Deck 10: Attraction and Intimacy: Liking and Loving Others

Question 1

Which of the following is not an example of aggression?

A) terrorism
B) a predator stalking its prey
C) assisted suicide
D) bar brawl

Answer 1

assisted suicide

Question 2

Sigmund Freud argued that aggression ultimately springs from

A) an innate sexual drive.
B) a primitive death urge.
C) observation of aggressive adult models.
D) blocking of goal-directed behaviour.

Answer 2

a primitive death urge.

Question 3

Philosopher Thomas Hobbes sees laws as necessary to restrain and control the "human brute." This brutish view of human nature was also held by

A) Jean-Jacque Rousseau
B) Albert Bandura
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Carl Rogers

Answer 3

Sigmund Freud

Question 4

Instinctive behaviour is behaviour that is

A) survival-oriented and common to most members of a species.
B) innate, unlearned, and shown by all members of a species.
C) reflexive and automatic but easily overcome by learning.
D) the way members of a species ought to behave.

Question 5

Who among the following argued that there is an inborn aggressive drive?

A) Bandura
B) Berkowitz
C) Lorenz
D) Dollard

Question 6

Of the following, which is the best example of instrumental aggression?

A) An angry football player tackles a quarterback after he has attempted a long pass.
B) A jealous wife finds her husband with another woman and shoots them both.
C) A group of mercenaries, hired to kill the dictator of a small country, arrange to poison him.
D) A man smashes his TV set after he cannot make it work.

Question 7

The act of deliberately hurting someone while driven by anger and performed as an end in itself defines

A) aggression.
B) hostile aggression.
C) instrumental aggression.
D) deliberate aggression.

Question 8

The death penalty has not been shown to effectively deter homicide. One reason for this is that most murders are the result of

A) hormonal influences.
B) hostile aggression.
C) instrumental aggression.
D) a malfunctioning amygdala.

Question 9

According to your text, ______________ is an example of the human potential for extraordinary cruelty across the globe.

A) conformity.
B) genocide.
C) kidnapping.
D) obedience.

Question 10

Which of the following would be an example of aggression as defined in the text?

A) Sam accidentally slams the car door too quickly, and it hits Tim's knee.
B) Luisa urges her classmates not to vote for Marcy for dormitory senator, citing some rumours about Marcy's social life.
C) Carla, a dentist, delivers a shot of Novocain before pulling her patient's diseased tooth.
D) Joe's eagerness and enthusiasm result in his being promoted to sales manager in a very short time.

Question 11

Which of the following would be considered aggression as the term is defined in the text?

A) A motorist accidentally hits a child who has run into the car's path.
B) An assertive salesperson manages to sell $200,000 worth of automobiles in one month.
C) A child attempts to hit a playmate with a rock but misses.
D) All of these choices.

Question 12

In analyzing the causes of aggression, social psychologists have focused on three primary ideas. Which of the following is not one of them?

A) Aggression is a variable trait; some humans rarely behave aggressively, while others cannot control aggressive impulses.
B) There is an inborn aggressive drive among human beings.
C) Aggression is a natural response to frustration.
D) Like other social behaviours, aggression is learned.

Question 13

Twentieth-century humanity was the ________ educated, and homicidal, in history. Adding in genocides and human-made famines, there were approximately _____ million "deaths by mass unpleasantness."

A) most; 10
B) least; 10
C) most; 182
D) least; 182

Question 14

Tawanda is upset with Tina. During a social gathering she verbally cuts Tina down in front of others. Tawanda's behaviour is

A) assertive.
B) manipulative.
C) aggressive.
D) an example of displacement.

Question 15

Which of the following is false?

A) Animals' social aggression and silent aggression seem to involve the same brain region.
B) Alcohol enhances violence by reducing people's self-awareness.
C) Low levels of serotonin are often found in the violence-prone.
D) "Hostile" aggression springs from emotions such as anger.

