Deck 20: Endocrine System

Question 1

Endocrine glands have no ducts.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Hormones

A) are generally released into interstitial fluid.
B) help regulate the function of all the body systems.
C) influence the metabolism of cells.
D) are an essential component of the body's response to stress.
E) All of the answer choices accurately describe hormones.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

In the following pairs, which lists the first messenger followed by a second messenger?

A) insulin; glucagon
B) ACTH; cortisol
C) TSH; thyroxin
D) glucose; insulin
E) peptide hormone; cAMP

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Which of the following endocrine glands stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus?

A) thyroid
B) adrenal cortex
C) adrenal medulla
D) posterior pituitary
E) anterior pituitary

Question 5

The production of hormones is usually controlled in what two ways?

A) positive and negative feedback mechanisms
B) neurosecretions and endocrine gland secretions
C) cooperative hormones and antagonist hormones
D) negative feedback and other hormone actions
E) positive feedback and cooperative hormones

Question 6

Which endocrine gland increases metabolic rate and also regulates growth and development?

A) anterior pituitary
B) thyroid
C) hypothalamus
D) pancreas
E) posterior pituitary

Question 7

Which body system consists of glands and tissues that secrete hormones?

A) nervous system
B) digestive system
C) respiratory system
D) circulatory system
E) endocrine system

Question 8

Which statement is true about steroid hormones?

A) Insulin is a steroid hormone.
B) Steroids bind to cell surface receptors.
C) Steroid hormones act faster than peptide hormones.
D) The hormone-receptor complex can enter the nucleus.
E) Steroid hormones have different complexes of 4-carbon rings.

Question 9

Which of the following is an endocrine gland?

A) hypothalamus
B) pituitary
C) thyroid
D) adrenal cortex
E) All of the answer choices listed are endocrine glands.

Question 10

When Lauren reached the age of puberty, she did not undergo the expected changes. Today, at 17, she has still not undergone puberty. What endocrine gland could be the issue?

A) posterior pituitary
B) parathyroid
C) thymus
D) pancreas
E) adrenal cortex

Question 11

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

A) causes the mammary glands in the breasts to develop and produce milk.
B) is a major regulator of daily cycles and timing of puberty.
C) is in relatively high concentration in most humans.
D) causes dramatic skin color changes in some fish, amphibians, and reptiles.
E) is responsible for sleep and wake cycles.

Question 12

Steroid hormones always have the same complex of four-carbon rings.

Question 13

The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary via

A) nerve stimulation.
B) blood osmotic concentrations.
C) blood glucose concentrations.
D) sending hormones through a portal system.
E) ACTH.

Question 14

Which statement is true about peptide hormones?

A) Peptide hormones all have the same basic 4-carbon ring structure.
B) Peptide hormones bind to receptors in the cell cytoplasm.
C) Peptide hormones initiate the formation of cyclic AMP inside the cell.
D) The minority of hormones produced in the body are peptide hormones.
E) Peptide hormones usually require a first, second and third messenger.

Question 15

In contrast to most other hormones, oxytocin has what unique property?

A) Oxytocin only has one effect on one tissue.
B) Oxytocin is a sex hormone found in equal amounts in both males and females.
C) The action of oxytocin builds in a positive feedback loop, rather than maintaining an equilibrium.
D) Oxytocin affects all cells in the human body, not just one target tissue.
E) Oxytocin is produced by the embryo and transferred across the placenta to the mother.

Question 16

Which three endocrine glands are affected by hormones from the anterior pituitary?

A) thymus, adrenal cortex, gonads
B) thymus, parathyroids, pancreas
C) thyroid, adrenal cortex, gonads
D) adrenal cortex, gonads, pineal gland
E) pineal gland, pancreas, parathyroid

Question 17

The part of the brain controlling the anterior pituitary gland secretions is the

A) medulla.
B) thalamus.
C) cerebral cortex.
D) hypothalamus.
E) cerebellum.

Question 18

The role of the second messenger is to carry the message of the hormone on to surrounding cells.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct association?

A) thyroid-thyroxine
B) anterior pituitary-FSH and LH
C) adrenal gland-norepinephrine
D) pancreas-insulin
E) All of the answer choices are correct associations.

Question 20

If a chemical agent acted to make the nuclear envelope pores impermeable to the passage of hormones, what effect would it have?

A) Neither steroid nor peptide hormones would be effective.
B) Steroid hormones would continue to be effective but peptide hormones would be ineffective.
C) Peptide hormones would continue to be effective but steroid hormones would be ineffective.
D) Both steroid and peptide hormones would continue to be effective.
E) It would depend on the cell being affected.

Question 21

Which of the following hormones is produced by the thyroid gland and controls blood calcium levels?

