Deck 28: Communication and Control 2: the Endocrine System

Question 1

Which of the following is a steroid hormone?

A) glucagon
B) T4 from the thyroid
C) adrenaline
D) melatonin
E) estrogen

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary is inhibited when:

A) the metabolic rate of cells decreases.
B) T₃ and T₄ levels are low.
C) T₃ and T₄ levels are high.
D) blood sugar levels are low.
E) blood sugar levels are high.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Through nervous stimulation, the hypothalamus controls the release of which hormone?

A) adrenaline
B) growth hormone
C) thyroid-stimulating hormone
D) glucagon
E) follicle-stimulating hormone

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Peptide hormones generally work by:

A) attaching to membrane receptors and triggering chemical reactions.
B) passing into the cell and attaching to receptors inside.
C) triggering an action potential in the cell.
D) triggering an influx of potassium ions.
E) stimulating endocytosis of hormones and receptors.

Question 5

Hormones made from chains of amino acids are:

A) peptide hormones.
B) steroid hormones.
C) protein hormones.
D) glycolipid hormones.
E) glycoprotein hormones.

Question 6

Which hormone causes glucose to be produced from the breakdown of protein and fat?

A) insulin
B) glucagon
C) cortisol
D) growth hormone
E) oxytocin

Question 7

Insulin and glucagon are produced by a:

A) small proportion of the cells in the pituitary.
B) large proportion of the cells in the adrenal glands.
C) small proportion of the cells in the pancreas.
D) large proportion of the cells in the pancreas.

Question 8

Steroid hormones generally work by:

A) attaching to membrane receptors and triggering chemical reactions.
B) passing into the cell and attaching to receptors inside.
C) triggering an action potential in the cell.
D) triggering an influx of potassium ions.
E) stimulating endocytosis of hormones and receptors.

Question 9

A bunch of hormone molecules travel by one cell and have no effect but quickly stimulate the next cell. What did the second cell have that the first did not?

A) greater need for the hormone
B) a homeostatic response
C) receptors for the hormone
D) dendrites
E) larger size

Question 10

"Releasing hormones" and "inhibiting hormones" produced by the hypothalamus target the:

A) posterior pituitary.
B) anterior pituitary.
C) adrenal glands.
D) ovaries and testes.
E) digestive organs.

Question 11

Hormones differ from other chemical messengers such as neurotransmitters in that hormones:

A) are all in the lipid chemical family.
B) travel through the bloodstream.
C) cross a synapse.
D) always suppress rather than stimulate a response.
E) are released through ducts.

Question 12

Hormones that are released by the posterior pituitary were made in the:

A) hypothalamus.
B) anterior pituitary.
C) brain stem.
D) adrenal glands.
E) thalamus.

Question 13

Hormones made from variations on the cholesterol molecule are:

A) peptide hormones.
B) steroid hormones.
C) protein hormones.
D) glycolipid hormones.
E) glycoprotein hormones.

Question 14

The structure that is at the center of control for endocrine activity, particularly as it relates to homeostasis, is the:

A) posterior pituitary gland.
B) brain stem.
C) thyroid gland.
D) hypothalamus.
E) cerebral cortex.

Question 15

In order to maintain homeostasis, parathyroid hormone would stimulate what response to low blood calcium levels?

A) stimulate the hunger drive
B) stimulate the thirst drive
C) reduce urine production at the kidneys
D) prompt bones to store calcium
E) prompt bones to release stored calcium

Question 16

Release of most hormones is controlled by:

A) the cerebrum.
B) positive feedback.
C) negative feedback.
D) internal enzyme levels.
E) DNA.

Question 17

A consequence of the way hormones, as compared to neurotransmitters, get to their target cells is that hormones:

A) must be larger molecules.
B) must be proteins.
C) can be lipids.
D) would be slower to act.
E) cannot maintain homeostasis.

Question 18

When blood sugar levels are running low, the body would produce more:

A) insulin than glucagon.
B) glucagon than insulin.
C) glycogen than insulin.
D) insulin than cortisol.
E) insulin than adrenaline.

Question 19

Which organ that is a target of insulin plays the most significant role in regulating sugar levels in circulation?

A) adrenal glands
B) kidneys
C) stomach
D) pituitary
E) liver

Question 20

Which of the following is a peptide hormone?

A) melatonin
B) progesterone
C) adrenaline
D) glucagon
E) estrogen

Question 21

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

Question 22

A diabetic friend of yours passes out shortly after taking her insulin injection. She regains consciousness and asks you to give her one of the glucose tablets she carries in her purse. Another friend steps in and says, "Wait! You shouldn't give sugar to a diabetic!" Recalling what you learned about the endocrine system, you give your diabetic friend the glucose tablet she asked for. Why did you trust the request of your diabetic friend for the glucose tablet and not the other friend who thought he was being helpful (but wasn't)?

Question 23

Human growth hormone is composed of 191 amino acids. This would place it in which class of hormone?

Question 24

Small amounts of testosterone are made in the ovaries and adrenal glands of females.

Question 25

What gland and hormone control the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex?

Question 26

The hypothalamus makes the hormones that are released from the posterior pituitary.

Question 27

Cortisol is part of the body's stress response.

Question 28

Some hormones may take up to several hours to work.

Question 29

Most peptide hormones enter the target cell through large channels.

Question 30

Insulin stimulates liver cells to store glucose in the form of glycogen.

Question 31

A friend tells you that his Aunt Jane is being treated for a brain disorder that is causing her to produce too much of the glucocorticoid hormones. Your friend looked up the hormone and (correctly) found it to be produced by the adrenal glands. He says he doesn't understand why a brain disorder should have anything to do with the adrenal glands. What do you tell your friend to help him understand the connection between the two?

Question 32

The adrenal glands are located close to the heart.

Question 33

The endocrine system helps maintain homeostasis through positive feedback.

Question 34

Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates thyroid gland follicles to produce T₄.

Question 35

Hypothalamic neurons directly control the anterior pituitary with neural stimuli at a synapse.

Question 36

Which hormone controls water retention by the kidneys and is also known as antidiuretic hormone?

A) T₄
B) parathyroid hormone
C) luteinizing hormone
D) vasopressin
E) oxytocin

Question 37

Which endocrine gland is associated with proper development of certain white blood cells?

Question 38

Alpha cells of the pancreas make insulin.

Question 39

Most of the hormones of the anterior pituitary control other endocrine glands.

Question 40

The hormone that stimulates mammary gland development and milk production is ________.

Question 41

What would be the logical consequences of hormones traveling via the circulatory system as compared to the action-potential-based stimuli of the nervous system? Are these consequences necessarily a disadvantage?

Question 42

Long ago, the pituitary gland was nicknamed the "master gland" of the endocrine system. Based on what you have learned from this section, provide an argument for why this nickname is undeserved or at least less deserved.

Question 43

Refer to the figure below, and then answer the following question(s).
The endocrine gland indicated by a "1" corresponds to the:

A) pineal.
B) thyroid.
C) adrenal cortex.
D) thymus.
E) pancreas.

Question 44

As you may have heard before, stress can kill you! Explain the connection between the deleterious effects of stress and the endocrine system.

Question 45

Which hormones stimulate the kidneys to retain sodium and excrete potassium?

Question 46

The endocrine gland indicated by a "2" corresponds to the:

A) pineal.
B) thyroid.
C) adrenal cortex.
D) thymus.
E) pancreas.