Question 16

According to the text, a dynamic salesperson who is self-assured, energetic, and "go-getting" on the sales floor should be described as

A) instrumentally aggressive.
B) manipulative.
C) aggressive.
D) assertive.

Question 17

Aggression is any physical or verbal behaviour that

A) may result in physical or psychological damage.
B) springs from anger or hostility.
C) results in harm regardless of intent.
D) is intended to hurt someone.

Question 18

Cold, calculated mob murders should be classified as

A) genetically based.
B) hostile aggression.
C) instrumental aggression.
D) silent aggression.

Question 19

Behaviour intended at harming and hurting someone defines

A) persuasion.
B) conformity.
C) foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
D) aggression.

Question 20

___________ aggression in humans appears to parallel __________ aggression in animals.

A) Hostile; silent
B) Hostile; social
C) Instrumental; social
D) Social; silent

Question 21

In contrast to Freud's view of aggression, Lorenz argued that

A) aggression is innate.
B) aggression can be adaptive rather than self-destructive.
C) aggression is biologically influenced but is not instinctive.
D) aggression is socially learned.

Question 22

Research on neural, genetic, and biochemical influences on aggression suggest that

A) aggression is inevitable in some individuals.
B) violent behaviour is biologically programmed into human nature.
C) biological influences predispose some people more than others to react aggressively to conflict.
D) none of these choices.

Question 23

Instinct theories of aggression would have the most difficulty accounting for

A) silent and social aggression in animals.
B) wide variations in aggressiveness from culture to culture.
C) biochemical influences on aggression.
D) unprovoked outbursts of aggression.

Question 24

Which theory is most susceptible to the criticism of trying to explain aggression by naming it?

A) instrumental aggression theory
B) instinct theory
C) frustration-aggression theory
D) social-learning theory

Question 25

Which of the following best describes the relation between aggressive behaviour and testosterone?

A) Testosterone facilitates aggressiveness and aggressiveness boosts testosterone levels.
B) Testosterone facilitates aggressiveness only.
C) Aggressiveness boosts testosterone levels only.
D) There is no relation between aggressiveness and testosterone.

Question 26

MacDonald and colleagues found that _________ people administer stronger shocks and feel angrier when thinking back on relationships.

A) intoxicated
B) fearless
C) impulsive
D) temperose

Question 27

Which of the following statements about aggression is true?

A) Animals of many species can be bred for aggressiveness.
B) A fearless, impulsive, temper-prone child is at risk for violent behaviour in adolescence.
C) Identical twins are more likely than fraternal twins to agree on whether they have violent tempers.
D) All of these choices

Question 28

Jessie's car had a flat tire in the rain. After she managed to fix it, she arrived home late only to have a parking spot just in front of her apartment taken by a faster driver. Entering her home, she kicks her pet cat, who is waiting at the door. Jessie's behaviour is perhaps most easily explained in terms of

A) frustration-aggression theory.
B) the adaptation-level phenomenon.
C) Murphy's law.
D) social learning theory.

Question 29

Alcohol enhances aggressiveness by reducing

A) testosterone levels.
B) self-awareness.
C) activity in the amygdala.
D) All of the these choices

Question 30

Raine and his colleagues found that

A) the occipital area was 25% less active than normal in nonabused murderers and 45% smaller in the antisocial men.
B) the parietal area was 2% less active than normal in nonabused murderers and 45% smaller in the antisocial men.
C) the prefrontal cortex was 14% less active than normal in nonabused murderers and 15% smaller in the antisocial men.
D) All of the above

Question 31

Which of the following has not been shown to be a biochemical influence on aggression?

A) alcohol
B) the amygdala
C) testosterone
D) serotonin

Question 32

People in your class fit into one of two groups. The "Blues" are often depressed. The "Reds" are never depressed. The two groups are otherwise the same. You would expect that

A) the Blues have lower serotonin and are more likely to act aggressively.
B) the Reds have higher serotonin and are more likely to act aggressively.
C) the Blues have higher serotonin and are less likely to act aggressively.
D) the Reds have lower serotonin and are less likely to act aggressively.

