Deck 21: Viruses, Bacteria, Archaea, and Protists: the Diversity of Life 1

Question 1

Bacteria that benefit from living in or on us while we are unaffected by the relationship are termed:

A) commensal.
B) pathogenic.
C) mutualistic.
D) probiotic.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The material in the core of HIV (AIDS virus) is:

A) protein.
B) xarbohydrate.
C) DNA.
D) RNA.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The viral capsid is:

A) a fatty membrane surrounding the virus.
B) the genetic material at the core.
C) a protein coat around the genetic material.
D) the viral offspring that rupture the cell and escape.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is the best description of a virus?

A) A virus is the smallest living thing.
B) A virus is a life-form that can reproduce inside cells or independently.
C) A virus is a tiny spore-producing cell.
D) A virus is a noncellular, replicating entity.

Question 5

Which statement about the relationship between bacteria and the human body is most accurate?

A) Although many tissues are kept bacteria-free, around 100 trillion bacteria live on or in us.
B) About one-tenth of our body weights are due to bacteria
C) Bacteria are found in the mouth, stomach, and intestines in about equal amounts.
D) Most bacteria are transient; that is, they come for brief periods and then are gone.

Question 6

In general, most antibiotics work by:

A) exploiting differences between human and bacterial cells.
B) preventing bacteria from entering human cells.
C) preventing viruses from entering human cells.
D) boosting the human immune system.

Question 7

Which phrase most accurately describes the genome of most viruses?

A) surprisingly complex, with tens of thousands of genes
B) surprisingly complex, with around 1 million genes
C) the same as most bacteria, with hundreds of genes
D) relatively simple, with around a dozen genes or fewer

Question 8

Which of the following is true of Domain Archaea compared to other groups?

A) They are the only anaerobes on Earth.
B) Their cell wall and membrane biochemistry is unique.
C) Most of their genes are similar to those found in bacteria.
D) None of their genes work like those found in eukaryotes.

Question 9

The antibiotic penicillin inhibits the ability of bacteria to:

A) make cell walls.
B) synthesize protein.
C) copy DNA.
D) undergo respiration.

Question 10

A bacterium that is pathogenic:

A) is flexible regarding use of metabolic pathways.
B) has genes similar to viruses.
C) is a disease-causing organism.
D) benefits from living inside humans and produces nutrients for us.

Question 11

Which organisms accomplish most of the work of converting atmospheric nitrogen into a form usable to green plants?

A) bacteria and archaea
B) viruses
C) protists
D) fungi

Question 12

The botulism bacterium can kill a person by:

A) killing muscle cells.
B) secreting a toxin that paralyzes muscles.
C) causing brain hemorrhages.
D) producing lethally high fevers.

Question 13

The process by which viruses can exchange genetic sequences to come up with a "new" virus such as H1N1 is:

A) recombination.
B) reassortment.
C) independent assortment.
D) conjugation.

Question 14

The life cycle of viruses involves:

A) production of new virus particles on the outside of a cell.
B) reproducing on the surface of a cell.
C) filling the host cell with viral particles.
D) attaching viral DNA to the surface of a cell.

Question 15

A major difference between bacteria and eukaryotes is that bacteria have:

A) a rod-shaped nucleus.
B) no membrane-bound organelles.
C) faster mitosis as their method of sexual reproduction.
D) no ribosomes.

Question 16

If antibiotics seem effective against a human illness, then this illness is probably caused by a/an:

A) protist.
B) autoimmune disease.
C) virus.
D) bacterium.

Question 17

Which of the following would support the hypothesis that bacteria have mutually beneficial relationships with us?

A) Bacteria derive benefit from waste materials in our intestines.
B) Mice that were made "germ free" did not absorb and metabolize nutrients as well.
C) Bacteria can metabolize food using alternate pathways.
D) Most intestinal bacteria cannot live outside the body.

Question 18

The human immunodeficiency virus targets:

A) lymph nodes.
B) all white blood cells.
C) helper T cells.
D) bone marrow cells.

Question 19

Which of the following would support the statement that bacteria represent the most fundamentally diverse group on Earth?

A) Bacteria exist in varieties with and without cell walls.
B) Bacteria accomplish all characteristics of life as small, single cells.
C) Bacteria are metabolically diverse regarding oxygen and food requirements.
D) Bacteria come in several different shapes.

Question 20

The main decomposers on Earth are the:

A) viruses and protists.
B) plants and animals.
C) bacteria and fungi.
D) plants and fungi.

Question 21

Chlamydomonas "mating types" differ in what way?

