Deck 11: Sex and Gender

Question 1

In the development of gender identity for their children, parents choose gender-specific names, give them toys that are gender-specific, and encourage their socialization based on masculine traits for boys and feminine traits for girls. This behavior to establish gender identity is most aligned with which sociological perspective?

A) structural functionalism
B) the conflict perspective
C) the neo-conflict perspective
D) symbolic interactionism

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Jen and Lisa have chosen to live in a section of the city called a homosocial environment. Which statement most appropriately applies to Jen and Lisa?

A) Jen and Lisa are living in an area where businesses and service providers cater to the needs of gays and lesbians.
B) Jen and Lisa must be lesbians if they are living in a homosocial environment.
C) Jen and Lisa are feminists fighting for the rights of women.
D) Jen and Lisa are homophobic and trying to separate themselves from gay and lesbian issues.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In what year and how did women gain the right to vote?

A) in 1776 in the Declaration of Independence
B) in 1781 with the ratification of the Constitution
C) in 1863 with the Emancipation Proclamation
D) in 1920 when women won the right to vote

Answer 3

D

Question 4

In a Japanese-owned production plant in the United States, the general manager, a Japanese national, was astonished to see that women enjoyed taking courses in sword fighting and men often took flower arranging courses in the company's recreational wellness program. What does this reaction by the Japanese general manager illustrate about Japanese management?

A) Since everyone is entitled to their own opinion, the manager's reaction is meaningless.
B) It demonstrates that Japanese managers are routinely sexist.
C) The manager's astonishment was based on Darwin's evolutionary theory of sexual selection.
D) It demonstrates how cultural stereotypes about sex and gender still exist.

Question 5

Sex is to biological and physical differences as gender is to ________.

A) the natural selection of appropriate behavior roles
B) instinct based on chromosomal differences
C) cultural understanding of masculinity and femininity
D) heredity and differences in organ development

Question 6

What do most scientists agree upon as the factors that determine gender identity?

A) It is purely based on instinct and hereditary influences.
B) It is partly linked to chromosomal influence and partly a result of socialization.
C) It is purely based on environment and peer influence.
D) It is a matter of chance, depending on purely unpredictable variables.

Question 7

Who was the sociologist who advocated the idea that gender identity is acquired through a three-stage process that includes the imitative, game, and role-taking stages?

A) Charles Horton Cooley
B) Kai Erikson
C) George Herbert Mead
D) James A. Wilson

Question 8

What was the thesis of the book The Failure of Feminism?

A) Radical feminism has resulted in man hating and the replacement of patriarchy with an equally intolerant matriarchy.
B) Women are ill prepared to accept the jobs traditionally occupied by men.
C) The superior strength of men is needed in many occupations that can never be occupied by women.
D) Technology has made gender-specific behavior and job assignments both impractical and illegal.

Question 9

The research of Hochschild and Machung revealed that women who work full time as employees often come home to assume the role of wife, mother, and homemaker, requiring them to cook, clean, and help the children with homework. Hochschild and Machung called this additional set of responsibilities the ________.

A) glass ceiling
B) second shift
C) domestic elevator
D) pink collar curse

Question 10

At an early age boys learn to play sports, assume leadership roles, and have a tendency to be aggressive. Girls learn to play with dolls, imitate their mothers in play, and assume a more passive role. This acknowledging of one's sex and internalizing the norms, values, and behaviors of the accompanying gender expectation is called ________.

A) sexual orientation
B) gender management
C) gender identity
D) sexual selection

Question 11

In the Judeo-Christian tradition, what is traced as being the basis of the ideology of male supremacy?

A) the story of Genesis
B) the story of Job
C) the concept that God was a woman
D) the tradition of calling priests and rabbis "father"

Question 12

What social thinker contended that in the earliest societies there was more egalitarianism in families but this changed due to a pattern of male dominance when the exchange of goods and property became more common?

A) Herbert Spencer
B) Talcott Parsons
C) Benjamin Rush
D) Friedrich Engels

Question 13

Biological and physical differences between females and males are called ________.

A) sex
B) sexual orientation
C) gender
D) gender identity

Question 14

Which of the following behaviors or policies associated with sex and gender is most aligned with the functionalist perspective?

A) naming boys Butch, Bob, and Chuck, and girls Michele, Penelope, and Melissa
B) using gender roles as a convenient division of labor
C) electing a man as President of the United States throughout the history of the nation
D) the feminist movement that fights the idea that differences between men and women are rooted in biology

Question 15

What is a hermaphrodite?

A) a man who has undergone transgender surgery to become a woman
B) a child born with some combination of male and female genitalia
C) a woman who has undertaken transgender surgery to become a man
D) a man born with an additional "X" chromosome (XXY), who exhibits feminine behavior

Question 16

Prior to modern surgical techniques and other medical breakthroughs, what was the most popular method to treat hermaphrodites?

