Deck 32: An Amazingly Detailed Script: Animal Development

Question 1

A difference between a morula and a blastula is that the:

A) morula is a solid ball of tightly packed cells, whereas the blastula has a cavity in the center.
B) blastula has fewer cells than the morula.
C) morula has a hollow center, but the blastula doesn't.
D) morula is a well-developed embryo, and the blastula is an earlier stage of development.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Migration of which of the following to different parts of the embryo produces various tissues and organs?

A) morula cells
B) the animal pole
C) the blastocoel
D) neural crest cells
E) notochord cells

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The process of fertilization produces a/an:

A) embryo.
B) blastula.
C) morula.
D) gastrula.
E) zygote.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

A basic description of the function of morphogens is that they:

A) stimulate the formation of the ectoderm.
B) affect the course of local development.
C) kill cells during development.
D) stop all embryonic growth.

Question 5

The blastocoel is:

A) a fertilized egg.
B) the group of cells that form the archenteron.
C) a fluid-filled cavity.
D) a hollow sphere of cells.

Question 6

At which of the following levels does bicoid work in fruit flies?

A) regulation of development of the head end, middle, and posterior end
B) regulation of development of organ systems
C) regulation of development of organs only in the thorax region of the organism
D) regulation of development of wings

Question 7

What is the effect of higher concentration of bicoid protein in part of a fruit fly embryo?

A) It will develop into the posterior end of the organism.
B) It will develop into the heart of the organism.
C) It will develop into the head end of the organism.
D) It lowers the chances of embryo survival.

Question 8

The phase during which embryonic cells arrange themselves into three layers is called:

A) cleavage.
B) gastrulation.
C) organogenesis.
D) fertilization.
E) induction.

Question 9

Which of the following happens first in vertebrate development?

A) development of the neural plate
B) development of the neural crest
C) development of the neural tube
D) development of the notochord

Question 10

In sea urchin development, the archenteron becomes the:

A) ectoderm.
B) endoderm.
C) digestive tube.
D) lungs.

Question 11

Which of the following is a process by which an initial set of genes turns on a second set of regulatory genes, which eventually turns on a third set of genes?

A) developmental chain reaction
B) gastrulation
C) the sonic hedgehog sequence
D) the genetic cascade
E) somite production

Question 12

Which characteristic is typical of the vegetal pole of an embryo?

A) The vegetal pole is composed of a single, large cell.
B) The vegetal pole is always hollow.
C) The vegetal pole contains relatively less yolk.
D) The vegetal pole has a relatively greater proportion of yolk.
E) The vegetal pole is the site of the development of the mouth.

Question 13

Which of the following is a morula?

A) a fertilized egg
B) the group of cells that form the archenteron
C) a tightly packed ball of early embryonic cells
D) a hollow sphere of cells

Question 14

Which cells are most important in initiating the production of bicoid protein?

A) limb bud cells
B) posterior portion cells
C) nurse cells
D) neural tube cells

Question 15

Place the following steps of organogenesis in the correct order: (1) neural crest cells break away, (2) neural folds grow into a neural tube, (3) the notochord induces development of the neural plate.

A) 1, 2, 3
B) 1, 3, 2
C) 3, 1, 2
D) 2, 3, 1
E) 3, 2, 1

Question 16

During which stage of development do cells arrange themselves into three layers?

A) morula
B) cleavage
C) gastrulation
D) organogenesis

Question 17

Which of the following is true of the animal pole of a zygote?

A) The animal pole is closer to the nucleus than the vegetal pole.
B) The animal pole is hollow.
C) The animal pole becomes the entire embryo.
D) The animal pole produces larger cells than the vegetal pole.

Question 18

Which is true regarding somites in an embryo?

A) Somites will become vertebrae.
B) Somites are found inside the notochord.
C) Somites will form the skull.
D) Somites will form the lungs.

Question 19

Of the choices listed, the first event that occurs during embryonic development is:

A) germ layer formation.
B) blastula formation.
C) organogenesis.
D) cleavage.

Question 20

If an organism is missing the outer layer of skin upon birth, which of the following might be the cause?

A) improper development of the mesoderm
B) improper development of the endoderm
C) improper development of the ectoderm
D) improper development of the endoderm and the mesoderm

Question 21

The blastocoel is the hollow cavity in the morula.

Question 22

What action by the individual cells involved can assist processes involving cell movement such as gastrulation?

A) transcription factors
B) microfilament growth
C) invagination
D) evagination
E) phagocytosis

Question 23

Predict what would happen if a fruit fly regulatory gene that codes for a leg replaced a frog gene in the same position.

A) The frog would produce a fruit fly leg.
B) The gene would kill the frog embryo.
C) The frog would produce a frog leg.
D) The frog would produce a leg that is part frog and part insect.

Question 24

The end of a zygote that contains less yolk is the animal pole.

Question 25

Somites are repeating blocks of ectodermal tissue.

Question 26

The mesoderm refers to the middle layer produced during gastrulation.

Question 27

In general, the endoderm gives rise to tissues located deeper in the body than those from the ectoderm.

Question 28

The blastula is the stage of embryonic development in which cells migrate.

Question 29

Gastrulation begins at the sea urchin blastula's vegetal pole.

Question 30

Development occurs:

A) throughout the life of the organism.
B) only in non-dividing cells.
C) only during growth of the organism.
D) only in animals.