A) chloroplasts
B) flagella structure
C) interlocking male and female parts
D) membrane phospholipids

Question 22

Organisms called plasmodial slime molds move by which process?

A) beating of cilia
B) cytoplasmic streaming
C) contractile cytoskeleton movements
D) growth in the direction of sunlight

Question 23

Which organisms form the basic foundation of the food chain in the ocean?

A) shrimp
B) krill
C) phytoplankton
D) jellyfish

Question 24

Refer to the scenario below, and then answer the following question(s).
As part of your field biology independent study, you visit a small lake with an extremely high salt concentration. Searching with nets and other sampling devices, you find no fish, plants, algae, or any visible signs of life in the lake. Still, you decide to take a few samples of the water back to the lab. You find the sample teeming with very small cells, hundreds of times smaller than a typical human cell. These cells have cell walls, which you analyze chemically and find they are not made of peptidoglycan or cellulose.
Based upon the environment in which you found these life-forms, how would you categorize them?

A) thermophiles
B) halophiles
C) anaerobes
D) methanogens

Question 25

Bacteria are the smallest living things known.

Question 26

Entamoeba histolytica is a/an:

A) photosynthetic protist.
B) protist that moves using flagella.
C) parasitic protist responsible for dysentery.
D) aggregating protist that can form a "slug-like" organism.

Question 27

In what type of environment would you be most likely to find anaerobes?

A) high temperature
B) high acidity
C) high salt content
D) no oxygen

Question 28

Which of the following areas/conditions would be favored by thermophiles?

A) anaerobic conditions
B) deep-sea volcanic vents
C) the arctic tundra
D) the stomachs of herbivores

Question 29

Volvox and Paramecium share which characteristic?

A) photosynthetic ability
B) movement
C) true multicellularity
D) anaerobic respiration

Question 30

Which statement best describes our current understanding of protist evolution?

A) Protists evolved from the Archaea while other eukaryotes did not.
B) Protists evolved from multicellular eukaryotes.
C) Protists evolved from separate branches off the early eukaryotic line.
D) Protists evolved from eukaryotic parasites.

Question 31

Cilia are:

A) the cytoplasmic extensions or false feet that some cell types use for locomotion.
B) different kinds of cells, each designed to perform a different function.
C) the circular chromosomes of bacteria.
D) many short, hair-like cellular extensions that beat to produce movement.

Question 32

Cells such as those of golden algae that form stable associations but do not take on specialized roles are described as:

A) incomplete unicellular.
B) selective multicellularity.
C) true multicellularity.
D) colonial multicellularity.

Question 33

Refer to the scenario below, and then answer the following question(s).
As part of your field biology independent study, you visit a small lake with an extremely high salt concentration. Searching with nets and other sampling devices, you find no fish, plants, algae, or any visible signs of life in the lake. Still, you decide to take a few samples of the water back to the lab. You find the sample teeming with very small cells, hundreds of times smaller than a typical human cell. These cells have cell walls, which you analyze chemically and find they are not made of peptidoglycan or cellulose.
Based upon the chemical experiments you performed, how would you classify these life-forms?

A) protists
B) fungi
C) bacteria
D) archaea

Question 34

The core of some viruses is carbohydrate in nature.

Question 35

What is the benefit of sexual reproduction in protists?

A) greater variation among offspring
B) fast increase in numbers
C) availability of more environments
D) ease of finding a mate

Question 36

Plasmodium falciparum is a protozoan that:

A) can switch between plant and animal lifestyles.
B) is closely related to fungi.
C) causes malaria.
D) causes intestinal distress.

Question 37

Microscopic algae and bacteria produce over half of the oxygen in the atmosphere.

Question 38

A protist such as Chlamydomonas may switch to sexual reproduction when:

A) there are numerous predators.
B) there is little nutrition.
C) a 90-day cycle is completed.
D) hormones from nearby members of the species are detected.

Question 39

An example of a protist intestinal parasite would be:

A) Clostridium botulinum.
B) Yersinia pestis.
C) Chlamydomonas.
D) Giardia.

Question 40

Amoeba and phytoplankton differ in that phytoplankton can:

A) perform photosynthesis.
B) eat krill.
C) move with pseudopodia.
D) live on land.

Question 41

Match the following.

A) rod-shaped bacteria
B) structure found in many viruses, often "borrowed" from the host cell
C) round-shaped bacteria
D) organelle not found in both bacteria and eukaryotes
E) type of organelle found in both bacteria and eukaryotes
Ribosome

Question 42

Match the following.

A) rod-shaped bacteria
B) structure found in many viruses, often "borrowed" from the host cell
C) round-shaped bacteria
D) organelle not found in both bacteria and eukaryotes
E) type of organelle found in both bacteria and eukaryotes
Bacillus

Question 43

Nearly half the antibiotics used in the United States go into animal feed as growth stimulants.