Question 33

Laboratory studies have found that ___________ people's serotonin levels ____________ their responsiveness to aversive events and willingness to deliver electric shocks.

A) increasing; increases
B) increasing; decreases
C) decreasing; increases
D) decreasing; decreases

Question 34

Your friend Regina tells you that geese must have a flocking instinct because she often sees geese in flocks. Regina is doing something that social psychologists have done with the problem of aggression. Regina is

A) mistaking habitat for ecology.
B) observing an adaptation-level phenomenon.
C) experiencing relative deprivation.
D) trying to explain observed behaviour by naming it.

Question 35

Research on alcohol and aggression has indicated that

A) violent people are both more likely to drink and more likely to become aggressive when intoxicated.
B) people who have been drinking commit about half of all violent crimes.
C) in experiments, intoxicated people administer stronger shocks.
D) all of these choices.

Question 36

Compared to prisoners convicted of non-violent crimes, those convicted of unprovoked violent crimes tend to

A) be first-borns.
B) have authoritarian attitudes.
C) be older.
D) have higher testosterone levels.

Question 37

A person punching a wall after losing a game of checkers is an example of

A) regression.
B) displacement.
C) relative deprivation.
D) the weapons effect.

Question 38

Abnormal brains can contribute to __________ aggressive behaviour.

A) abnormally
B) normally
C) hostile
D) None of the above

Question 39

Studies of hormonal influences on aggression indicate that

A) hormonal influences are as strong in humans as they are in lower animals.
B) after age 25, testosterone and rates of violent crime decrease together.
C) variations in testosterone seem to have no effect on behaviour within the normal range of teen boys and adult men.
D) All of these choices

Question 40

Imagine that researchers have come up with a new substance called sumense, which decreases people's self-awareness and reduces their ability to consider the consequences of their actions. What effect do you expect sumense would have on adolescents' aggression?

A) There is no reason to believe it would have any effect.
B) Sumense would likely enhance aggression.
C) Sumense would likely decrease aggression.
D) Sumense would decrease aggressiveness of young males.

Question 41

The blocking of goal-directed behaviour is called

A) instrumental aggression.
B) hostile aggression.
C) frustration.
D) displacement.

Question 42

Relative deprivation is the likely result of __________ comparison, especially for people with __________ self-esteem.

A) upward; shaky
B) upward; solid
C) downward; shaky
D) downward; solid

Question 43

We are most likely to displace our aggression onto a target that is

A) nothing like the person who provoked our anger in the first place.
B) similar to the person who provoked our anger in the first place.
C) helpless to retaliate in kind.
D) nonhuman.

Question 44

Which of the following is the best example of frustration-induced aggression?

A) suicide bombing
B) road rage
C) terrorist acts
D) sexual coercion

Question 45

Berkowitz's revised frustration-aggression theory argues that

A) frustration always leads to some form of aggression.
B) aggressive people are more sensitive to frustration cues.
C) frustration can produce many emotional responses, not solely aggression.
D) frustration produces anger; anger is released when confronted with aggressive cues.

Question 46

Researchers could study the concept of relative deprivation by measuring the discontent of

A) research participants who are paid differing amounts of money for doing the same work.
B) people who work as maids in the houses of very wealthy people.
C) female college teachers who are paid less than male college teachers.
D) all of these choices.

Question 47

Jeremy instigates more and more fights with younger children on the school playground because it gains him the attention and respect of his friends. This most clearly suggests that his aggression is

A) the result of frustration.
B) instinctive.
C) a learned response.
D) the result of displacement.

Question 48

People who are facing a severe personal threat often search for a silver lining by

A) analyzing the cloud.
B) comparing upward.
C) comparing downward.
D) displacing aggression onto a scapegoat.