Question 31

The archenteron is mostly made of the mesoderm.

Question 32

The mouth is the last thing produced by growth of the archenteron through the sea urchin gastrula.

Question 33

What is the significance of the homeobox sequence studied in animal species?

A) Certain genetic instructions for development have changed very little over time.
B) Certain genetic instructions for development have changed a great deal over time.
C) Certain genetic instructions vary based on structural differences.
D) Certain genetic instructions vary based on phyla.

Question 34

The blastula contains an internal structure called the archenteron.

Question 35

ZPA cells of the chick embryo produce which morphogen?

A) sonic hedgehog
B) sonic chicken
C) bicoid
D) chicken wing factor

Question 36

How long is the DNA in the homeobox sequence?

A) 4 base pairs
B) 68 base pairs
C) 180 base pairs
D) 362 base pairs

Question 37

The notochord induces the formation of the neural plate in vertebrates.

Question 38

Two populations of cells may end up segregating themselves into different layers during development because they have different:

A) DNA.
B) sizes.
C) apoptosis programming.
D) phospholipid molecules.
E) cell adhesion molecules.

Question 39

Cleavage includes the stage of development between the zygote and blastula.

Question 40

Without programmed cell death, your ________ might look more like a ________.

A) hand; paddle
B) head; hand
C) leg; heart
D) foot; hoof

Question 41

Bicoid mRNAs are produced by the zygote.

Question 42

The lenses of the eye are produced from the endoderm.

Question 43

Menopause and puberty are both examples of developmental changes.

Question 44

Without cell adhesion, the primitive gut probably wouldn't develop during gastrulation.

Question 45

Match the following. Answers may be used more than once.

A) mesoderm
B) ectoderm
C) endoderm
Skeletal system

Question 46

Cells first arrange themselves into layers during organogenesis.

Question 47

Homeobox sequences vary widely from one species to another.

Question 48

During cleavage, the vegetal pole of a frog egg contains larger cells than the animal pole.

Question 49

Cells become more and more specialized as development progresses.

Question 50

Even small concentrations of bicoid protein will cause the anterior portion of an organism to form there.

Question 51

Match the following. Answers may be used more than once.

A) mesoderm
B) ectoderm
C) endoderm
Digestive tract lining

Question 52

Match the following. Answers may be used more than once.

A) mesoderm
B) ectoderm
C) endoderm
Outer layer of skin

Question 53

Versions of homeobox genes have been found in plants and fungi.

Question 54

Cell death during development will always have negative, possibly fatal, effects on normal development.

Question 55

Bicoid is only one type of morphogen.

Question 56

In chickens, the wings develop from a zone of polarizing activity (ZPA).

Question 57

Early vertebrate embryos share a general similarity in shape in the period following somite development.

Question 58

Different cell layers may have different cell adhesion molecules.

Question 59

Cleavage and gastrulation take place in animals such as humans and birds but not in frogs.

Question 60

Eye cells can become beak cells once they are committed.

Question 61

Programmed cell death is also known as ________.

Question 62

Match the following. Answers may be used more than once.

A) mesoderm
B) ectoderm
C) endoderm
Most muscle

Question 63

A highly conserved sequence of 180 base pairs that controls development in many species is a/an ________.

Question 64

During gastrulation in sea urchins, which forms first, the mouth or the anus?

Question 65

You are a substitute teacher in a high school biology lab class on the day the students are dissecting fetal pigs. One student finds that his pig's lungs, liver, pancreas, and digestive organs are either missing or small and malformed. The student scratches his head with his clean hand and says, "What went on here?" Although there may be more than one reason, what might you propose as an explanation based on embryonic development?

Question 66

The morula stage is part of which phase of embryonic development?

Question 67

Match the following. Answers may be used more than once.

A) cleavage
B) organogenesis
C) gastrulation
Neural crest cells migrate

Question 68

Match the following. Answers may be used more than once.

A) cleavage
B) organogenesis
C) gastrulation
Morula develops

Question 69

What are the three germ layers produced during gastrulation?

Question 70

What are the three phases of early embryonic development in animals, and what key events occur during each phase?

Question 71

Evaluate and explain the importance of positional information and morphogens in induction.

Question 72

A zygote with animal and vegetal poles demonstrates what characteristic of some animal zygotes?

Question 73

The capacity of some embryonic cells to direct the development of other embryonic cells is called ________.

Question 74

You are a substitute teacher in a high school biology lab class on the day the students are dissecting frogs. A particularly bright student happens to notice that the left adrenal gland is malformed in her frog. She asks if a problem in embryonic development could have caused that. Although there may be more than one reason, what might you propose as an explanation based on embryonic development?

Question 75

Match the following. Answers may be used more than once.

A) cleavage
B) organogenesis
C) gastrulation
Archenteron develops

Question 76

Match the following. Answers may be used more than once.

A) mesoderm
B) ectoderm
C) endoderm
Liver and lungs

Question 77

The earliest stage of development in which cells move to particular places in the developing embryo is ________.

Question 78

If you could stop diffusion of substances in fruit fly zygotes, could you stop normal development? Why or why not?

Question 79

Match the following. Answers may be used more than once.

A) cleavage
B) organogenesis
C) gastrulation
Neural tube forms

Question 80

Refer to the figure below, and then answer the question that follows.
Which label, A, B, or C, points to a structure formed from the archenteron during gastrulation?