Question 44

The simplest eukaryotes are the bacteria.

Question 45

Some bacteria can obtain their nutrition by photosynthesis.

Question 46

A long, whip-like tail found in a protist is called a flagellum.

Question 47

Bacteria are considered to be a type of protist.

Question 48

Rod-shaped bacteria are called spirochetes.

Question 49

Match the following.

A) rod-shaped bacteria
B) structure found in many viruses, often "borrowed" from the host cell
C) round-shaped bacteria
D) organelle not found in both bacteria and eukaryotes
E) type of organelle found in both bacteria and eukaryotes
Fatty membrane called an envelope

Question 50

When a virus takes over the machinery of a cell, it forces the cell to manufacture more viral particles.

Question 51

When bacteria undergo binary fission, they produce identical daughter cells.

Question 52

Match the following.

A) rod-shaped bacteria
B) structure found in many viruses, often "borrowed" from the host cell
C) round-shaped bacteria
D) organelle not found in both bacteria and eukaryotes
E) type of organelle found in both bacteria and eukaryotes
Nucleus

Question 53

Malaria is caused by a bacterium.

Question 54

Most bacteria present in the human intestines are pathogenic.

Question 55

Most protists are unicellular.

Question 56

Scientists do not consider viruses to be alive because viruses cannot metabolize outside a host cell.

Question 57

Paramecium is a heterotrophic protist that moves using cilia.

Question 58

Spherical bacteria are called cocci.

Question 59

Match the following.

A) rod-shaped bacteria
B) structure found in many viruses, often "borrowed" from the host cell
C) round-shaped bacteria
D) organelle not found in both bacteria and eukaryotes
E) type of organelle found in both bacteria and eukaryotes
Coccus

Question 60

Bacteria store their DNA within a spherical nucleus.

Question 61

Protists are arguably the most diverse of the eukaryotic kingdoms. Defend that statement using examples to support your ideas.

Question 62

Scientists mostly agree that viruses are not technically living things. Defend this position based on what you know about what viruses are and how they work.

Question 63

Refer to the figure below, and then answer the following question(s).
The missing label indicated by a "1" corresponds to the:

A) receptor.
B) capsid.
C) RNA.
D) envelope.

Question 64

Match the following.

A) thermophile
B) anaerobe
C) halophile
D) pseudopod
E) heterotroph
Thrives in salty environments

Question 65

Match the following.

A) bubonic plague
B) "social amoeba"
C) a Type-A influenza
D) ciliated protist
E) truly multicellular algae
H1N1 virus

Question 66

Some protists have locomotor extensions called ________ and ________.

Question 67

Match the following.

A) bubonic plague
B) "social amoeba"
C) a Type-A influenza
D) ciliated protist
E) truly multicellular algae
Dictyostelium discoideum

Question 68

Match the following.

A) thermophile
B) anaerobe
C) halophile
D) pseudopod
E) heterotroph
"False foot"

Question 69

Defend the position that bacteria are both beneficial and detrimental to humans.

Question 70

Match the following.

A) thermophile
B) anaerobe
C) halophile
D) pseudopod
E) heterotroph
"Other-eater"

Question 71

Photosynthetic aquatic microorganisms, such as some bacteria and protists, are known as ________.

Question 72

Match the following.

A) thermophile
B) anaerobe
C) halophile
D) pseudopod
E) heterotroph
Thrives in hot environments

Question 73

Match the following.

A) bubonic plague
B) "social amoeba"
C) a Type-A influenza
D) ciliated protist
E) truly multicellular algae
Paramecium

Question 74

Match the following.

A) bubonic plague
B) "social amoeba"
C) a Type-A influenza
D) ciliated protist
E) truly multicellular algae
The bacterium Yersinia pestis

Question 75

Match the following.

A) bubonic plague
B) "social amoeba"
C) a Type-A influenza
D) ciliated protist
E) truly multicellular algae
Volvox

Question 76

Virus-like entities called viroids lack a ________ and are simply strands of infectious RNA.

Question 77

Overuse of antibiotics has likely produced MRSA. MRSA stands for ________.

Question 78

Refer to the figure below, and then answer the following question(s).
The missing label indicated by a "2" corresponds to the:

A) receptor.
B) capsid.
C) RNA.
D) envelope.

Question 79

Match the following.

A) thermophile
B) anaerobe
C) halophile
D) pseudopod
E) heterotroph
Lives without oxygen

Question 80

Methanogens are in the ________ category of extremophile.