Question 49

Becky has just had a frustrating day in her university classes and while she knows she shouldn't behave aggressively towards her professors, she is angry and ends up taking this out on someone else. Which of the following individuals is Becky most likely to displace her aggression towards?

A) A lady at the grocery store that is holding up the line by counting out her pennies.
B) Her boyfriend who comes over for dinner and surprises her with flowers.
C) A fellow student in one of her classes that annoys her by asking for her notes.
D) Her 6-year old sister who made a mess in her room while she was at school.

Question 50

Your textbook author describes Marc Lepine's murder of 14 women at the École Polytechnique de Montréal as an example of

A) instrumental aggression.
B) the effects of alcohol on aggression.
C) frustration due to a disparity between expectations and attainments.
D) frustration due to retroactive association.

Question 51

Hennigan and colleagues suggest that the larceny theft rate in U.S. cities jumped after television was first introduced because the thieves

A) observed too much crime on television.
B) felt deprived relative to wealthy television characters and those portrayed in advertisements.
C) became more removed from the socializing influence of home and school.
D) wanted but could not afford the luxury of a television set.

Question 52

Frustration triggers the most aggression when we perceive the frustration as

A) inevitable.
B) deserved.
C) unjustified.
D) unwelcome.

Question 53

Imagine that you've just finished vacuuming when your young daughter races through the house into the bathroom with her muddy shoes still on her feet. According to the revised version of the frustration-aggression theory, in which situation would you be the least angry at your daughter?

A) Your daughter is only seven years old.
B) Your daughter is with a friend.
C) Your daughter is ill and couldn't stop to take off her shoes.
D) No matter what the situation, you'll be furious.

Question 54

Arvid didn't work very hard on his last class essay assignment, so he was relieved at first to find he'd gotten a C on it. But when he learned that most of his classmates had gotten Bs and As, he felt unhappy and angry about his grade. Arvid's experience is best explained in terms of

A) the adaptation-level phenomenon.
B) the relative deprivation principle.
C) displacement.
D) Parkinson's second law.

Question 55

A man who is humiliated by his boss berates his wife, who yells at their son, who kicks the dog, which bites the mail carrier. This is an example of

A) displacement.
B) aberrant decoding.
C) aggression.
D) none of these choices.

Question 56

According to the text, frustration arises from the gap between

A) expectation and attainments.
B) daily frustrations.
C) consistent minor irritations.
D) Both A and B

Question 57

The perception that one is less well off than others to whom one compares oneself is referred to as

A) the adaptation level phenomenon.
B) relative deprivation.
C) Parkinson's second law.
D) the unjust-world principle.

Question 58

Aggression is _______ likely when we are aroused and it seems safe and rewarding to aggress.

A) most
B) least
C) both A and B
D) none of these choices

Question 59

Frustration grows when

A) our motivation to achieve a goal is very strong.
B) we expected gratification.
C) we are completely blocked in attaining our goal.
D) all of these choices.

Question 60

After arguing with her boyfriend, Peter, over the telephone, Roberta smashes down the receiver and then throws the phone across the room. This behaviour most clearly demonstrates

A) the weapons effect.
B) displacement.
C) instrumental aggression.
D) Parkinson's second law.

Question 61

Research with children suggests that observing aggressive behaviour can

A) lower their inhibitions against aggression.
B) teach them ways to be aggressive.
C) lead them to imitate directly aggressive behaviour.
D) all of these choices.

Question 62

Research reports that ____ of juveniles in detention did not grow up with two parents.

A) 10%
B) 50%
C) 70%
D) 88%

Question 63

Research in the laboratory and in real life suggests that pain, personal attacks, and overcrowding are _______ experiences that _______ the likelihood of aggression.

A) aversive; increase
B) aversive; decrease
C) frustrating; do not affect
D) frustrating; decrease

Question 64

Berkowitz showed that __________ rather than __________ is the basic trigger of hostile aggression.

