitate behaviors seen on television best illustrates the importance of

A) modeling.
B) respondent behavior.
C) immediate reinforcement.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 33

The desire to engage in an activity for the sake of its own enjoyment involves

A) secondary reinforcers.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) intrinsic motivation.
D) latent learning.

Question 34

Marcy grows roses for the sheer joy of it; Jennifer grows them to sell at a profit. Marcy's behavior reflects ________, whereas Jennifer's behavior reflects ________.

A) spontaneous recovery; acquisition
B) a variable-ratio schedule; a fixed-ratio schedule
C) intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
D) operant conditioning; classical conditioning

Question 35

Researchers discovered that the regions of the frontal lobe activated when a monkey moves peanuts to its own mouth are also activated when the monkey simply observes other monkeys move peanuts to their mouths. This discovery pointed to the significance of

A) intrinsic motives.
B) mirror neurons.
C) extrinsic motives.
D) cognitive maps.

Question 36

Inferring another's mental states is an ability known as.

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) latent learning.
C) theory of mind.
D) modeling.

Question 37

The tendency to discontinue behaviors that we observe others being punished for performing best illustrates the influence of

A) intrinsic motivation.
B) vicarious punishment.
C) classical conditioning.
D) negative reinforcement.

Question 38

When one monkey sees a second monkey touch four pictures in a certain order to gain a banana, the first monkey learns to imitate that sequence. This best illustrates

A) secondary reinforcement.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) observational learning.
D) shaping.

Question 39

Some scientists have suggested that mirror neurons most clearly provide us with the capacity for

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) intrinsic motivation.
C) intermittent reinforcement.
D) imitation.

Question 40

Bandura's experiments indicate that ________ is important in the process of learning.

A) shaping
B) generalization
C) modeling
D) secondary reinforcement

Question 41

Most researchers who have examined the effects of viewing televised aggression conclude that

A) viewing violence takes people's minds off their own problems and thus reduces their aggressive urges.
B) viewing violence leads children and teenagers to behave aggressively.
C) there is no correlation between viewing aggression and behaving aggressively.
D) although viewing violence is correlated with increased aggression, there is no evidence that viewing violence actually leads to aggression.

Question 42

Ten-year-old Karen frequently watches violent movies on television. This is most likely to lead her to

A) underestimate the actual frequency of violent crimes in the real world.
B) experience less distress at the sight of other children fighting on the school playground.
C) become more hesitant about personally starting a fight with another child.
D) become less fearful about being criminally assaulted.

Question 43

The violence-viewing effect is especially pronounced when the observed violence

A) causes visible harm.
B) goes unpunished.
C) seems unjustified.
D) is committed by an unattractive person.

Question 44

Prolonged exposure to TV violence leads viewers to experience

A) more sympathy for victims of violence and to become more upset by the sight of real-life violence.
B) less sympathy for victims of violence and to become less upset by the sight of real-life violence.
C) more sympathy for victims of violence and to become less upset by the sight of real-life violence.
D) less sympathy for victims of violence and to become more upset by the sight of real-life violence.

Question 45

Experiments suggest that children exposed to a model who says one thing and does another will

A) ignore both what the model says and does.
B) ignore what the model does but talk in ways consistent with what the model says.
C) ignore what the model says but act in ways consistent with what the model does.
D) talk in ways consistent with what the model says and act in ways consistent with what the model does.

Question 46

A dramatic increase in children's violent play immediately after they viewed a video of the "Power Rangers" illustrates the role of television as a source of

A) respondent behavior.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) negative reinforcement.
D) observational learning.

Question 47

Like European Christians who risked their lives to rescue Jews from the Nazis, civil rights activists of the 1960s had parents who

A) consistently used reinforcement in combination with punishment to shape their children's moral behavior.
B) modeled a strong moral or humanitarian concern.
C) consistently used psychological punishment rather than physical punishment in shaping their children's behavior.
D) consistently explained to their children the harsh consequences of immoral behavior.