A) mineralocorticoids
B) parathyroid hormone
C) T₄
D) calcitonin
E) T₃

Question 22

We purchase and consume iodized salt because the thyroid needs iodine and the lack of iodine interferes with thyroid function.

Question 23

Which statement is correct about PTH?

A) When calcium level rises, PTH secretion is activated.
B) When calcium level lowers, PTH secretion is stimulated.
C) PTH has the same effect as calcitonin.
D) PTH inhibits calcium absorption from the gut.
E) PTH decreases the activity of osteoclasts.

Question 24

Which of the following hormones is considered a mineralcorticoid?

A) cortisol
B) insulin
C) thyroxin
D) aldosterone
E) parathyroid hormone

Question 25

Too much urine indicates

A) too little ADH.
B) too much ADH.
C) too little ACTH.
D) too much ACTH.
E) an imbalance between the ADH and ACTH levels.

Question 26

Weakened bones can result from an oversecretion of the

A) thyroid gland.
B) adrenal gland.
C) pancreas.
D) parathyroid gland.
E) pituitary.

Question 27

Cortisone is derived from the hormone cortisol that is released from the

A) adrenal medulla.
B) adrenal cortex.
C) thyroid.
D) parathyroid.
E) posterior pituitary.

Question 28

Which of the following is the pathway produced in the adrenal glands in response to long-term stress?

A) hypothalamus (ACTH-releasing hormone) → anterior pituitary (ACTH) → adrenal cortex (glucocorticoids)
B) hypothalamus (ACTH-releasing hormone) → anterior pituitary (ACTH) → adrenal medulla (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
C) anterior pituitary (ACTH) → hypothalamus (ACTH-releasing hormone) → adrenal medulla (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
D) adrenal cortex (glucocorticoids) → anterior pituitary (ACTH) → hypothalamus (ACTH-releasing hormone)
E) adrenal medulla (epinephrine and norepinephrine) → hypothalamus (ACTH-releasing hormone) → anterior pituitary (ACTH)

Question 29

Testosterone in the bloodstream can exert negative feedback control over the secretions of the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary.

Question 30

Which hormone is mismatched?

A) thyroxin-thyroid
B) parathyroid-calcium
C) insulin-glucose
D) aldosterone-iodine
E) thymus-thymosin

Question 31

Which of the following statements about T₃ and T₄ is true?

A) T₄₃ has more potent activity than T₄.
B) They are both produced from tyrosine.
C) They are both considered peptide hormones.
D) T₃ contains 3 iodine atoms while T₄ contains 4 iodine atoms.
E) All of the answer choices are true statements.

Question 32

Which of the following glands has both an endocrine and an exocrine function?

A) mammary gland
B) pancreas
C) pituitary
D) adrenal gland
E) thyroid gland

Question 33

What hormones produced by the adrenal cortex regulate salt and water balance?

A) adrenal steroids
B) adrenalins
C) glucocorticoids
D) thymosins
E) mineralocorticoids

Question 34

Which hormone stimulates the rate at which amino acids enter the cell, increasing protein synthesis?

A) oxytocin
B) melanocyte-stimulating hormone
C) anti-diuretic hormone
D) growth hormone
E) gonadotropic hormone

Question 35

Which structure is targeted directly by the anterior pituitary?

A) liver
B) T lymphocytes
C) cardiac muscle
D) adipose tissue
E) mammary glands

Question 36

In the past, the parathyroid glands were sometimes mistakenly removed during surgery when another part of the body was removed. Which part was intended to be removed?

A) thyroid
B) tonsils
C) adenoids
D) appendix
E) uterus

Question 37

Which of the following hormones will allow us to react to emergency situations?

A) estrogen
B) progesterone
C) testosterone
D) atrial natriuretic hormone
E) norepinephrine

Question 38

The thyroid is in the abdomen, on top of the kidneys.

Question 39

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A) near the thyroid gland
B) near the kidneys
C) near the posterior pituitary
D) near the pancreas
E) near the gonads

Question 40

When Rebekah went in to deliver her first child, her labor did not progress. The doctors gave her a hormone to speed the birthing process. Which hormone did they give her?

A) oxytocin
B) prolactin
C) ADH
D) HGH
E) epinephrine

Question 41

One side effect of anabolic steroids to increase muscle bulk is that the testes shrink. Since the testes also produce testosterone, what is the likely mechanism for this shrinkage?

A) The anterior pituitary assumes overproduction and drops the level of hormones that cause the testes to develop.
B) Artificial testosterone causes a negative feedback to the anterior pituitary that in turn tries to stimulate ovary development.
C) Testosterone has a negative feedback effect directly on testes.
D) Artificial testosterone is toxic to testicular cells.
E) Excess testosterone actually backfires and reverses the effects of puberty.