A) Their genitals were surgically altered to conform to the designation of male and reared as a male.
B) The child was untreated until puberty at which time the sex of the child was altered to conform to the dominant secondary sex characteristic.
C) Their genitals were surgically altered to conform to the designation of female and reared as a female.
D) The child was raised as a bisexual and encouraged to choose a preferred sexual orientation.

Question 17

In most societies, who is responsible for determining the gender identity of an individual?

A) The gender identity is determined at birth and conforms to the sex of the child.
B) Parents determine the gender identity of their children.
C) Individuals determine their own gender identity.
D) Society as a whole determines each individual's gender identity.

Question 18

Until 1973 Little League baseball was an all-male sports activity. How did girls enter Little League baseball?

A) It required a court order following a hotly contested legal battle.
B) Title IX was passed by the federal government opening all sports to girls and women.
C) Girls were "grandfathered in" as eligible for Little League baseball when the Equal Rights Amendment was passed.
D) It was based on economics when organizers of Little League baseball recognized they could double their profits by encouraging girls to play.

Question 19

Who was the Supreme Court nominee accused of sexual harassment by his former employee, Anita Hill?

A) John Scalia
B) Warren Berger
C) Anthony Kennedy
D) Clarence Thomas

Question 20

What contribution did neuroscientist Simon LeVay make to the understanding of sexual orientation?

A) His research suggested the brains of homosexual men may be different from the brains of heterosexual men.
B) He discovered the gay gene and advocated it as the reason for sexual orientation.
C) He was the founder of Queer Nation, the largest gay rights advocacy group in America.
D) He conducted research in New Guinea that demonstrated three distinctly different gender behaviors.

Question 21

A child born with some combination of male and female genitalia is called a bisexual.

Question 22

The book The Woman's Bible was written to reinforce the need for women to conform to the popular position of the church as it relates to male and female roles.

Question 23

What is the faction of the feminist movement that advocates the abandonment of the institution of family, elimination of the total notion of gender, and other revolutionary changes in society?

A) liberal feminism
B) socialist feminism
C) radical feminism
D) conservative feminism

Question 24

What was the result of the proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution?

A) It was passed in 1972 after a bitter struggle between feminists and traditionalists.
B) It was withdrawn by its sponsor, Congresswoman Nancy Pelosi, who bowed to lobbyist pressure.
C) It failed to gain the 38-state endorsement needed for ratification and died.
D) It passed the House of Representatives but was voted down in the U.S. Senate.

Question 25

In the 1970s, who emerged as the leader of the anti-feminist movement who opposed the Equal Rights Amendment and argued that the feminist agenda would destroy the American family?

A) Betty Friedan
B) Maggie Kuhn
C) Jamie Sigman
D) Phyllis Schlafly

Question 26

Sue refuses to take any courses from Professor Smith because she has heard he is gay and many members of the gay and lesbian community enroll in his classes. Although Professor Smith has excellent academic credentials and excellent student reports, Sue feels threatened when in the presence of gays and lesbians. Which statement BEST describes Sue's behavior?

A) Sue is guilty of sexual harassment.
B) Sue is expressing homophobia.
C) Sue is acting like a hermaphrodite.
D) Sue must be a dedicated heterosexual.

Question 27

What exclusive women's college had a backlash by it students when the college's board of trustees decided to admit men as undergraduates and took up the slogan "Better Dead than Coed!"?

A) Mills College
B) Texas Women's University
C) Villanova University
D) Franklin and Marshall College

Question 28

What is androgyny?

A) a belief in the superiority of one sex over the other
B) sexual orientation that includes attraction to both males and females
C) a blending of masculine and feminine attributes
D) possession of both male and female genitalia

Question 29

Babe Ruth was the first professional athlete to earn $100,000 a year. Who was the first female athlete to earn $100,000?

A) Mary Lou Ritten
B) Billie Jean King
C) Venus Williams
D) Nancy Kerrigan

Question 30

The acknowledging of one's sex and internalizing the norms, values, and behaviors of the accompanying gender expectation is called gender identity.

Question 31

What theory contends that gender identity develops when expected gender roles are portrayed and a reflection of appropriateness from members of society follows?

A) social control theory
B) transactional analysis
C) psychoanalytic theory
D) looking-glass self

Question 32

The ideology aimed at eliminating patriarchy by supporting equality between the sexes is called androgyny.

Question 33

What is the purpose of Title IX?

A) It establishes quotas for women in managerial positions in the government?
B) It prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in interscholastic sports.
C) It opened the enlistment of women in combat roles in all branches of military service.
D) It provided women the same rights as racial minorities in the enforcement of affirmative action.

Question 34

What is the normal chromosome complement for a female?

A) XX
B) XXY
C) XY
D) XYY

Question 35

The traditional duties performed by women that include love, nurturing, emotional support, and maintenance of the home are referred to as being expressive roles.

Question 36

What eventually happened to Shannon Faulkner, the first female cadet, in the Citadel's 150-year history of being an all-male military academy?

A) She quit after a week of physical and psychological hazing and death threats.
B) She graduated after four years but the U.S. Army refused to grant her an officer's commission.
C) She graduated after four years and was offered a commission in the U.S. Army but refused it.
D) She graduated and entered the U.S. Army, eventually being promoted to the rank of full colonel prior to retiring in 2005.