A) aversive stimulation; frustration
B) frustration; aversive stimulation
C) frustration; pain
D) pain; aversive stimulation

Question 65

The correlation between parental (father) absence and violence holds

A) only for minority populations.
B) only for low status families.
C) only among the poorly educated.
D) across race, status, and education.

Question 66

Azrin's research with rats and other animal species has found

A) a consistent pain-attack response that occurs across species.
B) aggressive responses vary across species depending on the level of provocation.
C) pain from shocks leads to attack only against one's own species.
D) only physical pain, and not psychological pain, led to aggressive responses.

Question 67

In Schachter and Singer's classic study, participants injected with adrenaline were exposed to either an angry or a euphoric confederate. Participants who expected the injection to make them feel _____ became _____ when placed with the angry confederate.

A) aroused; angry
B) aroused; euphoric
C) no side effects; angry
D) no side effects; euphoric

Question 68

In Canada in 1996, _____ of children did not live with two parents, and a similar-sized juvenile population produced more than _________ arrests for violent crimes.

A) 10%; 20,000
B) 19%; 22,500
C) 25%; 22,500
D) 32%; 20,000

Question 69

In a famous experiment by Albert Bandura and colleagues, children watched an adult attack a Bobo doll with a mallet. They were then shown some attractive toys they were forbidden to play with. When they were taken to another room, they

A) began to cry.
B) attacked a Bobo doll.
C) verbally attacked the adult experimenter.
D) chose to watch a violent rather than a non-violent film.

Question 70

According to cross-cultural research, __________ attacks breed __________ attacks.

A) intentional; retaliatory
B) non-intentional; retaliatory
C) both A and B
D) none of these choices

Question 71

Research on the role of family influences on aggression indicates that

A) most abused children become abusive parents.
B) higher rates of violence occur where father care is minimal.
C) an only child tends to be more aggressive in social situations outside the family.
D) all of these choices.

Question 72

In the Southern culture of honour, White men are

A) twice as likely as rural Midwestern White men to have guns for protection.
B) half as likely to agree that "a man has a right to kill to defend his home."
C) twice as likely to be against spanking.
D) half as likely to support wars.

Question 73

The results of the Schachter and Singer experiment in which participants were injected with adrenaline prior to waiting with either a hostile or euphoric person support the idea that

A) bodily arousal feeds one emotion or another depending on how we interpret the arousal.
B) distinct physiological differences exist among the emotions.
C) frustration is largely a function of our prior experience and of whom we compare ourselves with.
D) every emotion triggers an opposing emotion.

Question 74

According to social-learning theory, aversive experiences lead directly to

A) aggression.
B) anticipated negative consequences.
C) emotional arousal.
D) constructive problem solving.

Question 75

The recipe for aggression often includes

A) pain.
B) an attack.
C) uncomfortable heat.
D) all of these choices.

Question 76

According to social-learning theory, aggression is most likely when we ___________ and ____________.

A) are aroused; it seems safe and rewarding to aggress
B) feel hopeless; alternative strategies to achieve important goals have failed
C) are deprived; see others profiting from aggression
D) suffer a loss of self-esteem; want to impress others

Question 77

According to research,

A) hotter days have more violent crimes.
B) cooler days have more violent crimes.
C) hotter days have least violent crimes.
D) None of the above

Question 78

Which of the following aversive events can trigger an angry emotional outburst?

A) overcrowding
B) a dashed expectation
C) a personal insult
D) all of these choices

Question 79

According to Albert Bandura, an important influence on one's tendency to be aggressive is

A) hormonal factors.
B) how much anger or frustration has built up inside.
C) one's hereditary predisposition to be aggressive.
D) observations of others' behaviour.

Question 80

Aggressive behaviour has been linked with

A) offensive behaviour.
B) cigarette smoking.
C) air pollution.
D) all of these choices.