Question 42

Oversecretion of thyroid hormone results in

A) Cushing syndrome.
B) Addison disease.
C) Graves disease.
D) a simple goiter.
E) acromegaly.

Question 43

Which of the following is an effect of somatostatin?

A) The small intestine decreases the absorption of nutrients from the digestive tract.
B) The liver stores glucose from the blood as glycogen.
C) Muscle cells store glycogen and build protein.
D) Adipose tissue uses glucose from the blood to form fat.
E) Blood glucose levels drop.

Question 44

Which gland decreases in size as we age and could be responsible for a decreased immune response?

A) thymus
B) thyroid
C) parathyroid
D) pancreas
E) testes in males; ovaries in females

Question 45

Which hormone will decrease blood glucose levels?

A) thyroxin
B) aldosterone
C) cortisol
D) insulin
E) glucagons

Question 46

College students are notorious for having a reversed day-night schedule. They stay up all night and sleep during the day. This alteration changes what hormone levels?

A) melatonin
B) leptin
C) growth hormone
D) testosterone in males; estrogen in females
E) prostaglandins

Question 47

A hormone that acts on the hypothalamus to signal satiety is

A) melatonin.
B) thymosin.
C) leptin.
D) growth hormone.
E) prostaglandin.

Question 48

Somatostatin is produced by the pancreas, stomach, and small intestine.

Question 49

A simple goiter can be prevented by

A) surgery to remove the thyroid gland.
B) removal of the pituitary.
C) administration of ACTH.
D) administration of insulin.
E) increasing intake of iodine in the diet.

Question 50

Aspirin interferes with the synthesis of which molecule?

A) leptin
B) growth factors
C) prostaglandins
D) melatonin
E) thymosins

Question 51

Which of the following is mismatched?

A) leptin-signals satiety
B) platelet-derived growth factor-increases the size of platelets
C) nerve growth factor-promotes growth of nerves
D) epidermal growth factor-stimulates growth of skin
E) granulocyte and macrophage colony-stimulating factor-helps stem cells decide on blood cell production

Question 52

Leptin, growth factors, and prostaglandins are hormones produced in places other than the "glands."

Question 53

Which gland produces melatonin?

A) pancreas
B) pineal gland
C) adrenal gland
D) thyroid gland
E) pituitary

Question 54

The condition that results when there is an increased production of human growth hormone in an adult is termed

A) Cushing syndrome.
B) Addison disease.
C) gigantism.
D) dwarfism.
E) acromegaly.

Question 55

Which of the following hormonal disorders is mismatched?

A) acromegaly-overproduction of GH in adult
B) pituitary dwarf-too little GH produced during childhood
C) Cushing syndrome-oversecretion of ACTH due to an adrenal cortex tumor
D) diabetes-either the pancreas produces too much insulin or liver and muscle cells have too many receptors
E) goiter-thyroid is unable to produce thyroxine due to too little iodine in diet

Question 56

Glucagon stimulates the liver to take up glucose in order to store it as glycogen.

Question 57

Which of the following is an effect of the hormone testosterone?

A) accumulation of a fat layer beneath the skin
B) pelvic girdle grows wider
C) breast development
D) egg maturation and menstrual cycle control
E) growth of hair and muscular tissue

Question 58

The beta cells of the pancreas produce somatostatin, the alpha cells produce glucagon, and the delta cells produce insulin.

Question 59

Exophthalmia can sometimes be cured by

A) injections of thyroid hormone.
B) adding iodine to the diet.
C) a pancreatic implant.
D) surgically removing a portion of the pancreas, or destroying part of it with radiation.
E) surgically removing a portion of the thyroid, or destroying part of it with radiation.

Question 60

Prostaglandins

A) are distributed by blood like other hormones.
B) cause muscles to relax.
C) alleviate pain.
D) are proteins produced in the brain.
E) act locally.

Question 61

Which disease results when the adrenal cortex produces too much hormone?

A) diabetes insipidus
B) diabetes mellitus
C) Cushing syndrome
D) Addison disease
E) myxedema

Question 62

What is the potential benefit for a woman to choose a mate who has a different major histocompatibility complex than themselves?

A) increased immune response for their offspring
B) increased intellectual ability of the offspring
C) greater chance of fertility
D) greater chance for attracting a successful mate
E) increased chance of producing multiple offspring

Question 63

List and explain the role of the main growth factors.

Question 64

What is the exocrine role of the pancreas?

A) The pancreas secretes digestive juices into the small intestine.
B) The pancreas secretes digestive juices into the stomach.
C) The pancreas secretes digestive juices into the large intestine.
D) The pancreas produces insulin that is secreted into the bloodstream.
E) The pancreas produces glucagon that is taken up by the liver.