Question 37

What was the thesis behind the book The Feminine Mystique?

A) It applauded the virtues of women in traditional roles of wife and mother.
B) It explained patriarchy as a result of the accumulation of wealth when society industrialized.
C) It described the relative isolation and alienation of women trapped in stereotypical roles.
D) It called for a revolution to overthrow all social institutions that advocated patriarchy, including the family and religion.

Question 38

Which of the following behaviors associated with gender identity is most associated with the symbolic interactionist perspective?

A) Expecting boys to cut the grass and girls to help with dinner.
B) Electing men President of the United States and encouraging women to be nurses.
C) Women changing their last names to that of their husband upon marriage.
D) Naming boys Chuck, Butch, and Ralph, and girls Alice, Laurie, and Becky.

Question 39

Who was the Boston College feminist professor and theologian who allowed only women in her classes and contended that the presence of men would "harm the academic growth of her women students"?

A) Mary Daly
B) Kelly Troutman
C) Shannon Faulkner
D) Mary Alice Peck

Question 40

What do feminists attribute to being the primary reason for gender inequality?

A) a perceived superior male intellect
B) the superior strength of males
C) the structure of society
D) religious doctrine

Question 41

The functionalist perspective is more applicable to the industrial society as a factor to explain gender roles than it is in explaining gender roles in the preindustrial society.

Question 42

The ideology aimed at eliminating patriarchy in support of equality between the sexes is ________.

Question 43

The case of comedian Ellen DeGeneres demonstrated that members of the Hollywood film industry as well as the vast majority of viewers have accepted the gay and lesbian lifestyle as a matter of personal choice.

Question 44

Although passed by both houses of Congress, the Equal Rights Amendment failed to become an amendment to the Constitution because it did not gain the ratification of at least 38 states, which was also required.

Question 45

In the corporate world, the glass ceiling blocks women from climbing the corporate ladder vertically, and the glass wall prohibits women from moving laterally to gain supervisory experience.

Question 46

The acknowledging of one's sex and internalizing the norms, values, and behaviors of the accompanying gender expectation is called ________.

Question 47

Deliberate unwanted sexual gestures, comments, or actions that make an individual feel uncomfortable in her or his work environment are referred to as sexual harassment.

Question 48

Heterosexuality refers to attraction to partners of the opposite sex, and homosexuality refers to sexual attraction to partners of the same sex.

Question 49

The year 1992 was dubbed the "Year of the Woman" because of the gains women candidates made in the House and Senate as well as in state and local elections.

Question 50

The normal chromosome complement for a male is XXY.

Question 51

The first woman appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court was ________.

Question 52

After the Board of Trustees of Mills College decided to admit male undergraduate students in 1990, the women students boycotted classes, seized buildings, and mounted demonstrations that prompted the Board to reverse its decision.

Question 53

The sociological perspective most aligned with the belief that sex and gender roles serve as a convenient division of labor is the conflict view.

Question 54

The term used to describe the social and cultural expectations associated with a person's sex is ________.

Question 55

Gender refers to the biological and physical differences between males and females while sex refers to a cultural understanding of what constitutes masculinity and femininity in society.

Question 56

The primary underlying motive behind sexism is ________.

Question 57

Sex is to biological and physical differences between males and females as gender is to cultural understanding of what constitutes masculinity and femininity.

Question 58

Advocates of the feminist view argue that the differences between women and men are rooted in biology.

Question 59

Social learning theory contends that gender identity develops primarily through the process of imitation and is reinforced by rewards and punishments for particular behaviors.

Question 60

The traditional duties men have performed that include the economic support of the family and serving as the contact with the rest of society are referred to as instrumental roles.

Question 61

What is feminism? Trace the feminist movement in the United States.

Question 62

Discuss sexism in interscholastic and professional sports. Does sexism explain why Babe Ruth was paid $100,000 in 1934, and it wasn't until 1973 that the first woman athlete earned that amount? Explain your answer.

Question 63

Men have traditionally performed duties that include the economic support of the family, and women performed duties that include love, nurturing, and emotional support. These responsibilities are referred to an a[n] ________ role for men and a[n] ________ role for women.

Question 64

Define sexual harassment and describe the two forms it may take.

Question 65

Discuss how the work of Margaret Mead demonstrated gender roles as being a product of socialization.

Question 66

The term that describes the phenomenon that blocks women from climbing the corporate ladder and entering upper-echelon positions beyond a particular point is the ________.

Question 67

Define sexual orientation and discuss the forms that it takes. What is the basis of one's sexual orientation?

Question 68

Clerical work and other traditionally dominated female jobs are collectively referred to as ________ occupations.

Question 69

A blending of masculine and feminine attributes is called ________.

Question 70

Many major cities have sections where businesses and service providers cater to the needs of gays and lesbians that include bars and bathhouses, shops, hotels, real estate firms, and office complexes. These areas are called ________