Question 65

Which region of the human body is least likely to produce pheromones?

A) palms
B) scalp
C) oral cavity
D) axilla
E) genital area

Question 66

What are the chemical signals that act between two individuals of the same species?

A) pheromones
B) first messenger
C) second messenger
D) growth factors
E) None of the answer choices are chemical signals that communicate between two individuals of the same species.

Question 67

Type 1 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes in the United States.

Question 68

What is the role of the epidermal growth factors?

A) stimulate the healing of wounds
B) increase the number of fibroblasts
C) increase the number of smooth muscle cells
D) increase the chances of developing a wound
E) form into different types of white blood cells

Question 69

Which group of pituitary hormones will act upon other endocrine glands?

A) TSH, ACTH, and gonadotropic hormones
B) TSH, ADH, and gonadotropic hormones
C) oxytocin, ACTH, and gonadotropic hormones
D) ADH, oxytocin, and gonadotropic hormones
E) PRL, MSH, and gonadotropic hormones

Question 70

What is "tetany"?

A) continuous muscle contractions due to high blood calcium
B) continuous muscle contractions caused by low blood calcium
C) the random contractions of fibers in a muscle that keep a person upright
D) inability to function caused by low blood sugar due to diabetes
E) ultimate muscle fatigue where the oxygen debt exceeds all ATP available

Question 71

Absence of the parathyroid hormone causes

A) lethargy and hair loss.
B) tetany.
C) sleepiness.
D) mental retardation.
E) cretinism.

Question 72

Which of the following is specific to type 2 diabetes?

A) It is caused when the pancreas is not producing insulin.
B) It is likely due to an environmental agent, perhaps a virus, that causes cytotoxic T cells to destroy islets.
C) It is treated with insulin injections and pancreatic transplants.
D) It is dangerous due to the risk of acidosis, coma, and death.
E) It is often caused by obesity.

Question 73

Which of the following symptoms is characteristic of someone with Addison disease?

A) cells unable to take up glucose
B) increased breakdown of fats and protein
C) frequent urination
D) sugar in the urine
E) bronzing of the skin

Question 74

Which statement is correct about the role of the ovaries?

A) Under the influence of gonadotropic hormones, the ovaries produce eggs as well as estrogen and progesterone.
B) Under the influence of gonadotropic hormones, the ovaries produce eggs as well as androgens.
C) The gonadotropic hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary that will influence the ovaries to produce eggs as well as estrogen and progesterone.
D) Under the influence of gonadotropic hormones, the ovaries produce sperm as well as estrogen and progesterone.
E) Under the influence of gonadotropic hormones, the ovaries produce eggs as well as testosterone.

Question 75

Which of the following glands and associated disorders is mismatched?

A) adrenal cortex-bronzing of skin, no increase in blood glucose levels in response to stress, dehydration, and death
B) pineal gland-decrease in T cell immune function
C) parathyroid glands-drop in blood calcium level and tetany (muscles shake)
D) ovaries-alteration in menstrual cycle and change in secondary sex characteristics
E) adult thyroid-low pulse rate and body temperature and lethargy

Question 76

What is the role of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors?

A) cause the bone marrow stem cells to form into different types of white blood cells
B) cause the bone marrow stem cells to form into different types of red blood cells
C) increase the number of fibroblasts
D) increase the number of smooth muscle cells
E) stimulate the healing of wounds

Question 77

What is the role of the second messenger?

A) to set in motion the enzyme cascade
B) convey information between two individuals of the same species
C) binds to the cell surface
D) to activate the third messenger
E) None of the answer choices are functions of the second messenger.

Question 78

Which statement is correct about the role of mineralocorticoids?

A) Mineralocorticoids are used to regulate salt and water balances in the body, leading to an increase in the blood volume and blood pressure.
B) Mineralocorticoids are used to regulate salt and water balances in the body, leading to a decrease in the blood volume and blood pressure.
C) Mineralocorticoids are used to regulate salt and water balances in the body, leading to an increase in the blood volume but a decrease in blood pressure.
D) Mineralocorticoids are used to regulate carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism, leading to an increase in the blood glucose levels.
E) Mineralocorticoids are used to regulate carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism, leading to a decrease in the blood glucose levels.

Question 79

List the six hormones produced by the anterior pituitary and indicate their primary function.

Question 80

What is an endocrine function of the pancreas?

A) The pancreas secretes glucagon that stimulates the liver to break down glycogen to glucose.
B) The pancreas secretes glucagon that stimulates the liver to break down glucose into glycogen.
C) The pancreas secretes digestive juices into the small intestine.
D) The pancreas secretes digestive juices into the stomach.
E) The pancreas secretes digestive juices into the large intestine.